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  1. Article ; Online: Conditional in vivo deletion of LYN kinase has little effect on a BRCA1 loss-of-function-associated mammary tumour model.

    Tornillo, Giusy / Warrington, Lauren / Kendrick, Howard / Higgins, Adam T / Hay, Trevor / Beck, Sam / Smalley, Matthew J

    Disease models & mechanisms

    2024  Volume 17, Issue 1

    Abstract: LYN kinase is expressed in BRCA1 loss-of-function-dependent mouse mammary tumours, in the cells of origin of such tumours, and in human breast cancer. Suppressing LYN kinase activity in BRCA1-defective cell lines as well as in in vitro cultures of Brca1- ... ...

    Abstract LYN kinase is expressed in BRCA1 loss-of-function-dependent mouse mammary tumours, in the cells of origin of such tumours, and in human breast cancer. Suppressing LYN kinase activity in BRCA1-defective cell lines as well as in in vitro cultures of Brca1-null mouse mammary tumours is deleterious to their growth. Here, we examined the interaction between LYN kinase and BRCA1 loss-of-function in an in vivo mouse mammary tumour model, using conditional knockout Brca1 and Lyn alleles. Comparison of Brca1 tumour cohorts showed little difference in mammary tumour formation between animals that were wild type, heterozygous or homozygous for the conditional Lyn allele, although this was confounded by factors including incomplete Lyn recombination in some tumours. RNA-sequencing analysis demonstrated that tumours with high levels of Lyn gene expression had a slower doubling time, but this was not correlated with levels of LYN staining in tumour cells themselves. Rather, high Lyn expression and slower tumour growth were likely a result of B-cell infiltration. The multifaceted role of LYN indicates that it is likely to present difficulties as a therapeutic target in breast cancer.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Mice ; BRCA1 Protein/genetics ; Breast/pathology ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Cell Line ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology ; Mice, Knockout
    Chemical Substances BRCA1 Protein ; BRCA1 protein, human ; lyn protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.2) ; Brca1 protein, mouse
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2451104-3
    ISSN 1754-8411 ; 1754-8403
    ISSN (online) 1754-8411
    ISSN 1754-8403
    DOI 10.1242/dmm.050211
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: NOTCH and AKT Signalling Interact to Drive Mammary Tumour Heterogeneity.

    Ordonez, Liliana / Tornillo, Giusy / Kendrick, Howard / Hay, Trevor / Smalley, Matthew John

    Cancers

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 17

    Abstract: A better understanding of the mechanisms generating tumour heterogeneity will allow better targeting of current therapies, identify potential resistance mechanisms and highlight new approaches for therapy. We have previously shown that in genetically ... ...

    Abstract A better understanding of the mechanisms generating tumour heterogeneity will allow better targeting of current therapies, identify potential resistance mechanisms and highlight new approaches for therapy. We have previously shown that in genetically modified mouse models carrying conditional oncogenic alleles, mammary tumour histotype varies depending on the combination of alleles, the cell type to which they are targeted and, in some cases, reproductive history. This suggests that tumour heterogeneity is not a purely stochastic process; rather, differential activation of signalling pathways leads to reproducible differences in tumour histotype. We propose the NOTCH signalling pathway as one such pathway. Here, we have crossed conditional knockout
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-29
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2527080-1
    ISSN 2072-6694
    ISSN 2072-6694
    DOI 10.3390/cancers15174324
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: See One, Do One, Teach One: A Practical Course on Methods in Mammary Gland Biology.

    Jechlinger, Martin / Kendrick, Howard / Smalley, Matthew / Vivanco, Maria dM

    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia

    2018  Volume 22, Issue 4, Page(s) 215–219

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Mammary Glands, Animal/physiology ; Mammary Glands, Human/physiology ; Mice
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 1327345-0
    ISSN 1573-7039 ; 1083-3021
    ISSN (online) 1573-7039
    ISSN 1083-3021
    DOI 10.1007/s10911-017-9387-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Reproductive history determines Erbb2 locus amplification, WNT signalling and tumour phenotype in a murine breast cancer model.

    Ordonez, Liliana D / Melchor, Lorenzo / Greenow, Kirsty R / Kendrick, Howard / Tornillo, Giusy / Bradford, James / Giles, Peter / Smalley, Matthew J

    Disease models & mechanisms

    2021  Volume 14, Issue 5

    Abstract: Understanding the mechanisms underlying tumour heterogeneity is key to the development of treatments that can target specific tumour subtypes. We have previously targeted CRE recombinase-dependent conditional deletion of the tumour suppressor genes Brca1, ...

