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  1. Article ; Online: Is depression associated with reduced optimistic belief updating?

    Catherine Hobbs / Petra Vozarova / Aarushi Sabharwal / Punit Shah / Katherine Button

    Royal Society Open Science, Vol 9, Iss

    2022  Volume 2

    Abstract: When asked to evaluate their probability of experiencing a negative life event, healthy individuals update their beliefs more following good news than bad. This is referred to as optimistic belief updating. By contrast, individuals with depression update ...

    Abstract When asked to evaluate their probability of experiencing a negative life event, healthy individuals update their beliefs more following good news than bad. This is referred to as optimistic belief updating. By contrast, individuals with depression update their beliefs by a similar amount, showing reduced optimism. We conducted the first independent replication of this effect and extended this work to examine whether reduced optimistic belief updating in depression also occurs for positive life events. Replicating previous research, healthy and depression groups differed in belief updating for negative events (β = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.24, 1.18). Whereas healthy participants updated their beliefs more following good news than bad, individuals experiencing depression lacked this bias. However, our findings for positive events were inconclusive. While we did not find statistical evidence that patterns of belief updating between groups varied by valence (β = −0.51, 95% CI: −1.16, 0.15), mean update scores suggested that both groups showed largely similar updating for positive life events. Our results add confidence to previous findings that depression is characterized by negative future expectations maintained by reduced updating in response to good news. However, further research is required to understand the specificity of this to negative events, and into refining methods for quantifying belief updating in clinical and non-clinical research.
    Keywords depression ; cognitive biases ; optimism ; belief updating ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 150
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher The Royal Society
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Replication Validity of Initial Association Studies

    Estelle Dumas-Mallet / Katherine Button / Thomas Boraud / Marcus Munafo / François Gonon

    PLoS ONE, Vol 11, Iss 6, p e

    A Comparison between Psychiatry, Neurology and Four Somatic Diseases.

    2016  Volume 0158064

    Abstract: CONTEXT:There are growing concerns about effect size inflation and replication validity of association studies, but few observational investigations have explored the extent of these problems. OBJECTIVE:Using meta-analyses to measure the reliability of ... ...

    Abstract CONTEXT:There are growing concerns about effect size inflation and replication validity of association studies, but few observational investigations have explored the extent of these problems. OBJECTIVE:Using meta-analyses to measure the reliability of initial studies and explore whether this varies across biomedical domains and study types (cognitive/behavioral, brain imaging, genetic and "others"). METHODS:We analyzed 663 meta-analyses describing associations between markers or risk factors and 12 pathologies within three biomedical domains (psychiatry, neurology and four somatic diseases). We collected the effect size, sample size, publication year and Impact Factor of initial studies, largest studies (i.e., with the largest sample size) and the corresponding meta-analyses. Initial studies were considered as replicated if they were in nominal agreement with meta-analyses and if their effect size inflation was below 100%. RESULTS:Nominal agreement between initial studies and meta-analyses regarding the presence of a significant effect was not better than chance in psychiatry, whereas it was somewhat better in neurology and somatic diseases. Whereas effect sizes reported by largest studies and meta-analyses were similar, most of those reported by initial studies were inflated. Among the 256 initial studies reporting a significant effect (p<0.05) and paired with significant meta-analyses, 97 effect sizes were inflated by more than 100%. Nominal agreement and effect size inflation varied with the biomedical domain and study type. Indeed, the replication rate of initial studies reporting a significant effect ranged from 6.3% for genetic studies in psychiatry to 86.4% for cognitive/behavioral studies. Comparison between eight subgroups shows that replication rate decreases with sample size and "true" effect size. We observed no evidence of association between replication rate and publication year or Impact Factor. CONCLUSION:The differences in reliability between biological psychiatry, neurology and somatic ...
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 150
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Antidepressant treatment with sertraline for adults with depressive symptoms in primary care

    Larisa Duffy / Gemma Lewis / Anthony Ades / Ricardo Araya / Jessica Bone / Sally Brabyn / Katherine Button / Rachel Churchill / Tim Croudace / Catherine Derrick / Padraig Dixon / Christopher Dowrick / Christopher Fawsitt / Louise Fusco / Simon Gilbody / Catherine Harmer / Catherine Hobbs / William Hollingworth / Vivien Jones /
    Tony Kendrick / David Kessler / Naila Khan / Daphne Kounali / Paul Lanham / Alice Malpass / Marcus Munafo / Jodi Pervin / Tim Peters / Derek Riozzie / Jude Robinson / George Salaminios / Debbie Sharp / Howard Thom / Laura Thomas / Nicky Welton / Nicola Wiles / Rebecca Woodhouse / Glyn Lewis

    Programme Grants for Applied Research, Vol 7, Iss

    the PANDA research programme including RCT

    2019  Volume 10

    Abstract: Background: Despite a growing number of prescriptions for antidepressants (over 70 million in 2018), there is uncertainty about when people with depression might benefit from antidepressant medication and concern that antidepressants are prescribed ... ...

