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  1. Article ; Online: Miller's spark.

    Kobayashi, Kensei / Kebukawa, Yoko

    Nature reviews. Chemistry

    2023  Volume 7, Issue 9, Page(s) 598–599

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2397-3358
    ISSN (online) 2397-3358
    DOI 10.1038/s41570-023-00530-w
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  2. Article: Gamma-Ray-Induced Amino Acid Formation during Aqueous Alteration in Small Bodies: The Effects of Compositions of Starting Solutions.

    Ishikawa, Akari / Kebukawa, Yoko / Kobayashi, Kensei / Yoda, Isao

    Life (Basel, Switzerland)

    2024  Volume 14, Issue 1

    Abstract: Organic compounds, such as amino acids, are essential for the origin of life, and they may have been delivered to the prebiotic Earth from extra-terrestrial sources, such as carbonaceous chondrites. In the parent bodies of carbonaceous chondrites, the ... ...

    Abstract Organic compounds, such as amino acids, are essential for the origin of life, and they may have been delivered to the prebiotic Earth from extra-terrestrial sources, such as carbonaceous chondrites. In the parent bodies of carbonaceous chondrites, the radioactive decays of short-lived radionuclides, such as
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-09
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2662250-6
    ISSN 2075-1729
    ISSN 2075-1729
    DOI 10.3390/life14010103
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Comparison of stepwise and single-step pyrolysis GC/MS for natural complex macromolecular organic matter.

    Mogi, Yuto / Kebukawa, Yoko / Kobayashi, Kensei

    Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry

    2022  Volume 38, Issue 1, Page(s) 113–121

    Abstract: Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a useful technique for the analysis of complex organic matter. However, the pyrolysis temperatures must be carefully chosen to maximize the information obtained and, in parallel, minimize byproducts. One ... ...

    Abstract Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a useful technique for the analysis of complex organic matter. However, the pyrolysis temperatures must be carefully chosen to maximize the information obtained and, in parallel, minimize byproducts. One solution to accomplish this is the stepwise pyrolysis method, which has been employed to analyze complex mixtures of natural samples. Here, we compared the stepwise pyrolysis method to a suite of single-step pyrolysis runs using the same temperatures by employing a humic acid standard sample, to evaluate the advantage of the stepwise pyrolysis method. In addition, we conducted in-situ heating experiments of the humic acid under infrared microspectroscopy to observe changes in the functional groups during the stepwise pyrolysis process. Results showed that O-bearing components were released at relatively low temperatures, whereas aromatic components were released at higher temperatures, indicating that the stepwise method effectively separates labile and refractory fractions. As such, the stepwise method would be useful for analyzing limited amounts of samples, such as for extraterrestrial materials as well as for payload instruments onboard space missions.
    MeSH term(s) Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Hot Temperature ; Humic Substances/analysis ; Macromolecular Substances ; Pyrolysis
    Chemical Substances Humic Substances ; Macromolecular Substances
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-28
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1483376-1
    ISSN 1348-2246 ; 1348-2246
    ISSN (online) 1348-2246
    ISSN 1348-2246
    DOI 10.2116/analsci.21P188
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  4. Article: Synthesis of Organic Matter in Aqueous Environments Simulating Small Bodies in the Solar System and the Effects of Minerals on Amino Acid Formation.

    Elmasry, Walaa / Kebukawa, Yoko / Kobayashi, Kensei

    Life (Basel, Switzerland)

    2021  Volume 11, Issue 1

    Abstract: The extraterrestrial delivery of organics to primitive Earth has been supported by many laboratory and space experiments. Minerals played an important role in the evolution of meteoritic organic matter. In this study, we simulated aqueous alteration in ... ...

    Abstract The extraterrestrial delivery of organics to primitive Earth has been supported by many laboratory and space experiments. Minerals played an important role in the evolution of meteoritic organic matter. In this study, we simulated aqueous alteration in small bodies by using a solution mixture of H
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-06
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2662250-6
    ISSN 2075-1729
    ISSN 2075-1729
    DOI 10.3390/life11010032
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  5. Article ; Online: Alteration and Stability of Complex Macromolecular Amino Acid Precursors in Hydrothermal Environments.

    Elmasry, Walaa / Kebukawa, Yoko / Kaneko, Takeo / Obayashi, Yumiko / Fukuda, Hitoshi / Oguri, Yoshiyuki / Kobayashi, Kensei

    Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere : the journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life

    2020  Volume 50, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 15–33

    Abstract: The early Solar System comprised a broad area of abiotically created organic compounds, including interstellar organics which were integrated into planetesimals and parent bodies of meteorites, and eventually delivered to the early Earth. In this study, ... ...

