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Article: Tropical forest restoration under future climate change

Alexander / Koch / Kaplan, Jed O.

2022 Volume 12, Issue 3, Page(s) 279

Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2614383-5
ISSN	1758-678x
Database	Current Contents Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article ; Online: Bio-geophysical feedback to climate caused by the conversion of Amazon Forest to soybean plantations.

Zhang, Jie / Wu, Jin / Hughes, Alice Catherine / Kaplan, Jed O / Maeda, Eduardo Eiji

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 905, Page(s) 166802

Abstract: Over the past two decades, soybean cultivation has become one of the principal replacements for forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Previous studies showed that the conversion of forests into large-scale soybean farms has different effects on local and ... ...

Abstract	Over the past two decades, soybean cultivation has become one of the principal replacements for forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Previous studies showed that the conversion of forests into large-scale soybean farms has different effects on local and regional climate than other forms of land use, e.g., conversion to pasture. The bio-geophysical feedbacks that lead to changes in temperature and rainfall caused by the expansion of commodity crops is not fully understood, and this has implications for both modelling potential future climatic change and understanding its impact. Here we performed model simulations to characterize the feedback to climate caused by the replacement of Amazonian forests with soybean and pastures. Our results show that: when compared to deforestation caused by pastures, the conversion of forests into soybean plantations results in more pronounced changes in the atmospheric boundary layer. Because they are characterized by a period of the year with bare soil, soybean fields transmit more long-wave radiation to the atmosphere than pastures, leading to an increase in boundary layer average temperature by 2.4 K. Although soybean plantations tend to strengthen convective lifting, the decrease in boundary layer water vapor content plays a decisive role in reducing rainfall. Finally, we demonstrate that the climatic impacts associated with the replacement of forests by soybean is likely to be magnified with agricultural expansion along new frontiers in the northern and western regions of the Amazon basin due to a more pronounced reduction in water vapor content.
MeSH term(s)	Feedback ; Glycine max ; Steam ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Forests ; Brazil
Chemical Substances	Steam
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-06
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166802
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Article ; Online: Increased fire activity under high atmospheric oxygen concentrations is compatible with the presence of forests.

Vitali, Rayanne / Belcher, Claire M / Kaplan, Jed O / Watson, Andrew J

Nature communications

2022 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 7285

Abstract: Throughout Earth's history, the abundance of oxygen in our atmosphere has varied, but by how much remains debated. Previously, an upper limit for atmospheric oxygen has been bounded by assumptions made regarding the fire window: atmospheric oxygen ... ...

Abstract	Throughout Earth's history, the abundance of oxygen in our atmosphere has varied, but by how much remains debated. Previously, an upper limit for atmospheric oxygen has been bounded by assumptions made regarding the fire window: atmospheric oxygen concentrations higher than 30-40% would threaten the regeneration of forests in the present world. Here we have tested these assumptions by adapting a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model to run over high atmospheric oxygen concentrations. Our results show that whilst global tree cover is significantly reduced under high O
MeSH term(s)	Forests ; Fires ; Trees ; Atmosphere ; Oxygen
Chemical Substances	Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-022-35081-z
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Dynamically simulating spruce budworm in eastern Canada and its interactions with wildfire

Sato, Hiromitsu / Chaste, Emeline / Girardin, Martin P. / Kaplan, Jed O. / Hély, Christelle / Candau, Jean-Noël / Mayor, Stephen J.

Ecological Modelling. 2023 Sept., v. 483 p.110412-

2023

Abstract: Eastern Spruce Budworm (ESBW) is a major agent of disturbance in Eastern Canada's boreal forests. Outbreaks have historically led to widespread defoliation of its preferred host trees, fir and spruce species, leading to high rates of mortality. This in ... ...

Abstract	Eastern Spruce Budworm (ESBW) is a major agent of disturbance in Eastern Canada's boreal forests. Outbreaks have historically led to widespread defoliation of its preferred host trees, fir and spruce species, leading to high rates of mortality. This in turn can result in significant economic losses and enhancement of fire potential in the region. Representation of such biotic disturbance has rarely been included in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVM), which have become essential tools in understanding and predicting forest dynamics in present and future contexts. We present novel representation of host-specific defoliation in a DGVM (LPJ-LMfire), to better represent disturbance regimes in the boreal forest of eastern Canada. Using host foliage density to trigger outbreak, we were able to calibrate and simulate general spatial patterns of defoliation relative to historical aerial sketch map data. Return intervals were thus sensitive to the growth rates of host trees. Modeled return intervals tended to be significantly longer than 30 years, the approximate observed return interval. A factorial experiment was performed on the interactions of ESBW with wildfire, which was found to be slightly enhanced in terms of burned areas after outbreaks due to increased fuel loads. Interactions between ESBW and fire were found to have higher interaction strength in the drier Western region of the boreal forest. Our study demonstrates that biotic disturbance and its interaction with wildfire can be effectively simulated in a DGVM. We show that bottom-up climatic controls are sufficient to drive simulated spatiotemporal patterns of ESBW that can be calibrated to generally match historical observations.
Keywords	Choristoneura fumiferana ; boreal forests ; defoliation ; forest dynamics ; host specificity ; leaves ; mortality ; wildfires ; Canada
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-09
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	191971-4
ISSN	0304-3800
ISSN	0304-3800
DOI	10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110412
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Land use for animal production in global change studies: Defining and characterizing a framework.

