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Article ; Online: Geographic variation in bacterial assemblages on cane toad skin is influenced more by local environments than by evolved changes in host traits

Chava L. Weitzman / Mirjam Kaestli / Alea Rose / Cameron M. Hudson / Karen Gibb / Gregory P. Brown / Richard Shine / Keith Christian

Biology Open, Vol 12, Iss

2023 Volume 2

Keywords	bufo marinus ; invasive species ; rapid evolution ; skin bacteria ; Science ; Q ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	The Company of Biologists
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Skin bacterial diversity is higher on lizards than sympatric frogs in tropical Australia

Chava L. Weitzman / Karen Gibb / Keith Christian

PeerJ, Vol 6, p e

2018 Volume 5960

Abstract: Animal skin acts as a barrier between the organism and its environment and provides the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Thus, skin surfaces harbor communities of microbes that are interacting with both the host and its environment. ... ...

Abstract	Animal skin acts as a barrier between the organism and its environment and provides the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Thus, skin surfaces harbor communities of microbes that are interacting with both the host and its environment. Amphibian skin bacteria form distinct communities closely tied to their host species, but few studies have compared bacterial communities between amphibians and other, non-amphibian sympatric animals. Notably, skin microbes on reptiles have gained little attention. We used next-generation sequencing technology to describe bacterial communities on the skin of three lizard species and compared them to bacteria on six cohabiting frog species in the Northern Territory of Australia. We found bacterial communities had higher richness and diversity on lizards than frogs, with different community composition between reptiles and amphibians and among species. Core bacteria on the three lizard species overlapped by over 100 operational taxonomic units. The bacterial communities were similar within species of frogs and lizards, but the communities tended to be more similar between lizard species than between frog species and when comparing lizards with frogs. The diverse bacteria found on lizards invites further questions on how and how well reptiles interact with microorganisms through their scaly skin.
Keywords	Cutaneous microbiome ; Illumina MiSeq ; Australia ; Reptile ; Amphibian ; Frog skin bacteria ; Medicine ; R ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	PeerJ Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: First line of defence

Keith Christian / Richard Shine / Kimberley A. Day / Mirjam Kaestli / Karen Gibb / Catherine M. Shilton / Gregory P. Brown

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, Vol 14, Iss , Pp 185-

Skin microbiota may protect anurans from infective larval lungworms

2021 Volume 189

Abstract: Functional roles of the rich microbiota of the skin are not fully understood, but include protection against microbial diseases and other environmental challenges. In experimental studies, we show that reducing the microbiota from cane toad (Rhinella ... ...

Abstract	Functional roles of the rich microbiota of the skin are not fully understood, but include protection against microbial diseases and other environmental challenges. In experimental studies, we show that reducing the microbiota from cane toad (Rhinella marina) skin by gently wiping with absorptive gauze resulted in threefold higher rates of infection by lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) following standardised exposure to infective skin-penetrating larvae. Higher concentrations of microbial DNA were associated with lower rates of lungworm entry. Our data suggest that microbial activity on the anuran skin comprises an important line of defence against attack by macroparasites as well as by fungi and other microbes.
Keywords	Host-parasite ; Microbiota ; Pathogen ; Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala ; Rhinella marina ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Disease Exposure and Antifungal Bacteria on Skin of Invasive Cane Toads, Australia

Chava L. Weitzman / Mirjam Kaestli / Karen Gibb / Gregory P. Brown / Richard Shine / Keith Christian

Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 25, Iss 9, Pp 1770-

2019 Volume 1771

Abstract: Cane toads, an invasive species in Australia, are resistant to fungal pathogens affecting frogs worldwide (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). From toad skin swabs, we detected higher proportions of bacteria with antifungal properties in Queensland, where ... ...

Abstract	Cane toads, an invasive species in Australia, are resistant to fungal pathogens affecting frogs worldwide (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). From toad skin swabs, we detected higher proportions of bacteria with antifungal properties in Queensland, where toad and pathogen distributions overlap, than in other sites. This finding suggests that site-specific pathogen pressures help shape skin microbial communities.
Keywords	Australia ; cane toad ; chytridiomycosis ; antifungal ; microbiome ; Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Eutrophication has no short-term effect on the Cymbastela stipitata holobiont

HeidiMLuter / KarenGibb / NicoleSWebster

Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol

2014 Volume 5

Abstract: Levels of nitrogen in coastal areas have been rapidly increasing due to accumulative inputs of sewage and terrigenous sediments carrying fertilizers. Sponges have an immense filtering capacity and may be directly impacted (positively or negatively) by ... ...

