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  1. Article ; Online: Obstetric and Neonatal Invasive Meningococcal Disease Caused by Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup W, Western Australia, Australia.

    Hart, Julie / Dowse, Gary K / Porter, Michelle / Speers, David J / Keil, Anthony D / Bew, Jane D / Mowlaboccus, Shakeel / Kahler, Charlene M

    Emerging infectious diseases

    2024  Volume 30, Issue 2, Page(s) 368–371

    Abstract: Three mother-baby pairs with invasive meningococcal disease occurred over 7 months in Western Australia, Australia, at a time when serogroup W sequence type 11 clonal complex was the predominant local strain. One mother and 2 neonates died, highlighting ... ...

    Abstract Three mother-baby pairs with invasive meningococcal disease occurred over 7 months in Western Australia, Australia, at a time when serogroup W sequence type 11 clonal complex was the predominant local strain. One mother and 2 neonates died, highlighting the role of this strain as a cause of obstetric and early neonatal death.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Western Australia/epidemiology ; Serogroup ; Australia/epidemiology ; Meningococcal Infections/epidemiology ; Neisseria meningitidis/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1380686-5
    ISSN 1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
    ISSN (online) 1080-6059
    ISSN 1080-6040
    DOI 10.3201/eid3002.230639
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  2. Article ; Online: Probiotic sepsis in preterm neonates-a systematic review.

    Kulkarni, Tithi / Majarikar, Swati / Deshmukh, Mangesh / Ananthan, Anitha / Balasubramanian, Haribalakrishna / Keil, Anthony / Patole, Sanjay

    European journal of pediatrics

    2022  Volume 181, Issue 6, Page(s) 2249–2262

    Abstract: Sepsis due to the administered probiotic strain/s is a barrier against adoption of prophylactic probiotic supplementation in preterm infants to reduce the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC ≥ Stage II), all-cause mortality, late-onset sepsis, and ... ...

    Abstract Sepsis due to the administered probiotic strain/s is a barrier against adoption of prophylactic probiotic supplementation in preterm infants to reduce the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC ≥ Stage II), all-cause mortality, late-onset sepsis, and feeding intolerance. We aimed to conduct a systematic review for reports of probiotic sepsis in preterm infants (gestation < 37 weeks). Databases including PubMed, Embase, Emcare, Cochrane Central library, and Google Scholar were searched in August 2021 and updated in Jan 2022. Probiotic sepsis was defined as positive blood/CSF culture isolating administered probiotic strain with symptoms suggestive of infection. Data collection included birth weight, gestation, comorbidities (e.g. gut surgery, NEC), presence of central venous catheters, treatment, and outcome. Literature search revealed 1569 studies. A total of 16 reports [randomised control trial (RCT): none; non-RCT: 1; case series: 8; case report: 7] involving 32 preterm infants with probiotic sepsis were included after exclusions for various reasons. Majority of the cases were born < 32 weeks' gestation. Bifidobacterium (N = 19) was the most commonly isolated organism followed by Lactobacillus (N = 10), and Saccharomyces (N = 3). A total of 25/32 cases were confirmed to be due to the administered probiotic strain on full genomic analysis. Two studies reported one neonatal death each. Twelve neonates had comorbidities. Majority were treated with antibiotics (29/32) whereas others (3/32) required antifungal treatment.
    Conclusion: Probiotics sepsis is relatively an uncommon event in preterm infants. Majority of the cases recovered after antibiotic or antifungal treatment. The importance of optimal surveillance and treatment of probiotic sepsis and research towards alternatives to probiotics (e.g. postbiotics) is emphasised.
    What is known: • Probiotics have been shown to reduce necrotising enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis, all-cause mortality, and time to reach full enteral feeds in preterm infants. • Despite the evidence, use of probiotics is not universal due to concerns regarding probiotic-associated sepsis in preterm infants.
    What is new: • This comprehensive systematic review showed that probiotic sepsis is a relatively rare phenomenon in preterm infants. • All except one case where the diagnosis was uncertain recovered after antimicrobial therapy.
    MeSH term(s) Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Antifungal Agents ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Sepsis/etiology ; Sepsis/prevention & control
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Antifungal Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-29
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Review ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 194196-3
    ISSN 1432-1076 ; 0340-6199 ; 0943-9676
    ISSN (online) 1432-1076
    ISSN 0340-6199 ; 0943-9676
    DOI 10.1007/s00431-022-04452-5
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  3. Article ; Online: The implementation of an infection control bundle within a Total Care Burns Unit.

