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Article ; Online: Unexpected risk factors of pathological hikikomori during the COVID-19 pandemic among working adults initially without social isolation: A longitudinal online survey.

Huang, Kuan-Lun / Katsuki, Ryoko / Kubo, Taisei / Wang, Jiun-Yi / Sakamoto, Shinji / Nakao, Tomohiro / Kato, Takahiro A

2024 Volume 78, Issue 5, Page(s) 332–334

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Adult ; Social Isolation/psychology ; Risk Factors ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-28
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	1292906-2
ISSN	1440-1819 ; 1323-1316
ISSN (online)	1440-1819
ISSN	1323-1316
DOI	10.1111/pcn.13647
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Article ; Online: Analyzing changes in help-seeking from mental and physical health professionals during COVID-19 in Japan.

Sakamoto, Shinji / Suzuki, Yudai / Katsuki, Ryoko / Yamakawa, Itsuki / Kato, Takahiro A

Psychology, health & medicine

2023 Volume 29, Issue 5, Page(s) 998–1010

Abstract: Japan witnessed the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in March - May 2020. We examined whether the impact of COVID-19 on people seeking help from mental and physical health professionals varied with changes in employment (from full-time ... ...

Abstract	Japan witnessed the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in March - May 2020. We examined whether the impact of COVID-19 on people seeking help from mental and physical health professionals varied with changes in employment (from full-time employment to unemployment or leave of absence) and psychological predisposition to new-type depression (Interpersonal Sensitivity [IS]/Privileged Self [PS]) associated with the pandemic. An online survey was conducted in June 2020 (after the outbreak of COVID-19) among people who were full-time employees as of April 2019. Data from 1,053 individuals were analyzed. The survey asked about regular visits to health professionals one year prior to the survey (June 2019) and at the time of the survey. Employment status, personality traits, and demographic characteristics were also examined. We found that consultation rates changed little before and after the pandemic. Logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for age and gender, being unemployed or absent from work after the pandemic and having higher scores for IS/PS were positively associated with regular visits to health professionals. Considering that COVID-19 has been shown to increase the incidence of physical and mental illness, the finding that the rate of consultations remained unchanged implies that consultations were withheld. Joblessness/absence from work and IS/PS had negative effects on physical and mental health, leading to fewer visits.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/psychology ; Japan/epidemiology ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data ; Employment/statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Health Personnel/psychology ; Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult ; Depression/epidemiology ; Help-Seeking Behavior ; Unemployment/statistics & numerical data ; Unemployment/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1477841-5
ISSN	1465-3966 ; 1354-8506
ISSN (online)	1465-3966
ISSN	1354-8506
DOI	10.1080/13548506.2023.2253509
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Psychological Traits of Patients With Depression Comorbid With Chronic Pain: Are Complaint and Competitive Tendency Related to Pain?

Fujimoto, Koji / Hosoi, Masako / Katsuki, Ryoko / Matsushima, Toshio / Matsuo, Keitaro / Nakao, Tomohiro / Sudo, Nobuyuki / Kato, Takahiro A

Frontiers in psychiatry

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 825422

Abstract: Background: Modern-Type Depression (MTD) is a category of depression that has been studied mainly in Japan; however, no study has attempted to determine its relation to chronic pain.: Aim: To determine possible associations between psychological ... ...

Abstract	Background: Modern-Type Depression (MTD) is a category of depression that has been studied mainly in Japan; however, no study has attempted to determine its relation to chronic pain. Aim: To determine possible associations between psychological traits related to MTD and the chronic pain of patients at psychiatric clinics. Method: Two hundred and twenty-one first time patients who visited the psychiatric clinic at a Japanese university medical center or an associated clinic were enrolled. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to measure depressive symptoms. The 22-item Tarumi's Modern-Type Depression Trait Scale (TACS-22), Achievement Motive, and 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale were used to assess psychological traits related to depression and chronic pain. The clinical diagnosis of each patient was confirmed by use of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, administered by experienced specialists. The medians of the psychological traits identified were compared between patients with or without chronic pain. Analysis was also done of patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Result: Of the 221 patients, 139 had chronic pain. Patients with chronic pain had more severe depressive symptoms, Alexithymia, and high scores for the complaint trait of MTD. Seventy-three of the 221 patients met the criteria for MDD (53 had chronic pain). Patients with MDD comorbid with chronic pain had a higher competitive achievement score, severe depression, and difficulty identifying feelings. Conclusion: Complaint and competitive traits were shown to be related to chronic pain in psychiatric settings. Further study will allow us to design multidimensional approach for patients suffering from depression.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564218-2
ISSN	1664-0640
ISSN	1664-0640
DOI	10.3389/fpsyt.2022.825422
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Article: Risk factors of hikikomori among office workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective online survey.