Abstract	Levels of nitrogen in coastal areas have been rapidly increasing due to accumulative inputs of sewage and terrigenous sediments carrying fertilizers. Sponges have an immense filtering capacity and may be directly impacted (positively or negatively) by elevated concentrations of nitrogen. Sponges also host a wide diversity of microbes involved in nitrogen metabolism, yet little is known about the effects of nitrogen loading on these symbiotic partnerships. Manipulative experiments were undertaken to examine the potential effects of excess nitrogen (up to 240 μM) on microbial symbiosis in the abundant sponge species Cymbastela stipitata. Microbial composition and activity were examined using 454-pyrotag sequencing of DNA- and RNA-derived samples. Despite the high levels of nitrogen exposure (up to 124-fold above ambient), sponges appeared visibly unaffected at all treatment concentrations. At the phylum level, the microbial community was consistent between all sponge samples regardless of nitrogen treatment, with Cyanobacteria and Thaumarchaeota being the dominant taxa. Higher microbial diversity was observed at the OTU level (97% sequence similarity), with only 40% of OTUs shared between samples from all treatments. However, a single cyanobacterial OTU dominated the community of all individuals (average 73.5%) and this OTU did not vary with nitrogen treatment. The conserved microbial community in all sponges irrespective of nitrogen treatment highlights the stability of the sponge-microbe relationship and indicates that the holobiont is resistant to short pulses of nitrogen at levels mimicking sewage effluent.
Keywords	microbial community ; sponge ; C.stipitata ; sponge-microbe symbiosis ; sewage effluent ; Microbiology ; QR1-502 ; Science ; Q
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Opportunistic pathogens and large microbial diversity detected in source-to-distribution drinking water of three remote communities in Northern Australia.

Mirjam Kaestli / Michelle O'Donnell / Alea Rose / Jessica R Webb / Mark Mayo / Bart J Currie / Karen Gibb

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 13, Iss 9, p e

2019 Volume 0007672

Abstract: In the wet-dry tropics of Northern Australia, drinking water in remote communities is mostly sourced from bores accessing groundwater. Many aquifers contain naturally high levels of iron and some are shallow with surface water intrusion in the wet season. ...

Abstract	In the wet-dry tropics of Northern Australia, drinking water in remote communities is mostly sourced from bores accessing groundwater. Many aquifers contain naturally high levels of iron and some are shallow with surface water intrusion in the wet season. Therefore, environmental bacteria such as iron-cycling bacteria promoting biofilm formation in pipes or opportunistic pathogens can occur in these waters. An opportunistic pathogen endemic to northern Australia and Southeast Asia and emerging worldwide is Burkholderia pseudomallei. It causes the frequently fatal disease melioidosis in humans and animals. As we know very little about the microbial composition of drinking water in remote communities, this study aimed to provide a first snapshot of the microbiota and occurrence of opportunistic pathogens in bulk water and biofilms from the source and through the distribution system of three remote water supplies with varying iron levels. Using 16s-rRNA gene sequencing, we found that the geochemistry of the groundwater had a substantial impact on the untreated microbiota. Different iron-cycling bacteria reflected differences in redox status and nutrients. We cultured and sequenced B. pseudomallei from bores with elevated iron and from a multi-species biofilm which also contained iron-oxidizing Gallionella, nitrifying Nitrospira and amoebae. Gallionella are increasingly used in iron-removal filters in water supplies and more research is needed to examine these interactions. Similar to other opportunistic pathogens, B. pseudomallei occurred in water with low organic carbon levels and with low heterotrophic microbial growth. No B. pseudomallei were detected in treated water; however, abundant DNA of another opportunistic pathogen group, non-tuberculous mycobacteria was recovered from treated parts of one supply. Results from this study will inform future studies to ultimately improve management guidelines for water supplies in the wet-dry tropics.
Keywords	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: New Pond—Indicator Bacteria to Complement Routine Monitoring in a Wet/Dry Tropical Wastewater Stabilization System

Alea Rose / Anna Padovan / Keith Christian / Mirjam Kaestli / Keith McGuinness / Skefos Tsoukalis / Karen Gibb

Water, Vol 11, Iss 11, p

2019 Volume 2422

Abstract: Bacteria monitoring is a critical part of wastewater management. At tropical wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) in north Australia, sanitation is assessed using the standard fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) Escherichia coli and Enterococci . However, ... ...