    Mcwilliams, Tania Lorena / Twigg, Di / Hendricks, Joyce / Wood, Fiona Melanie / Ryan, Jane / Keil, Anthony

    Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries

    2021  Volume 47, Issue 3, Page(s) 569–575

    Abstract: Aim: To evaluate the impact of the implementation of a best practice infection prevention and control bundle on healthcare associated burn wound infections in a paediatric burns unit.: Background: Burn patients are vulnerable to infection. For this ... ...

    Abstract Aim: To evaluate the impact of the implementation of a best practice infection prevention and control bundle on healthcare associated burn wound infections in a paediatric burns unit.
    Background: Burn patients are vulnerable to infection. For this patient population, infection is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, thereby representing a significant challenge for burns clinicians who care for them.
    Methods: An interrupted time series was used to compare healthcare associated burn wound infections in paediatric burn patients before and after implementation of an infection prevention and control bundle. Prospective surveillance of healthcare associated burn wound infections was conducted from 2012 to 2014. Other potential healthcare associated infection rates were also reviewed over the study period, including urinary tract infections, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections and sepsis. An infection prevention and control bundle developed in collaboration between the paediatric burn unit and infection control clinicians was implemented in 2013 in addition to previous standard practice.
    Results: During the study period a total of 626 patients were admitted to the paediatric burns unit. Healthcare associated burn wound infections reduced from 34 in 2012 to 0 in 2014 following the implementation of the infection prevention and control bundle. Pneumonia and sepsis also reduced to 0 in 2013 and 2014, however one upper respiratory tract infection occurred in 2013 and urinary tract infections persisted in 2013.
    Conclusion: The implementation of an infection prevention and control bundle was effective in reducing healthcare associated burn wound infections, pneumonia and sepsis within our paediatric burns unit. Urinary tract infections remain a challenge for future improvement.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Burn Units/organization & administration ; Burn Units/statistics & numerical data ; Burns/complications ; Burns/epidemiology ; Burns/therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infection Control/instrumentation ; Infection Control/methods ; Infection Control/statistics & numerical data ; Interrupted Time Series Analysis/methods ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Western Australia/epidemiology ; Wound Infection/epidemiology ; Wound Infection/etiology ; Wound Infection/physiopathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-12
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 197308-3
    ISSN 1879-1409 ; 0305-4179
    ISSN (online) 1879-1409
    ISSN 0305-4179
    DOI 10.1016/j.burns.2019.12.012
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  4. Article ; Online: Probiotic supplementation in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions: a pilot randomised controlled trial.

    Rao, Shripada / Esvaran, Meera / Chen, Liwei / Keil, Anthony D / Gollow, Ian / Simmer, Karen / Wemheuer, Bernd / Conway, Patricia / Patole, Sanjay

    Pediatric research

    2022  Volume 92, Issue 4, Page(s) 1122–1131

    Abstract: Objective: To evaluate whether probiotic supplementation attenuates gut-dysbiosis in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions (CGISC).: Methods: Sixty-one neonates (≥35 weeks gestation) with CGISC were randomised to receive daily ...