Phelps, Leanne N / Kaplan, Jed O

Global change biology

2017 Volume 23, Issue 11, Page(s) 4457–4471

Abstract: Land use for animal production influences the earth system in a variety of ways, including local-scale modification to biodiversity, soils, and nutrient cycling; regional changes in albedo and hydrology; and global-scale changes in greenhouse gas and ... ...

Abstract	Land use for animal production influences the earth system in a variety of ways, including local-scale modification to biodiversity, soils, and nutrient cycling; regional changes in albedo and hydrology; and global-scale changes in greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations. Pasture is furthermore the single most extensive form of land cover, currently comprising about 22-26% of the earth's ice-free land surface. Despite the importance and variable expressions of animal production, distinctions among different systems are effectively absent from studies of land use and land cover change. This deficiency is improving; however, livestock production system classifications are rarely applied in this context, and the most popular global land cover inventories still present only a single, usually poorly defined category of "pasture" or "rangeland" with no characterization of land use. There is a marked lack of bottom-up, evidence-based methodology, creating a pressing need to incorporate cross-disciplinary evidence of past and present animal production systems into global change studies. Here, we present a framework, modified from existing livestock production systems, that is rooted in sociocultural, socioeconomic, and ecological contexts. The framework defines and characterizes the range of land usage pertaining to animal production, and is suitable for application in land use inventories and scenarios, land cover modeling, and studies on sustainable land use in the past, present, and future.
MeSH term(s)	Agriculture/methods ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Livestock ; Soil
Chemical Substances	Soil
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1281439-8
ISSN	1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
ISSN (online)	1365-2486
ISSN	1354-1013
DOI	10.1111/gcb.13732
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Improved biomass burning emissions from 1750 to 2010 using ice core records and inverse modeling.

Zhang, Bingqing / Chellman, Nathan J / Kaplan, Jed O / Mickley, Loretta J / Ito, Takamitsu / Wang, Xuan / Wensman, Sophia M / McCrimmon, Drake / Steffensen, Jørgen Peder / McConnell, Joseph R / Liu, Pengfei

Nature communications

2024 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 3651

Abstract: Estimating fire emissions prior to the satellite era is challenging because observations are limited, leading to large uncertainties in the calculated aerosol climate forcing following the preindustrial era. This challenge further limits the ability of ... ...

Abstract	Estimating fire emissions prior to the satellite era is challenging because observations are limited, leading to large uncertainties in the calculated aerosol climate forcing following the preindustrial era. This challenge further limits the ability of climate models to accurately project future climate change. Here, we reconstruct a gridded dataset of global biomass burning emissions from 1750 to 2010 using inverse analysis that leveraged a global array of 31 ice core records of black carbon deposition fluxes, two different historical emission inventories as a priori estimates, and emission-deposition sensitivities simulated by the atmospheric chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. The reconstructed emissions exhibit greater temporal variabilities which are more consistent with paleoclimate proxies. Our ice core constrained emissions reduced the uncertainties in simulated cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol radiative forcing associated with the discrepancy in preindustrial biomass burning emissions. The derived emissions can also be used in studies of ocean and terrestrial biogeochemistry.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-024-47864-7
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: A globally calibrated scheme for generating daily meteorology from monthly statistics

Sommer, Philipp S. / Kaplan, Jed O.

eISSN: 1991-9603

Global-WGEN (GWGEN) v1.0

2018

Abstract: While a wide range of Earth system processes occur at daily and even subdaily timescales, many global vegetation and other terrestrial dynamics models historically used monthly meteorological forcing both to reduce computational demand and because global ...

Abstract	While a wide range of Earth system processes occur at daily and even subdaily timescales, many global vegetation and other terrestrial dynamics models historically used monthly meteorological forcing both to reduce computational demand and because global datasets were lacking. Recently, dynamic land surface modeling has moved towards resolving daily and subdaily processes, and global datasets containing daily and subdaily meteorology have become available. These meteorological datasets, however, cover only the instrumental era of the last approximately 120 years at best, are subject to considerable uncertainty, and represent extremely large data files with associated computational costs of data input/output and file transfer. For periods before the recent past or in the future, global meteorological forcing can be provided by climate model output, but the quality of these data at high temporal resolution is low, particularly for daily precipitation frequency and amount. Here, we present GWGEN, a globally applicable statistical weather generator for the temporal downscaling of monthly climatology to daily meteorology. Our weather generator is parameterized using a global meteorological database and simulates daily values of five common variables: minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, and wind speed. GWGEN is lightweight, modular, and requires a minimal set of monthly mean variables as input. The weather generator may be used in a range of applications, for example, in global vegetation, crop, soil erosion, or hydrological models. While GWGEN does not currently perform spatially autocorrelated multi-point downscaling of daily weather, this additional functionality could be implemented in future versions.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-27
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Bayesian Analysis of the Glacial-Interglacial Methane Increase Constrained by Stable Isotopes and Earth System Modeling.