Abstract	Bacteria monitoring is a critical part of wastewater management. At tropical wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) in north Australia, sanitation is assessed using the standard fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) Escherichia coli and Enterococci . However, these bacteria are poor surrogates for enteric pathogens. A focus on FIB misses the majority of pond-bacteria and how they respond to the tropical environment. Therefore, we aimed to identify the unknown pond bacteria and indicators that can complement E. coli to improve monitoring. Over two years, we measured the bacterial community in 288 wastewater samples during the wet and dry seasons. The WSP community was spatially and temporally dynamic. Standard pond-water physicochemical measures like conductivity poorly explained these community shifts. Cyanobacteria represented >6% of the WSP bacterial population, regardless of sample timing and location. Fecal bacteria were abundant in the first pond. However, in downstream ponds, these bacteria were less abundant, and instead, environmental taxa were common. For each pond, we identified a bacterial fingerprint that included new candidate bacterial indicators of fecal waste and processes like nitrogen removal. Combining the new indicators with standard FIB monitoring represents a locally relevant approach to wastewater monitoring that facilitates new tests for human fecal pollution within tropical climates.
Keywords	indicators ; bacteria ; wastewater stabilization pond system ; monitoring ; dna ; microbial ecology ; molecular biology ; Hydraulic engineering ; TC1-978 ; Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ; TD201-500
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: What drives the occurrence of the melioidosis bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in domestic gardens?

Mirjam Kaestli / Glenda Harrington / Mark Mayo / Mark D Chatfield / Ian Harrington / Audrey Hill / Niels Munksgaard / Karen Gibb / Bart J Currie

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 9, Iss 3, p e

2015 Volume 0003635

Abstract: Melioidosis is an often fatal infectious disease affecting humans and animals in tropical regions and is caused by the saprophytic environmental bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Domestic gardens are not only a common source of exposure to soil and ... ...

Abstract	Melioidosis is an often fatal infectious disease affecting humans and animals in tropical regions and is caused by the saprophytic environmental bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Domestic gardens are not only a common source of exposure to soil and thus to B. pseudomallei, but they also have been found to contain more B. pseudomallei than other environments. In this study we addressed whether anthropogenic manipulations common to gardens such as irrigation or fertilizers change the occurrence of B. pseudomallei. We conducted a soil microcosm experiment with a range of fertilizers and soil types as well as a longitudinal interventional study over three years on an experimental fertilized field site in an area naturally positive for B. pseudomallei. Irrigation was the only consistent treatment to increase B. pseudomallei occurrence over time. The effects of fertilizers upon these bacteria depended on soil texture, physicochemical soil properties and biotic factors. Nitrates and urea increased B. pseudomallei load in sand while phosphates had a positive effect in clay. The high buffering and cation exchange capacities of organic material found in a commercial potting mix led to a marked increase in soil salinity with no survival of B. pseudomallei after four weeks in the potting mix sampled. Imported grasses were also associated with B. pseudomallei occurrence in a multivariate model. With increasing population density in endemic areas these findings inform the identification of areas in the anthropogenic environment with increased risk of exposure to B. pseudomallei.
Keywords	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Assessing the chronic toxicity of copper and aluminium to the tropical sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida

Trenfield, Melanie A / Andrew J. Harford / Claire Streten / David Parry / Joost W. van Dam / Karen Gibb / Rick A. van Dam

Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2017 May, v. 139

2017

Abstract: The world's most productive bauxite mines and alumina refineries are located in tropical or sub-tropical regions. The discharge water from alumina refineries can contain elevated aluminium (Al, <0.45Âµm fraction), from 30 to 1000Î¼g/L. There is a need ... ...