Kubo, Hiroaki / Katsuki, Ryoko / Horie, Kazumasa / Yamakawa, Itsuki / Tateno, Masaru / Shinfuku, Naotaka / Sartorius, Norman / Sakamoto, Shinji / Kato, Takahiro A

Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)

2022 , Page(s) 1–19

Abstract: The global pandemic of COVID-19 has forced people to restrict their outings. In Japan, self-restraint behavior (SRB) has been requested by the government, and some of those decreasing their outings may shift to pathological social withdrawal; hikikomori. ...

Abstract	The global pandemic of COVID-19 has forced people to restrict their outings. In Japan, self-restraint behavior (SRB) has been requested by the government, and some of those decreasing their outings may shift to pathological social withdrawal; hikikomori. The purpose of this study was to examine the risk factors of hikikomori conducting an online prospective survey. An online survey was conducted in June 2020 and December 2020; (1) SRB-related indicators (degree of SRB, motivation for SRB, stigma and self-stigma toward COVID-19, anxiety and depressive feelings toward COVID-19) and (2) general mental health (hikikomori tendency, depressive symptoms, modern type depression (MTD) tendency, internet addiction) were collected. A cross-lagged effects model was performed to examine the association between these variables. Lack of emotional support and lack of socialization in June 2020 increased isolation in December 2020. Besides, MTD and hikikomori interacted with each other. Interestingly, although hikikomori tendency increased depressive tendencies, SRB itself did not have a significant path on any mental health-related variables. Poor interpersonal relationships, rather than SRB per se, are suggested to be a risk factor for increased isolation among office workers in the COVID-19 pandemic. Appropriate early interventions such as interpersonal or emotional support may prevent the transition to pathological hikikomori. The association between MTD and hikikomori seems to reveal the interesting possibility that MTD is a gateway to increased risk of hikikomori, and that hikikomori is a gateway to MTD as well. Future research is required to elucidate the relationship between hikikomori and MTD.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2021598-8
ISSN	1936-4733 ; 1046-1310
ISSN (online)	1936-4733
ISSN	1046-1310
DOI	10.1007/s12144-022-03446-8
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Article: Risk factors of hikikomori among office workers during the COVID-19 pandemic

Kubo, Hiroaki / Katsuki, Ryoko / Horie, Kazumasa / Yamakawa, Itsuki / Tateno, Masaru / Shinfuku, Naotaka / Sartorius, Norman / Sakamoto, Shinji / Kato, Takahiro A.

Current Psychology

A prospective online survey

2023 Volume 42, Issue 27, Page(s) 23842–23860

Title translation	Risikofaktoren für Hikikomori bei Büroangestellten während der COVID-19-Pandemie: Eine prospektive Online-Umfrage
Abstract	The global pandemic of COVID-19 has forced people to restrict their outings. In Japan, self-restraint behavior (SRB) has been requested by the government, and some of those decreasing their outings may shift to pathological social withdrawal; hikikomori. The purpose of this study was to examine the risk factors of hikikomori conducting an online prospective survey. An online survey was conducted in June 2020 and December 2020; (1) SRB-related indicators (degree of SRB, motivation for SRB, stigma and self-stigma toward COVID-19, anxiety and depressive feelings toward COVID-19) and (2) general mental health (hikikomori tendency, depressive symptoms, modern type depression (MTD) tendency, internet addiction) were collected. A cross-lagged effects model was performed to examine the association between these variables. Lack of emotional support and lack of socialization in June 2020 increased isolation in December 2020. Besides, MTD and hikikomori interacted with each other. Interestingly, although hikikomori tendency increased depressive tendencies, SRB itself did not have a significant path on any mental health-related variables. Poor interpersonal relationships, rather than SRB per se, are suggested to be a risk factor for increased isolation among office workers in the COVID-19 pandemic. Appropriate early interventions such as interpersonal or emotional support may prevent the transition to pathological hikikomori. The association between MTD and hikikomori seems to reveal the interesting possibility that MTD is a gateway to increased risk of hikikomori, and that hikikomori is a gateway to MTD as well. Future research is required to elucidate the relationship between hikikomori and MTD.
Keywords	Beschäftigtenmerkmale ; COVID-19 ; Einstellungen zu körperlichen Krankheiten ; Employee Characteristics ; Gesundheitsverhalten ; Health Behavior ; Major Depression ; Physical Illness (Attitudes Toward) ; Risikofaktoren ; Risk Factors ; Selbststigmatisierung ; Self-Stigma ; Social Support ; Social Withdrawal ; Soziale Unterstützung ; Sozialer Rückzug ; Stigma
Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2021598-8
ISSN	1936-4733 ; 1046-1310
ISSN (online)	1936-4733
ISSN	1046-1310
DOI	10.1007/s12144-022-03446-8
Database	PSYNDEX

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Article: Pathological social withdrawal in autism spectrum disorder: A case control study of hikikomori in Japan.

