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  1. Article ; Online: Correlated variability in primate superior colliculus depends on functional class.

    Katz, Leor N / Yu, Gongchen / Herman, James P / Krauzlis, Richard J

    Communications biology

    2023  Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) 540

    Abstract: Correlated variability in neuronal activity (spike count correlations, ... ...

    Abstract Correlated variability in neuronal activity (spike count correlations, r
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Superior Colliculi/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Neurons/physiology ; Memory, Short-Term
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ISSN 2399-3642
    ISSN (online) 2399-3642
    DOI 10.1038/s42003-023-04912-0
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  2. Article ; Online: A Neural Pathway for Nonreinforced Preference Change.

    Schonberg, Tom / Katz, Leor N

    Trends in cognitive sciences

    2020  Volume 24, Issue 7, Page(s) 504–514

    Abstract: How is value processed in the brain to inform decision making? A plethora of studies describe how preferences are shaped by experience with external reinforcements. While research on this reinforced pathway is well established, far less research has ... ...

    Abstract How is value processed in the brain to inform decision making? A plethora of studies describe how preferences are shaped by experience with external reinforcements. While research on this reinforced pathway is well established, far less research has explored the neural pathways promoting preference change in the absence of external reinforcements. Here, we review behavioral paradigms linking nonreinforced preference change with manipulations of stimulus exposure, response, and gaze position. Based on this work, we propose that several brain regions traditionally associated with selective attention constitute a pathway for nonreinforced preference change. Together, this nonreinforced pathway (termed here the dorsal value pathway; DVP) and the more famously studied reinforced pathway (ventral value pathway; VVP), interface with prefrontal regions of the primate brain to guide value-based decisions.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain ; Brain Mapping ; Decision Making ; Neural Pathways ; Reinforcement, Psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2010989-1
    ISSN 1879-307X ; 1364-6613
    ISSN (online) 1879-307X
    ISSN 1364-6613
    DOI 10.1016/j.tics.2020.04.002
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  3. Article: Short-latency preference for faces in the primate superior colliculus.

    Yu, Gongchen / Katz, Leor N / Quaia, Christian / Messinger, Adam / Krauzlis, Richard J

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: Face processing is fundamental to primates and has been extensively studied in higher-order visual cortex. Here we report that visual neurons in the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) display a preference for faces, that the preference emerges within 50ms ...

    Abstract Face processing is fundamental to primates and has been extensively studied in higher-order visual cortex. Here we report that visual neurons in the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) display a preference for faces, that the preference emerges within 50ms of stimulus onset - well before "face patches" in visual cortex - and that this activity can distinguish faces from other visual objects with accuracies of ~80%. This short-latency preference in SC depends on signals routed through early visual cortex, because inactivating the lateral geniculate nucleus, the key relay from retina to cortex, virtually eliminates visual responses in SC, including face-related activity. These results reveal an unexpected circuit in the primate visual system for rapidly detecting faces in the periphery, complementing the higher-order areas needed for recognizing individual faces.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.09.06.556401
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  4. Article ; Online: Microsaccades as a marker not a cause for attention-related modulation.

    Yu, Gongchen / Herman, James P / Katz, Leor N / Krauzlis, Richard J

    eLife

    2022  Volume 11

    Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that microsaccades are causally linked to the attention-related modulation of neurons-specifically, that microsaccades toward the attended location are required for the subsequent changes in firing rate. These findings have ... ...

    Abstract Recent evidence suggests that microsaccades are causally linked to the attention-related modulation of neurons-specifically, that microsaccades toward the attended location are required for the subsequent changes in firing rate. These findings have raised questions about whether attention-related modulation is due to different states of attention as traditionally assumed or might instead be a secondary effect of microsaccades. Here, in two rhesus macaques, we tested the relationship between microsaccades and attention-related modulation in the superior colliculus (SC), a brain structure crucial for allocating attention. We found that attention-related modulation emerged even in the absence of microsaccades, was already present prior to microsaccades toward the cued stimulus, and persisted through the suppression of activity that accompanied all microsaccades. Nonetheless, consistent with previous findings, we also found significant attention-related modulation when microsaccades were directed toward, rather than away from, the cued location. Thus, despite the clear links between microsaccades and attention, microsaccades are not necessary for attention-related modulation, at least not in the SC. They do, however, provide an additional marker for the state of attention, especially at times when attention is shifting from one location to another.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biomarkers ; Cues ; Fixation, Ocular ; Macaca mulatta ; Photic Stimulation ; Saccades ; Superior Colliculi ; Visual Perception
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 2687154-3
    ISSN 2050-084X ; 2050-084X
    ISSN (online) 2050-084X
    ISSN 2050-084X
    DOI 10.7554/eLife.74168
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  5. Article ; Online: What is attention?