Abstract	The world's most productive bauxite mines and alumina refineries are located in tropical or sub-tropical regions. The discharge water from alumina refineries can contain elevated aluminium (Al, <0.45Âµm fraction), from 30 to 1000Î¼g/L. There is a need for additional information on the toxicity of Al to aquatic organisms to improve the environmental regulation and management of alumina refinery operations in tropical coastal regions. A 14-d chronic toxicity test was developed for the tropical sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida. Asexual reproduction and growth rates of E. pallida were assessed using the number of lacerates produced and oral disc diameter. The comparative sensitivity of E. pallida was assessed through exposure to a commonly-used reference toxicant, copper (Cu) at 28Â°C, with asexual reproduction toxicity estimates of 10% (EC10) and 50% (EC50) effect concentrations, calculated as 8.8Âµg/L (95% confidence limits (CL): 1â18Âµg/L) and 35Âµg/L Cu (95% CL: 30â39Âµg/L), respectively. Growth rate was a suitable additional endpoint (EC50=35Âµg/L Cu, 95% CL: 23â49Âµg/L). The EC10 and EC50 for Al (total fraction, based on reproduction) at 28Â°C were 817Âµg/L (95% CL: 440â1480Âµg/L) and 2270Âµg/L (95% CL: 1600â3900Âµg/L), respectively. The toxicity of Cu and Al was also assessed at 24Â°C and 31Â°C, representing average year-round water temperatures for sub-tropical and tropical Australian coastal environments. Changing the temperature from 28Â°C to 24Â°C or 31Â°C resulted in up to 45% less reproduction of anemones and increased their sensitivity to Cu (EC50s at 24Â°C=21Âµg/L, 95% CL: 17â26Âµg/L and at 31Â°C=23Âµg/L, 95% CL: 21â25Âµg/L). Sensitivity to Al was reduced at 24Â°C with an EC50 of 8870Âµg/L (95% CL: 6200-NC). An EC50 for Al at 31Â°C could not be calculated. This test is a reliable and sensitive addition to the suite of standardised tests currently developed for tropical marine species.
Keywords	aluminum ; aluminum oxide ; Anthozoa ; aquatic organisms ; asexual reproduction ; bauxite ; chronic toxicity ; coasts ; copper ; median effective concentration ; subtropics ; toxicity testing ; water temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-05
Size	p. 408-415.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	436536-7
ISSN	1090-2414 ; 0147-6513
ISSN (online)	1090-2414
ISSN	0147-6513
DOI	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.007
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: A chronic toxicity test for the tropical marine snail Nassarius dorsatus to assess the toxicity of copper, aluminium, gallium, and molybdenum

Trenfield, Melanie A / Joost W. van Dam / Andrew J. Harford / David Parry / Claire Streten / Karen Gibb / Rick A. van Dam

Environmental toxicology and chemistry. 2016 July, v. 35, no. 7

2016

Abstract: Chronic toxicity test methods for assessing the toxicity of contaminants to tropical marine organisms are generally lacking. A 96âh chronic growth rate toxicity test was developed for the larval stage of the tropical dogwhelk, Nassarius dorsatus. ... ...

Abstract	Chronic toxicity test methods for assessing the toxicity of contaminants to tropical marine organisms are generally lacking. A 96âh chronic growth rate toxicity test was developed for the larval stage of the tropical dogwhelk, Nassarius dorsatus. Growth rates of N. dorsatus larvae were assessed following exposures to copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), and molybdenum (Mo). Exposure to Cu at 28âÂ°C validated the sensitivity of the test method, with 10% (EC10) and 50% (EC50) effect concentrations of 4.2âÎ¼g/L and 7.3âÎ¼g/L Cu, respectively. The EC10 and EC50 values for Al (<0.45âÎ¼m filtered fraction) at 28âÂ°C were 115âÎ¼g/L and 185âÎ¼g/L, respectively. The toxicity of Cu and Al was also assessed at 24âÂ°C and 31âÂ°C, representing average yearâround water temperatures for subtropical and tropical Australian coastal environments. At 24âÂ°C, the growth rate of control larvae was reduced by 52% compared with the growth rate at 28âÂ°C and there was an increase in sensitivity to Cu (EC50â=â4.7âÎ¼g/L) but a similar sensitivity to Al (EC50â=â180âÎ¼g/L). At 31âÂ°C the control growth rate increased by 35% from that measured at 28âÂ°C and there was reduced sensitivity to both Cu and Al (EC50sâ=â8.5âÎ¼g/L and 642âÎ¼g/L, respectively). There was minimal toxicity resulting from Ga (EC50â=â4560âÎ¼g/L) and Mo (no effect at â¤7000âÎ¼g/L Mo). Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1788â1795. Â© 2015 SETAC
Keywords	Nassarius ; aluminum ; aquatic organisms ; chronic toxicity ; copper ; gallium ; larvae ; molybdenum ; snails ; toxicity testing ; water temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-07
Size	p. 1788-1795.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	46234-2
ISSN	1552-8618 ; 0730-7268
ISSN (online)	1552-8618
ISSN	0730-7268
DOI	10.1002/etc.3331
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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