    Abstract Objective: To evaluate whether probiotic supplementation attenuates gut-dysbiosis in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions (CGISC).
    Methods: Sixty-one neonates (≥35 weeks gestation) with CGISC were randomised to receive daily supplementation with a triple-strain bifidobacterial probiotic (n = 30) or placebo (n = 31) until discharge. Stool microbiota was analysed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing on samples collected before (T1), 1 week (T2), and 2 weeks (T3) after supplementation and before discharge (T4). The primary outcome was the sum of the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic families of Clostridiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, Pseudomonaceae, Staphylococcaeae, Streptococcaceae, and Yersiniaceae at T3.
    Results: The median gestational age [38 weeks (IQR: 37.1-38.9)] was similar in both groups. The probiotic group had lower rates of caesarean deliveries (40% versus 70%, p = 0.02). The relative abundance of potentially pathogenic families was lower in the probiotic group compared to placebo at T3 [(median: 50.4 (IQR: 26.6-67.6) versus 67.1 (IQR: 50.9-96.2); p = 0.04). Relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae was higher in the probiotic group at T3 [(median: 39.8 (IQR: 24.9-52.1) versus 0.03 (IQR 0.02-2.1); p < 0.001). Stratified analysis continued to show a higher abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae in the probiotic group, irrespective of the mode of delivery.
    Conclusions: Probiotic supplementation attenuated gut dysbiosis in neonates with CGISC.
    Trial registration: http://www.anzctr.org.au (ACTRN12617001401347).
    Impact: Probiotic supplementation attenuates gut dysbiosis and improves stool short-chain fatty acid levels in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions. This is the second pilot RCT of probiotic supplementation in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal conditions. These findings will pave the way for conducting multicentre RCTs in this area.
    MeSH term(s) Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Dysbiosis ; Pilot Projects ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; Bifidobacterium ; Fatty Acids, Volatile ; Gastrointestinal Diseases
    Chemical Substances Fatty Acids, Volatile
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 4411-8
    ISSN 1530-0447 ; 0031-3998
    ISSN (online) 1530-0447
    ISSN 0031-3998
    DOI 10.1038/s41390-021-01884-x
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  5. Article: Effect of single versus multistrain probiotic in extremely preterm infants: a randomised trial.

    Athalye-Jape, Gayatri / Esvaran, Meera / Patole, Sanjay / Simmer, Karen / Nathan, Elizabeth / Doherty, Dorota / Keil, Anthony / Rao, Shripada / Chen, Liwei / Chandrasekaran, Lakshmi / Kok, Chooi / Schuster, Stephan / Conway, Patricia

    BMJ open gastroenterology

    2022  Volume 9, Issue 1

    Abstract: Objective: Evidence indicates that multistrain probiotics benefit preterm infants more than single-strain (SS) probiotics. We assessed the effects of SS versus triple-strain (TS) probiotic supplementation (PS) in extremely preterm (EP) infants.: ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Evidence indicates that multistrain probiotics benefit preterm infants more than single-strain (SS) probiotics. We assessed the effects of SS versus triple-strain (TS) probiotic supplementation (PS) in extremely preterm (EP) infants.
    Design: EP infants (gestational age (GA) <28 weeks) were randomly allocated to TS or SS probiotic, assuring blinding. Reference (REF) group was EP infants in the placebo arm of our previous probiotic trial. PS was commenced with feeds and continued until 37 weeks' corrected GA. Primary outcome was time to full feed (TFF: 150 mL/kg/day). Secondary outcomes included short-chain fatty acids and faecal microbiota collected at T1 (first week) and T2 (after 3 weeks of PS) using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.
    Results: 173 EP (SS: 86, TS: 87) neonates with similar GA and birth weight (BW) were randomised. Median TFF was comparable (11 (IQR 8-16) vs 10 (IQR 8-16) days, p=0.92). Faecal propionate (SS, p<0.001, and TS, p=0.0009) and butyrate levels (TS, p=0.029) were significantly raised in T2 versus T1 samples. Secondary clinical outcomes were comparable. At T2, alpha diversity was comparable (p>0.05) between groups, whereas beta-diversity analysis revealed significant differences between PS and REF groups (both p=0.001). Actinobacteria were higher (both p<0.01), and Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were lower in PS versus REF. Gammaproteobacteria, Clostridia and Negativicutes were lower in both PS versus REF.
    Conclusion: TFF in EP infants was similar between SS and TS probiotics. Both probiotics were effective in reducing dysbiosis (higher bifidobacteria and lower Gammaproteobacteria). Long-term significance of increased propionate and butyrate needs further studies.
    Trial registration number: ACTRN 12615000940572.
    MeSH term(s) Bifidobacterium ; Butyrates ; Firmicutes ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Extremely Premature ; Infant, Newborn ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; Propionates
    Chemical Substances Butyrates ; Propionates
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2054-4774
    ISSN 2054-4774
    DOI 10.1136/bmjgast-2021-000811
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  6. Article ; Online: Genomic dissection of the microevolution of Australian epidemic