    Krauzlis, Richard J / Wang, Lupeng / Yu, Gongchen / Katz, Leor N

    Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive science

    2021  , Page(s) e1570

    Abstract: We define attention as "the set of evolved brain processes that leads to adaptive and effective behavioral selection." Our emphasis is on understanding the biological and neural mechanisms that make the behavioral properties of attention possible. ... ...

    Abstract We define attention as "the set of evolved brain processes that leads to adaptive and effective behavioral selection." Our emphasis is on understanding the biological and neural mechanisms that make the behavioral properties of attention possible. Although much has been learned about the functional operation of attention by postulating and testing different aspects of attention, our view is that the distinctions most frequently relied upon are much less useful for identifying the detailed biological mechanisms and brain circuits. Instead, we adopt an evolutionary perspective that, while speculative, generates a different set of guiding principles for understanding the form and function of attention. We then provide a thought experiment, introducing a device that we intend to serve as an intuition pump for thinking about how the brain processes for attention might be organized, and that illustrates the features of the biological processes that might ultimately answer the question. This article is categorized under: Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition Psychology > Attention Philosophy > Psychological Capacities.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2553336-8
    ISSN 1939-5086 ; 1939-5078
    ISSN (online) 1939-5086
    ISSN 1939-5078
    DOI 10.1002/wcs.1570
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  6. Article ; Online: Temporal integration is a robust feature of perceptual decisions.

    Hyafil, Alexandre / de la Rocha, Jaime / Pericas, Cristina / Katz, Leor N / Huk, Alexander C / Pillow, Jonathan W

    eLife

    2023  Volume 12

    Abstract: Making informed decisions in noisy environments requires integrating sensory information over time. However, recent work has suggested that it may be difficult to determine whether an animal's decision-making strategy relies on evidence integration or ... ...

    Abstract Making informed decisions in noisy environments requires integrating sensory information over time. However, recent work has suggested that it may be difficult to determine whether an animal's decision-making strategy relies on evidence integration or not. In particular, strategies based on extrema-detection or random snapshots of the evidence stream may be difficult or even impossible to distinguish from classic evidence integration. Moreover, such non-integration strategies might be surprisingly common in experiments that aimed to study decisions based on integration. To determine whether temporal integration is central to perceptual decision-making, we developed a new model-based approach for comparing temporal integration against alternative 'non-integration' strategies for tasks in which the sensory signal is composed of discrete stimulus samples. We applied these methods to behavioral data from monkeys, rats, and humans performing a variety of sensory decision-making tasks. In all species and tasks, we found converging evidence in favor of temporal integration. First, in all observers across studies, the integration model better accounted for standard behavioral statistics such as psychometric curves and psychophysical kernels. Second, we found that sensory samples with large evidence do not contribute disproportionately to subject choices, as predicted by an extrema-detection strategy. Finally, we provide a direct confirmation of temporal integration by showing that the sum of both early and late evidence contributed to observer decisions. Overall, our results provide experimental evidence suggesting that temporal integration is an ubiquitous feature in mammalian perceptual decision-making. Our study also highlights the benefits of using experimental paradigms where the temporal stream of sensory evidence is controlled explicitly by the experimenter, and known precisely by the analyst, to characterize the temporal properties of the decision process.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Rats ; Animals ; Discrimination, Psychological ; Decision Making ; Psychometrics ; Haplorhini ; Mammals
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2687154-3
    ISSN 2050-084X ; 2050-084X
    ISSN (online) 2050-084X
    ISSN 2050-084X
    DOI 10.7554/eLife.84045
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  7. Article ; Online: Publisher Correction: Midbrain activity can explain perceptual decisions during an attention task.

    Herman, James P / Katz, Leor N / Krauzlis, Richard J

    Nature neuroscience

    2019  Volume 22, Issue 3, Page(s) 504

    Abstract: The original and corrected figures are shown in the accompanying Publisher Correction. ...

    Abstract The original and corrected figures are shown in the accompanying Publisher Correction.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Published Erratum
    ZDB-ID 1420596-8
    ISSN 1546-1726 ; 1097-6256
    ISSN (online) 1546-1726
    ISSN 1097-6256
    DOI 10.1038/s41593-018-0319-6
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    Zs.A 4891: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: Midbrain activity can explain perceptual decisions during an attention task.