Yamada, Mari / Kato, Takahiro A / Katsuki, Ryoko Inoue / Yokoi, Hideki / Igarashi, Miki / Komine, Yoko / Kamata, Yukinori / Kato, Nobumasa / Iwanami, Akira / Ohta, Haruhisa

Frontiers in psychiatry

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1114224

Abstract: Introduction: Hikikomori, a form of pathological social withdrawal, has been suggested to have comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aimed to clarify how characteristics of ASD are associated with hikikomori.: Methods: Thirty- ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Hikikomori, a form of pathological social withdrawal, has been suggested to have comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aimed to clarify how characteristics of ASD are associated with hikikomori. Methods: Thirty-nine adult male patients with a diagnosis of ASD attending our outpatient clinic for neurodevelopmental disabilities were subjected to a structured interview regarding social withdrawal, various self-administered questionnaires, and blood tests. Through structured interviews, the subjects were divided into two groups: (Group 1) ASD with hikikomori condition and (Group 2) ASD without hikikomori condition. Sixteen subjects qualified as hikikomori and 23 subjects qualified as subjects without hikikomori. Age, sex, autism spectrum quotient (AQ), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), and FIQ were matched. Results: Compared to non-hikikomori controls, hikikomori cases were likely to have stronger sensory symptoms, lower uric acid (UA) ( Conclusion: The present study has suggested that ASD patients with hikikomori were more likely to have higher sensory abnormalities, comorbid atopic dermatitis, lower UA, stronger depressive, and anxiety tendency. Evaluating and approaching these aspects are important for appropriate interventions in ASD with hikikomori. Further investigations should be conducted to validate our pilot findings.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564218-2
ISSN	1664-0640
ISSN	1664-0640
DOI	10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1114224
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Article ; Online: Autism spectrum conditions in hikikomori: A pilot case-control study.

Katsuki, Ryoko / Tateno, Masaru / Kubo, Hiroaki / Kurahara, Keita / Hayakawa, Kohei / Kuwano, Nobuki / Kanba, Shigenobu / Kato, Takahiro A

Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences

2020 Volume 74, Issue 12, Page(s) 652–658

Abstract: Aim: Hikikomori, a form of pathological social withdrawal, has been suggested to have comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aimed to clarify how characteristics of hikikomori are associated with ASD, including undiagnosed autism ... ...

Abstract	Aim: Hikikomori, a form of pathological social withdrawal, has been suggested to have comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aimed to clarify how characteristics of hikikomori are associated with ASD, including undiagnosed autism spectrum conditions (ASC), in clinical settings. Methods: A total of 416 clinical patients were recruited through the Mood Disorder/Hikikomori Clinic at Kyushu University Hospital. A total of 103 hikikomori cases and 221 clinical controls without hikikomori conditions were extracted using a semi-structured interview, and completed a series of self-rated scales, including the Japanese version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-J). Results: Compared to non-hikikomori controls, hikikomori cases were more likely to have higher autistic tendency based on the AQ-J. The cases showed more severe subjective depressive symptoms based on the self-rated Beck Depression Inventory II, whereas no significant difference was found on interview-based severity evaluation using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Comparison within hikikomori cases based on the AQ-J cut-off score revealed that hikikomori cases with high ASC were significantly more likely to have higher traits of modern-type depression, smaller social networks, and less social support. Conclusion: The present data suggest that hikikomori sufferers are more likely to have autistic tendency, and that hikikomori sufferers with high ASC may have much more difficulty in social communication and social interaction. In addition, those with high ASC may also have lower self-esteem and higher complaint tendencies as aspects of modern-type depression traits, which may relate to the occurrence of hikikomori. Thus, evaluating autistic tendencies is important for appropriate interventions in hikikomori. Further investigations should be conducted to validate our pilot findings using structured diagnostic systems of ASD.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/epidemiology ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Comorbidity ; Depressive Disorder/diagnosis ; Depressive Disorder/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder/physiopathology ; Diagnostic Self Evaluation ; Female ; Humans ; Interview, Psychological ; Male ; Pilot Projects ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Self Concept ; Social Interaction ; Social Isolation ; Social Networking ; Social Support ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-13
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1292906-2
ISSN	1440-1819 ; 1323-1316
ISSN (online)	1440-1819
ISSN	1323-1316
DOI	10.1111/pcn.13154
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Article ; Online: Social withdrawal in major depressive disorder: a case-control study of hikikomori in japan.