    Xu, Zheng / Hu, Dalong / Luu, Laurence Don Wai / Octavia, Sophie / Keil, Anthony D / Sintchenko, Vitali / Tanaka, Mark M / Mooi, Frits R / Robson, Jenny / Lan, Ruiting

    Emerging microbes & infections

    2022  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 1460–1473

    Abstract: ... ...

    Abstract ABSTRACT
    MeSH term(s) Australia/epidemiology ; Bordetella pertussis ; Epidemics ; Genomics ; Humans ; Pertussis Vaccine ; Phylogeny ; Whooping Cough/epidemiology ; Whooping Cough/microbiology
    Chemical Substances Pertussis Vaccine
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2681359-2
    ISSN 2222-1751 ; 2222-1751
    ISSN (online) 2222-1751
    ISSN 2222-1751
    DOI 10.1080/22221751.2022.2077129
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  7. Article ; Online: Sequencing of the Viral UL111a Gene Directly from Clinical Specimens Reveals Variants of HCMV-Encoded IL-10 That Are Associated with Altered Immune Responses to HCMV.

    Waters, Shelley / Lee, Silvia / Ariyanto, Ibnu / Kresoje, Nina / Leary, Shay / Munyard, Kylie / Gaudieri, Silvana / Irish, Ashley / Keil, Anthony D / Allcock, Richard J N / Price, Patricia

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2022  Volume 23, Issue 9

    Abstract: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta-herpesvirus carried by ~80% of adults worldwide. Acute infections are often asymptomatic in healthy individuals but generate diverse syndromes in neonates, renal transplant recipients (RTR), and people with HIV (PWH) ...

    Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta-herpesvirus carried by ~80% of adults worldwide. Acute infections are often asymptomatic in healthy individuals but generate diverse syndromes in neonates, renal transplant recipients (RTR), and people with HIV (PWH). The HCMV gene UL111a encodes a homolog of human interleukin-10 (IL-10) that interacts with the human IL-10 receptor. Deep sequencing technologies were used to sequence UL111a directly from 59 clinical samples from Indonesian PWH and Australian RTR, healthy adults, and neonates. Overall, 93% of samples contained more than one variant of HCMV, as defined by at least one nonsynonymous variation. Carriage of these variants differed between neonates and adults, Australians and Indonesians, and between saliva and blood leukocytes. The variant alleles of N41D and S71Y occurred together in Australian RTR and were associated with higher T-cell responses to HCMV pp65. The variant P122S was associated with lower levels of antibodies reactive with a lysate of HCMV-infected fibroblasts. L174F was associated with increased levels of antibodies reactive with HCMV lysate, immediate-early 1 (IE-1), and glycoprotein B (gB) in Australian RTR and Indonesians PWH, suggesting a higher viral burden. We conclude that variants of UL111a are common in all populations and may influence systemic responses to HCMV.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Australia ; Cytomegalovirus/genetics ; Cytomegalovirus Infections ; Immunity ; Indonesia ; Interleukin-10/genetics ; Viral Proteins/genetics
    Chemical Substances Interleukin-10 (130068-27-8) ; Viral Proteins ; UL111a protein, human cytomegalovirus
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-22
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms23094644
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  8. Article ; Online: Probiotic supplementation for neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions: guidelines for future research.