    Abstract The early Solar System comprised a broad area of abiotically created organic compounds, including interstellar organics which were integrated into planetesimals and parent bodies of meteorites, and eventually delivered to the early Earth. In this study, we simulated interstellar complex organic compounds synthesized by proton irradiation of a gas mixture of CO, NH
    MeSH term(s) Amino Acids/chemistry ; Hydrothermal Vents ; Macromolecular Substances/chemistry
    Chemical Substances Amino Acids ; Macromolecular Substances
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-20
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2018578-9
    ISSN 1573-0875 ; 0169-6149
    ISSN (online) 1573-0875
    ISSN 0169-6149
    DOI 10.1007/s11084-020-09593-x
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  6. Article ; Online: Aqueous breakdown of aspartate and glutamate to n-ω-amino acids on the parent bodies of carbonaceous chondrites and asteroid Ryugu.

    Li, Yamei / Kurokawa, Hiroyuki / Sekine, Yasuhito / Kebukawa, Yoko / Nakano, Yuko / Kitadai, Norio / Zhang, Naizhong / Zang, Xiaofeng / Ueno, Yuichiro / Fujimori, Gen / Nakamura, Ryuhei / Fujishima, Kosuke / Isa, Junko

    Science advances

    2023  Volume 9, Issue 50, Page(s) eadh7845

    Abstract: Amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites may have seeded the origin of life on Earth and possibly elsewhere. Recently, the return samples from a C-type asteroid Ryugu were found to contain amino acids with a similar distribution to Ivuna-type CI chondrites, ...

    Abstract Amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites may have seeded the origin of life on Earth and possibly elsewhere. Recently, the return samples from a C-type asteroid Ryugu were found to contain amino acids with a similar distribution to Ivuna-type CI chondrites, suggesting the potential of amino acid abundances as molecular descriptors of parent body geochemistry. However, the chemical mechanisms responsible for the amino acid distributions remain to be elucidated particularly at low temperatures (<50°C). Here, we report that two representative proteinogenic amino acids, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, decompose to β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid, respectively, under simulated geoelectrochemical conditions at 25°C. This low-temperature conversion provides a plausible explanation for the enrichment of these two n-ω-amino acids compared to their precursors in heavily aqueously altered CI chondrites and Ryugu's return samples. The results suggest that these heavily aqueously altered samples originated from the water-rich mantle of their water/rock differentiated parent planetesimals where protein α-amino acids were decomposed.
    MeSH term(s) Aspartic Acid ; Glutamic Acid ; Meteoroids ; Amino Acids/chemistry ; Water
    Chemical Substances Aspartic Acid (30KYC7MIAI) ; Glutamic Acid (3KX376GY7L) ; Amino Acids ; Water (059QF0KO0R)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2810933-8
    ISSN 2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
    ISSN (online) 2375-2548
    ISSN 2375-2548
    DOI 10.1126/sciadv.adh7845
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  7. Article: Formation of Amino Acids and Carboxylic Acids in Weakly Reducing Planetary Atmospheres by Solar Energetic Particles from the Young Sun.

    Kobayashi, Kensei / Ise, Jun-Ichi / Aoki, Ryohei / Kinoshita, Miei / Naito, Koki / Udo, Takumi / Kunwar, Bhagawati / Takahashi, Jun-Ichi / Shibata, Hiromi / Mita, Hajime / Fukuda, Hitoshi / Oguri, Yoshiyuki / Kawamura, Kimitaka / Kebukawa, Yoko / Airapetian, Vladimir S

    Life (Basel, Switzerland)

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 5

    Abstract: Life most likely started during the Hadean Eon; however, the environmental conditions which contributed to the complexity of its chemistry are poorly known. A better understanding of various environmental conditions, including global (heliospheric) and ... ...

    Abstract Life most likely started during the Hadean Eon; however, the environmental conditions which contributed to the complexity of its chemistry are poorly known. A better understanding of various environmental conditions, including global (heliospheric) and local (atmospheric, surface, and oceanic), along with the internal dynamic conditions of the early Earth, are required to understand the onset of abiogenesis. Herein, we examine the contributions of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) associated with superflares from the young Sun to the formation of amino acids and carboxylic acids in weakly reduced gas mixtures representing the early Earth's atmosphere. We also compare the products with those introduced by lightning events and solar ultraviolet light (UV). In a series of laboratory experiments, we detected and characterized the formation of amino acids and carboxylic acids via proton irradiation of a mixture of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, and water in various mixing ratios. These experiments show the detection of amino acids after acid hydrolysis when 0.5% (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-28
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2662250-6
    ISSN 2075-1729
    ISSN 2075-1729
    DOI 10.3390/life13051103
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  8. Article: Geochemistry and the Origin of Life: From Extraterrestrial Processes, Chemical Evolution on Earth, Fossilized Life's Records, to Natures of the Extant Life.

    Nakashima, Satoru / Kebukawa, Yoko / Kitadai, Norio / Igisu, Motoko / Matsuoka, Natsuki

    Life (Basel, Switzerland)

    2018  Volume 8, Issue 4

    Abstract: In 2001, the first author (S.N.) led the publication of a book entitled "Geochemistry and the origin of life" in collaboration with Dr. Andre Brack aiming to figure out geo- and astro-chemical processes essential for the emergence of life. Since then, a ... ...