Hopcroft, Peter O / Valdes, Paul J / Kaplan, Jed O

Geophysical research letters

2018 Volume 45, Issue 8, Page(s) 3653–3663

Abstract: The observed rise in atmospheric methane ( ... ...

Abstract	The observed rise in atmospheric methane (CH
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	7403-2
ISSN	0094-8276
ISSN	0094-8276
DOI	10.1002/2018GL077382
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Energy Flux Mapping of Different Land Covers Using an Off-the-Shelf Unmanned Aerial System

Simpson, Jake E. / Holman, Fenner / Nieto, Hector / Voelksch, Ingo / Mauder, Matthias / Klatt, Janina / Fiener, Peter / Kaplan, Jed O.

Remote Sensing. 2021 Mar. 27, v. 13, no. 7

2021

Abstract: With the development of low-cost, lightweight, integrated thermal infrared-multispectral cameras, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have recently become a flexible complement to eddy covariance (EC) station methods for mapping surface energy fluxes of ... ...

Abstract	With the development of low-cost, lightweight, integrated thermal infrared-multispectral cameras, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have recently become a flexible complement to eddy covariance (EC) station methods for mapping surface energy fluxes of vegetated areas. These sensors facilitate the measurement of several site characteristics in one flight (e.g., radiometric temperature, vegetation indices, vegetation structure), which can be used alongside in-situ meteorology data to provide spatially-distributed estimates of energy fluxes at very high resolution. Here we test one such system (MicaSense Altum) integrated into an off-the-shelf long-range vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicle, and apply and evaluate our method by comparing flux estimates with EC-derived data, with specific and novel focus on heterogeneous vegetation communities at three different sites in Germany. Firstly, we present an empirical method for calibrating airborne radiometric temperature in standard units (K) using the Altum multispectral and thermal infrared instrument. Then we provide detailed methods using the two-source energy balance model (TSEB) for mapping net radiation (Rn), sensible (H), latent (LE) and ground (G) heat fluxes at <0.82 m resolution, with root mean square errors (RMSE) less than 45, 37, 39, 52 W m⁻² respectively. Converting to radiometric temperature using our empirical method resulted in a 19% reduction in RMSE across all fluxes compared to the standard conversion equation provided by the manufacturer. Our results show the potential of this UAS for mapping energy fluxes at high resolution over large areas in different conditions, but also highlight the need for further surveys of different vegetation types and land uses.
Keywords	complement ; eddy covariance ; empirical research ; energy balance ; energy flow ; equations ; flight ; meteorological data ; models ; net radiation ; radiometry ; temperature ; unmanned aerial vehicles ; vegetation structure ; Germany
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0327
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	2513863-7
ISSN	2072-4292
ISSN	2072-4292
DOI	10.3390/rs13071286
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Book ; Online: The climate and vegetation of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East during the Last Glacial Maximum (21,000 years BP) based on pollen data

Davis, Basil Andrew Stansfield / Fasel, Marc / Kaplan, Jed O. / Russo, Emmanuele / Burke, Ariane

eISSN: 1814-9332

2022

Abstract: Pollen data represents one of the most widely available and spatially-resolved sources of information about the past land cover and climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (21,000 years BP). Previous pollen data compilations for Europe, the Mediterranean and ...

Abstract	Pollen data represents one of the most widely available and spatially-resolved sources of information about the past land cover and climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (21,000 years BP). Previous pollen data compilations for Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East however have been limited by small numbers of sites and poor dating control. Here we present a new compilation of pollen data from the region that improves on both the number of sites (63) and the quality of the chronological control. Data has been sourced from both public data archives and published (digitized) diagrams. Analysis is presented based on a standardized pollen taxonomy and sum, with maps shown for the major pollen taxa, biomes and total arboreal pollen, as well as quantitative reconstructions of forest cover and winter, summer and annual temperatures and precipitation. The reconstructions are based on the modern analogue technique (MAT) with a modern calibration dataset taken from the latest Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (~8000 samples). A site-by-site comparison of MAT and Inverse Modelling methods shows little or no significant difference between the methods for the LGM, indicating that no-modern-analogue and low CO2 conditions during the LGM do not appear to have had a major effect on MAT transfer function performance. Previous pollen-based climate reconstructions based on MAT show a much colder and drier climate for the LGM than both Inverse Modelling and climate model simulations, but our new results suggest much greater agreement. Differences between our latest MAT reconstruction and those in earlier studies can be largely attributed to bias in the small modern calibration dataset previously used. We also find that quantitative forest cover reconstructions show more forest than that previously suggested by biome reconstructions, but less forest than that suggested by simple percentage arboreal pollen, although uncertainties remain large. Overall, we find that LGM climatic cooling/drying was significantly greater in winter ...
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-31
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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