Teo, Alan R / Nelson, Sarah / Strange, Wynn / Kubo, Hiroaki / Katsuki, Ryoko / Kurahara, Keita / Kanba, Shigenobu / Kato, Takahiro A

Journal of affective disorders

2020 Volume 274, Page(s) 1142–1146

Abstract: Background: Social withdrawal is a feature of a number of psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD), yet research examining social withdrawal as a feature of MDD is rare.: Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Social withdrawal is a feature of a number of psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD), yet research examining social withdrawal as a feature of MDD is rare. Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study. Participants (N = 67) were recruited through an outpatient clinic at an academic medical center in Japan. Major depressive disorder (MDD) and social withdrawal were established with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and a semi-structured psychiatric interview, respectively. Participants also completed self-report measures. Results: We classified 24 participants as cases (MDD with social withdrawal) and 43 participants as controls (MDD without social withdrawal). Cases, on average, were more likely to have lower education level, prior episodes of depression, and higher suicidal ideation at baseline than controls. In unadjusted regression models, cases had significantly less social connection, less reward dependence, less self-directedness, and higher scores on scales of modern-type depression and hikikomori. In adjusted regression models, associations between social withdrawal and hikikomori (p<0.01) and reward dependence (p = 0.03) remained significant. Limitations: The sample was limited in size and drawn from a single site. Conclusions: In patients with MDD, social withdrawal may have subtle associations with clinical symptoms, social connection, and personality traits. Developing a better understanding of social withdrawal's phenotype in depression requires more in-depth examination.
MeSH term(s)	Case-Control Studies ; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology ; Humans ; Japan/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Social Isolation
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	135449-8
ISSN	1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
ISSN (online)	1573-2517
ISSN	0165-0327
DOI	10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.011
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Article ; Online: Plasma acetylcholine and nicotinic acid are correlated with focused preference for photographed females in depressed males: an economic game study.

Kubo, Hiroaki / Setoyama, Daiki / Watabe, Motoki / Ohgidani, Masahiro / Hayakawa, Kohei / Kuwano, Nobuki / Sato-Kasai, Mina / Katsuki, Ryoko / Kanba, Shigenobu / Kang, Dongchon / Kato, Takahiro A

Scientific reports

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 2199

Abstract: Interpersonal difficulties are often observed in major depressive disorder (MDD), while the underlying psychological and biological mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. In the present case-control study, a PC-based trust game was conducted for 38 ... ...

Abstract	Interpersonal difficulties are often observed in major depressive disorder (MDD), while the underlying psychological and biological mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. In the present case-control study, a PC-based trust game was conducted for 38 drug-free MDD patients and 38 healthy controls (HC). In the trust game, participants invested money in a partner (trusting behaviors), and also rated each partner's attractiveness (preference for others). In addition, blood biomarkers including metabolites were measured. Both MDD and HC males exhibited more trusting behaviors compared to females. MDD males' preference for ordinary-attractive partners (lay-person photographs) was lower than HC males, whereas their preference for high-attractive females (fashion-model photographs) was similar levels to HC males. This tendency in MDD males could reflect a "focused (narrowed) preference for females". As for blood biomarker analysis, the levels of 37 metabolites including acetylcholine, AMP, GMP, nicotinic acid and tryptophan were significantly different between two groups. Interestingly, among male participants, acetylcholine and nicotinic acid were negatively correlated with the level of focused preference for photographed females. In sum, we have revealed some behavioral, psychological and biological traits of trusting behaviors and preference for others especially in MDD males. Larger studies should be conducted to validate our preliminary findings.
MeSH term(s)	Acetylcholine/blood ; Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Biomarkers/blood ; Case-Control Studies ; Choice Behavior ; Depression/blood ; Female ; Game Theory ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolome ; Niacin/blood ; Photography ; Trust
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Niacin (2679MF687A) ; Acetylcholine (N9YNS0M02X)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-020-75115-4
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Internet Addiction, Smartphone Addiction, and Hikikomori Trait in Japanese Young Adult: Social Isolation and Social Network.

Tateno, Masaru / Teo, Alan R / Ukai, Wataru / Kanazawa, Junichiro / Katsuki, Ryoko / Kubo, Hiroaki / Kato, Takahiro A

Frontiers in psychiatry

2019 Volume 10, Page(s) 455

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2564218-2
ISSN	1664-0640
ISSN	1664-0640
DOI	10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00455
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