    Herman, James P / Katz, Leor N / Krauzlis, Richard J

    Nature neuroscience

    2018  Volume 21, Issue 12, Page(s) 1651–1655

    Abstract: We introduce a decision model that interprets the relative levels of moment-by-moment spiking activity from the right and left superior colliculus to distinguish relevant from irrelevant stimulus events. The model explains detection performance in a ... ...

    Abstract We introduce a decision model that interprets the relative levels of moment-by-moment spiking activity from the right and left superior colliculus to distinguish relevant from irrelevant stimulus events. The model explains detection performance in a covert attention task, both in intact animals and when performance is perturbed by causal manipulations. This provides a specific example of how midbrain activity could support perceptual judgments during attention tasks.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Attention/physiology ; Decision Making/physiology ; Judgment/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Mesencephalon/physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 1420596-8
    ISSN 1546-1726 ; 1097-6256
    ISSN (online) 1546-1726
    ISSN 1097-6256
    DOI 10.1038/s41593-018-0271-5
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  9. Article ; Online: Midbrain activity shapes high-level visual properties in the primate temporal cortex.

    Bogadhi, Amarender R / Katz, Leor N / Bollimunta, Anil / Leopold, David A / Krauzlis, Richard J

    Neuron

    2020  Volume 109, Issue 4, Page(s) 690–699.e5

    Abstract: Recent fMRI experiments identified an attention-related region in the macaque temporal cortex, here called the floor of the superior temporal sulcus (fSTS), as the primary cortical target of superior colliculus (SC) activity. However, it remains unclear ... ...

    Abstract Recent fMRI experiments identified an attention-related region in the macaque temporal cortex, here called the floor of the superior temporal sulcus (fSTS), as the primary cortical target of superior colliculus (SC) activity. However, it remains unclear which aspects of attention are processed by fSTS neurons and how or why these might depend on SC activity. Here, we show that SC inactivation decreases attentional modulations in fSTS neurons by increasing their activity for ignored stimuli in addition to decreasing their activity for attended stimuli. Neurons in the fSTS also exhibit event-related activity during attention tasks linked to detection performance, and this link is eliminated during SC inactivation. Finally, fSTS neurons respond selectively to particular visual objects, and this selectivity is reduced markedly during SC inactivation. These diverse, high-level properties of fSTS neurons all involve visual signals that carry behavioral relevance. Their dependence on SC activity could reflect a circuit that prioritizes cortical processing of events detected subcortically.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Attention/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Mesencephalon/diagnostic imaging ; Mesencephalon/physiology ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Temporal Lobe/diagnostic imaging ; Temporal Lobe/physiology ; Visual Fields/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 808167-0
    ISSN 1097-4199 ; 0896-6273
    ISSN (online) 1097-4199
    ISSN 0896-6273
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.11.023
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  10. Article ; Online: The Role of the Lateral Intraparietal Area in (the Study of) Decision Making.

    Huk, Alexander C / Katz, Leor N / Yates, Jacob L

    Annual review of neuroscience

    2017  Volume 40, Page(s) 349–372

    Abstract: Over the past two decades, neurophysiological responses in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) have received extensive study for insight into decision making. In a parallel manner, inferred cognitive processes have enriched interpretations of LIP ... ...

    Abstract Over the past two decades, neurophysiological responses in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) have received extensive study for insight into decision making. In a parallel manner, inferred cognitive processes have enriched interpretations of LIP activity. Because of this bidirectional interplay between physiology and cognition, LIP has served as fertile ground for developing quantitative models that link neural activity with decision making. These models stand as some of the most important frameworks for linking brain and mind, and they are now mature enough to be evaluated in finer detail and integrated with other lines of investigation of LIP function. Here, we focus on the relationship between LIP responses and known sensory and motor events in perceptual decision-making tasks, as assessed by correlative and causal methods. The resulting sensorimotor-focused approach offers an account of LIP activity as a multiplexed amalgam of sensory, cognitive, and motor-related activity, with a complex and often indirect relationship to decision processes. Our data-driven focus on multiplexing (and de-multiplexing) of various response components can complement decision-focused models and provides more detailed insight into how neural signals might relate to cognitive processes such as decision making.
    MeSH term(s) Cognition/physiology ; Decision Making/physiology ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Motion Perception/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-08-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 282459-0
    ISSN 1545-4126 ; 0147-006X
    ISSN (online) 1545-4126
    ISSN 0147-006X
    DOI 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031508
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