    Rao, Shripada / Esvaran, Meera / Chen, Liwei / Kok, Chooi / Keil, Anthony D / Gollow, Ian / Simmer, Karen / Wemheuer, Bernd / Conway, Patricia / Patole, Sanjay

    Pediatric research

    2022  Volume 93, Issue 1, Page(s) 49–55

    Abstract: Our pilot RCT found that probiotic supplementation with the three-strain bifidobacterial product (B. breve M-16V, B. longum subsp. infantis M-63 and B. longum subsp. longum BB536) attenuates gut dysbiosis, increases stool short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) ... ...

    Abstract Our pilot RCT found that probiotic supplementation with the three-strain bifidobacterial product (B. breve M-16V, B. longum subsp. infantis M-63 and B. longum subsp. longum BB536) attenuates gut dysbiosis, increases stool short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels and improves the growth of head circumference in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions (CGISC). In this article, we have provided guidelines for designing future multicentre RCTs based on the experience gained from our pilot RCT. The recommendations include advice about sample size, potential confounders, outcomes of interest, probiotic strain selection, storage, dose, duration and microbial quality assurance, collection of stool samples, storage and analysis and reporting. Following these guidelines will increase the validity of future RCTs in this area and hence confidence in their results. IMPACT: Probiotic supplementation attenuates gut dysbiosis, increases stool short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels and improves the growth of head circumference in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions. The current review provides evidence-based guidelines to conduct adequately powered RCTs in this field.
    MeSH term(s) Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Dysbiosis ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; Bifidobacterium ; Feces/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 4411-8
    ISSN 1530-0447 ; 0031-3998
    ISSN (online) 1530-0447
    ISSN 0031-3998
    DOI 10.1038/s41390-022-02087-8
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  9. Article ; Online: RSV prophylaxis use in high-risk infants in Western Australia, 2002-2013: a record linkage cohort study.

    Xu, Ruomei / Fathima, Parveen / Strunk, Tobias / de Klerk, Nicholas / Snelling, Thomas L / Richmond, Peter C / Keil, Anthony D / Moore, Hannah C

    BMC pediatrics

    2020  Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 490

    Abstract: Background: The monoclonal antibody, palivizumab is licensed for use in high-risk infants to prevent severe illness caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The level of its use and compliance with current jurisdictional guidelines which were ... ...