    Abstract In 2001, the first author (S.N.) led the publication of a book entitled "Geochemistry and the origin of life" in collaboration with Dr. Andre Brack aiming to figure out geo- and astro-chemical processes essential for the emergence of life. Since then, a great number of research progress has been achieved in the relevant topics from our group and others, ranging from the extraterrestrial inputs of life's building blocks, the chemical evolution on Earth with the aid of mineral catalysts, to the fossilized records of ancient microorganisms. Here, in addition to summarizing these findings for the origin and early evolution of life, we propose a new hypothesis for the generation and co-evolution of photosynthesis with the redox and photochemical conditions on the Earth's surface. Besides these bottom-up approaches, we introduce an experimental study on the role of water molecules in the life's function, focusing on the transition from live, dormant, and dead states through dehydration/hydration. Further spectroscopic studies on the hydrogen bonding behaviors of water molecules in living cells will provide important clues to solve the complex nature of life.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-20
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2662250-6
    ISSN 2075-1729
    ISSN 2075-1729
    DOI 10.3390/life8040039
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  9. Article ; Online: Nucleic acid bases in Titan tholins and possible genetic systems in the Titan liquidosphere.

    Kawai, Jun / Kebukawa, Yoko / McKay, Christopher P / Kobayashi, Kensei

    Life sciences in space research

    2018  Volume 20, Page(s) 20–29

    Abstract: Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and possesses a dense atmosphere composed of nitrogen and methane. Various types of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, nitriles, etc.) have been found on Titan, which were generated by reactions taking place in its ... ...

    Abstract Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and possesses a dense atmosphere composed of nitrogen and methane. Various types of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, nitriles, etc.) have been found on Titan, which were generated by reactions taking place in its atmosphere. These reactions are considered to provide crucial evidence for chemical reactions which may have occurred in the atmosphere of primitive Earth. Cassini discovered several lakes of liquid methane and ethane on Titan's surface; in addition, the presence of ammonia water in its sub-surface was implied. In order to simulate the chemical reactions in Titan's atmosphere, gas mixtures of nitrogen and methane have been exposed to plasma discharges to synthesize complex organic matters. In this study, we focused on the formation of nucleic acid bases and related compounds recovered from synthesized Titan tholins. The five nucleic acid bases that terrestrial life uses (adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine, and uracil) have already been reported to be present in synthesized Titan tholins. Purines and pyrimidines, including the five aforementioned nucleic acid bases, were extracted from synthesized Titan tholins and analyzed by HPLC and LC/MS. As a result, the pyrimidine bases of isocytosine and 2, 4-diaminopyrimidine were detected together with the terrestrial nucleic acid bases of adenine, uracil, and cytosine. The results obtained in conjunction with those from previous studies show that some nucleic acid bases and related pyrimidine bases are found in synthesized Titan tholins, suggesting that chemical evolutions toward xenogenetic systems could occur in Titan's environment.
    MeSH term(s) Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Meteoroids ; Nucleic Acids/analysis ; Nucleic Acids/chemistry ; Organic Chemicals/analysis ; Purines/analysis ; Pyrimidines/analysis ; Saturn
    Chemical Substances Nucleic Acids ; Organic Chemicals ; Purines ; Pyrimidines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-26
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2214-5532
    ISSN (online) 2214-5532
    DOI 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.11.002
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: An Another Protocol to Make Sulfur Embedded Ultrathin Sections of Extraterrestrial Small Samples.

    Noguchi, Takaaki / Takase, Minako / Matsumoto, Rikako / Kebukawa, Yoko / Suga, Hiroki / Kondo, Masashi / Takahashi, Yoshio / Takeichi, Yasuo / Yabuta, Hikaru

    Life (Basel, Switzerland)

    2020  Volume 10, Issue 8

    Abstract: Another protocol to make sulfur embedded ultrathin sections was developed for STXM-XANES, AFM-IR and TEM analyses of organic materials in small extraterrestrial samples. Polymerized liquid sulfur-instead of low-viscosity liquid sulfur-is the embedding ... ...

    Abstract Another protocol to make sulfur embedded ultrathin sections was developed for STXM-XANES, AFM-IR and TEM analyses of organic materials in small extraterrestrial samples. Polymerized liquid sulfur-instead of low-viscosity liquid sulfur-is the embedding media in this protocol. Due to high viscosity of the polymerized sulfur, the embedded samples stay near the surface of polymerized liquid sulfur, which facilitates trimming of glassy sulfur and ultramicrotomy of tiny embedded samples. In addition, well-continued ribbons of ultramicrotomed sections can be obtained, which are suitable for the above mentioned analyses. Because there is no remarkable difference in Carbon XANES spectra of Murchison IOM prepared by this protocol and by the conventional protocol, this protocol gives another alternative to prepare sulfur embedded ultramicrotomed sections.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-05
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2662250-6
    ISSN 2075-1729
    ISSN 2075-1729
    DOI 10.3390/life10080135
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