    Abstract Background: Despite a growing number of prescriptions for antidepressants (over 70 million in 2018), there is uncertainty about when people with depression might benefit from antidepressant medication and concern that antidepressants are prescribed unnecessarily. Objectives: The main objective of the PANDA (What are the indications for Prescribing ANtiDepressAnts that will lead to a clinical benefit?) research programme was to provide more guidance about when antidepressants are likely to benefit people with depression. We aimed to estimate the minimal clinically important difference for commonly used self-administered scales for depression and anxiety, and to understand more about how patients respond to such assessments. We carried out an observational study of patients with depressive symptoms and a placebo-controlled randomised controlled trial of sertraline versus placebo to estimate the treatment effect in UK primary care. The hypothesis was that the severity and duration of symptoms were related to treatment response. Design: The programme consisted of three phases. The first phase relied on the secondary analysis of existing data extracted from published trials. The second phase was the PANDA cohort study of patients with depressive symptoms who presented to primary care and were followed up 2, 4 and 6 weeks after a baseline assessment. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the analysis. The third phase was a multicentre randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial of sertraline versus placebo in patients presenting to primary care with depressive symptoms. Setting: UK primary care in Bristol, London, Liverpool and York. Participants: Patients aged 18–74 years who were experiencing depressive symptoms in primary care. Eligibility for the PANDA randomised controlled trial included that there was uncertainty about the benefits about treatment with an antidepressant. Interventions: In the PANDA randomised controlled trial, patients were individually randomised to 100 mg daily of ...
    Keywords depression ; ssri ; sertraline ; antidepressant ; mcid ; primary care ; phq-9 ; rct ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
    Subject code 150
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher NIHR Journals Library
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Teaching open and reproducible scholarship

    Madeleine Pownall / Flávio Azevedo / Laura M. König / Hannah R. Slack / Thomas Rhys Evans / Zoe Flack / Sandra Grinschgl / Mahmoud M. Elsherif / Katie A. Gilligan-Lee / Catia M. F. de Oliveira / Biljana Gjoneska / Tamara Kalandadze / Katherine Button / Sarah Ashcroft-Jones / Jenny Terry / Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir / Filip Děchtěrenko / Shilaan Alzahawi / Bradley J. Baker /
    Merle-Marie Pittelkow / Lydia Riedl / Kathleen Schmidt / Charlotte R. Pennington / John J. Shaw / Timo Lüke / Matthew C. Makel / Helena Hartmann / Mirela Zaneva / Daniel Walker / Steven Verheyen / Daniel Cox / Jennifer Mattschey / Tom Gallagher-Mitchell / Peter Branney / Yanna Weisberg / Kamil Izydorczak / Ali H. Al-Hoorie / Ann-Marie Creaven / Suzanne L. K. Stewart / Kai Krautter / Karen Matvienko-Sikar / Samuel J. Westwood / Patrícia Arriaga / Meng Liu / Myriam A. Baum / Tobias Wingen / Robert M. Ross / Aoife O'Mahony / Agata Bochynska / Michelle Jamieson / Myrthe Vel Tromp / Siu Kit Yeung / Martin R. Vasilev / Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe / Leticia Micheli / Markus Konkol / David Moreau / James E. Bartlett / Kait Clark / Gwen Brekelmans / Theofilos Gkinopoulos / Samantha L. Tyler / Jan Philipp Röer / Zlatomira G. Ilchovska / Christopher R. Madan / Olly Robertson / Bethan J. Iley / Samuel Guay / Martina Sladekova / Shanu Sadhwani

    Royal Society Open Science, Vol 10, Iss

    a critical review of the evidence base for current pedagogical methods and their outcomes

    2023  Volume 5

    Abstract: In recent years, the scientific community has called for improvements in the credibility, robustness and reproducibility of research, characterized by increased interest and promotion of open and transparent research practices. While progress has been ... ...

    Abstract In recent years, the scientific community has called for improvements in the credibility, robustness and reproducibility of research, characterized by increased interest and promotion of open and transparent research practices. While progress has been positive, there is a lack of consideration about how this approach can be embedded into undergraduate and postgraduate research training. Specifically, a critical overview of the literature which investigates how integrating open and reproducible science may influence student outcomes is needed. In this paper, we provide the first critical review of literature surrounding the integration of open and reproducible scholarship into teaching and learning and its associated outcomes in students. Our review highlighted how embedding open and reproducible scholarship appears to be associated with (i) students' scientific literacies (i.e. students’ understanding of open research, consumption of science and the development of transferable skills); (ii) student engagement (i.e. motivation and engagement with learning, collaboration and engagement in open research) and (iii) students' attitudes towards science (i.e. trust in science and confidence in research findings). However, our review also identified a need for more robust and rigorous methods within pedagogical research, including more interventional and experimental evaluations of teaching practice. We discuss implications for teaching and learning scholarship.
    Keywords higher education ; open research ; open scholarship ; open science ; pedagogy ; teaching ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 020
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher The Royal Society
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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