    Abstract Background: The monoclonal antibody, palivizumab is licensed for use in high-risk infants to prevent severe illness caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The level of its use and compliance with current jurisdictional guidelines which were amended in 2010, is unknown. We determined the level of palivizumab use in a cohort of high-risk infants in Western Australia.
    Methods: Using probabilistically linked administrative data, we conducted a birth cohort study within tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) born between 2002 and 2013. We described palivizumab use by patient characteristics, eligibility criteria according to guidelines over the period of study and identified predictors of its use.
    Results: Of 24,329 infants admitted to tertiary NICUs, 271 (1.1%) were dispensed 744 palivizumab doses with 62.5% being dispensed to infants born 2010-2013. The median number of doses received was 2. A total of 2679 infants met at least one of three criteria for palivizumab (criteria 1: gestational age at birth < 28 weeks and chronic lung disease; criteria 2: gestational age < 28 weeks and Aboriginal; criteria 3: congenital heart disease not otherwise in criteria 1 or 2). The extent of palivizumab use differed across the 3 groups. Of 803 infants meeting criteria 1, 21.8% received at least 1 dose of palivizumab; 52.8% from 2010 onwards. From 174 infants meeting criteria 2, 14.4% received at least 1 dose; 43.1% from 2010 onwards and from 1804 births meeting criteria 3, only 3.7% received at least 1 dose; 5.4% from year of birth 2010 onwards). In adjusted analyses, being born after 2010, being extreme preterm, chronic lung disease, congenital lung disease and being born in autumn or winter were independent predictors of palivizumab use.
    Conclusion: In this high-risk setting and notwithstanding the limitations of our data sources, the level of compliance of palivizumab use against current guidelines was low. Most doses were dispensed to infants meeting at least one high-risk criterion. Evidence of incomplete dosing is an important finding in light of recent developments of single dose monoclonal antibodies offering longer protection.
    MeSH term(s) Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Cohort Studies ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; Palivizumab/therapeutic use ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control ; Western Australia
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Antiviral Agents ; Palivizumab (DQ448MW7KS)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2041342-7
    ISSN 1471-2431 ; 1471-2431
    ISSN (online) 1471-2431
    ISSN 1471-2431
    DOI 10.1186/s12887-020-02390-5
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  10. Article ; Online: Gut microbiota in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions: a prospective study.

    Rao, Shripada C / Esvaran, Meera / Patole, Sanjay K / Simmer, Karen N / Gollow, Ian / Keil, Anthony / Wemheuer, Bernd / Chen, Liwei / Conway, Patricia L

    Pediatric research

    2020  Volume 88, Issue 6, Page(s) 878–886

    Abstract: Background: There is limited information on gut microbiota of neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions (CGISCs) available.: Methods: This study compared stool microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of 37 term infants with ...

    Abstract Background: There is limited information on gut microbiota of neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions (CGISCs) available.
    Methods: This study compared stool microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of 37 term infants with CGISCs with 36 term healthy infants (HIs). Two stool samples were collected from each infant: as soon as possible after birth (week 1) and 10-14 days of life (week 2).
    Results: Bacterial richness and alpha diversity were comparable between CGISCs and HIs at week 1 and week 2 (all p > 0.05). Beta diversity analysis revealed that at week 1, CGISCs had similar community structures to HIs (p = 0.415). However, by week 2, community structures of CGISCs were significantly different from HIs (p = 0.003). At week 1, there were no significant differences in the relative abundances of genera Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides between CGISCs and HIs. At week 2, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was significantly lower in CGISCs (mean percentage 7.21 ± 13.49 vs. 28.96 ± 19.6; p = 0.002). Bacteroides were also less abundant in the CGISC group (mean percentage 0.12 ± 0.49 vs. 6.59 ± 8.62; p = 0.039). Relative abundance of genera Pseudomonas and Escherichia-Shigella were higher in CGISCs. At week 2, stool concentrations of all SCFAs were lower in CGISCs (all p < 0.001).
    Conclusions: During hospitalization, neonates with CGISCs develop gut dysbiosis and deficiency of SCFAs.
    Impact: During hospitalisation, neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions develop gut dysbiosis with deficiency of Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides and increased abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Pseudomonas. They also have low levels of short chain fatty acids in their stools compared to healthy infants. This is the first study evaluating the gut microbiota using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing methods and stool short chain fatty acids in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions and comparing them to healthy infants. The findings of this study will pave the way for randomised trials of bifidobacterial supplementation in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions.
    MeSH term(s) Bacteroides ; Bifidobacterium ; Calibration ; Escherichia coli ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/complications ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/congenital ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Infant, Extremely Premature ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Linear Models ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prospective Studies ; Pseudomonas ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Risk Factors ; Shigella ; Treatment Outcome
    Chemical Substances Fatty Acids, Volatile ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 4411-8
    ISSN 1530-0447 ; 0031-3998
    ISSN (online) 1530-0447
    ISSN 0031-3998
    DOI 10.1038/s41390-020-0824-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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