    Abstract Understanding the mechanisms underlying tumour heterogeneity is key to the development of treatments that can target specific tumour subtypes. We have previously targeted CRE recombinase-dependent conditional deletion of the tumour suppressor genes Brca1, Brca2, p53 (also known as Trp53) and/or Pten to basal or luminal oestrogen receptor-negative (ER-) cells of the mouse mammary epithelium. We demonstrated that both the cell-of-origin and the tumour-initiating genetic lesions cooperate to influence mammary tumour phenotype. Here, we use a CRE-activated HER2 orthologue to specifically target HER2/ERBB2 oncogenic activity to basal or luminal ER- mammary epithelial cells and perform a detailed analysis of the tumours that develop. We find that, in contrast to our previous studies, basal epithelial cells are less sensitive to transformation by the activated NeuKI allele, with mammary epithelial tumour formation largely confined to luminal ER- cells. Histologically, most tumours that developed were classified as either adenocarcinomas of no special type or as metaplastic adenosquamous tumours. The former were typically characterized by amplification of the NeuNT/Erbb2 locus; in contrast, tumours displaying squamous metaplasia were enriched in animals that had been through at least one pregnancy and typically had lower levels of NeuNT/Erbb2 locus amplification but had activated canonical WNT signalling. Squamous changes in these tumours were associated with activation of the epidermal differentiation cluster. Thus, in this model of HER2 breast cancer, cell-of-origin, reproductive history, NeuNT/Erbb2 locus amplification and the activation of specific branches of the WNT signalling pathway all interact to drive inter-tumour heterogeneity.
    MeSH term(s) Alleles ; Animals ; Carcinogenesis/pathology ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Epithelium/pathology ; Female ; Gene Amplification ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Genetic Loci ; Integrases/metabolism ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology ; Metaplasia ; Mice, Transgenic ; Phenotype ; Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics ; Reproduction/physiology ; Wnt Signaling Pathway/genetics
    Chemical Substances Receptor, ErbB-2 (EC 2.7.10.1) ; Cre recombinase (EC 2.7.7.-) ; Integrases (EC 2.7.7.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2451104-3
    ISSN 1754-8411 ; 1754-8403
    ISSN (online) 1754-8411
    ISSN 1754-8403
    DOI 10.1242/dmm.048736
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Lect2

    Greenow, Kirsty R / Zverev, Matthew / May, Stephanie / Kendrick, Howard / Williams, Geraint T / Phesse, Toby / Parry, Lee

    Oncotarget

    2018  Volume 9, Issue 92, Page(s) 36430–36443

    Abstract: Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (Lect2) is a chemokine-like chemotactic factor that has been identified as a downstream target of the Wnt signalling pathway. Whilst the primary function of Lect2 is thought to be in modulating the inflammatory process, ...

    Abstract Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (Lect2) is a chemokine-like chemotactic factor that has been identified as a downstream target of the Wnt signalling pathway. Whilst the primary function of Lect2 is thought to be in modulating the inflammatory process, it has recently been implicated as a potential inhibitor of the Wnt pathway. Deregulation of the Wnt pathway, often due to loss of the negative regulator
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2560162-3
    ISSN 1949-2553 ; 1949-2553
    ISSN (online) 1949-2553
    ISSN 1949-2553
    DOI 10.18632/oncotarget.26335
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Immune Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix Drives Loss of Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Rejection.

    Pires, Ana / Greenshields-Watson, Alexander / Jones, Emma / Smart, Kathryn / Lauder, Sarah N / Somerville, Michelle / Milutinovic, Stefan / Kendrick, Howard / Hindley, James P / French, Rhiannon / Smalley, Matthew J / Watkins, William J / Andrews, Robert / Godkin, Andrew / Gallimore, Awen

    Cancer immunology research

    2020  Volume 8, Issue 12, Page(s) 1520–1531

    Abstract: The nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) influences the ability of tumor-specific T cells to control tumor growth. In this study, we performed an unbiased comparison of the TME of regulatory T-cell (Treg)-replete and Treg-depleted carcinogen- ... ...

    Abstract The nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) influences the ability of tumor-specific T cells to control tumor growth. In this study, we performed an unbiased comparison of the TME of regulatory T-cell (Treg)-replete and Treg-depleted carcinogen-induced tumors, including Treg-depleted responding (regressing) and non-responding (growing) tumors. This analysis revealed an inverse relationship between extracellular matrix (ECM) and T-cell infiltrates where responding tumors were T-cell rich and ECM poor, whereas the converse was observed in non-responder tumors. For this reason, we hypothesized that the ECM acted as a barrier to successful T-cell infiltration and tumor rejection. However, further experiments revealed that this was not the case but instead showed that an effective T-cell response dramatically altered the density of ECM in the TME. Along with loss of ECM and high numbers of infiltrating T cells, responder tumors were distinguished by the development of lymphatic and blood vessel networks with specialized immune function. ECM-rich tumors exhibited a stem cell-like gene expression profile and superior tumor-initiating capacity, whereas such features were absent in responder tumors. Overall, these findings define an extended role for an effective immune response, not just in direct killing of tumor cells but in widescale remodeling of the TME to favor loss of ECM, elimination of cancer stem cells, and propagation of adaptive immunity.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Extracellular Matrix ; Female ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neoplasms/etiology ; Neoplasms/metabolism ; Neoplasms/pathology ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism ; Tumor Microenvironment/genetics ; Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2732489-8
    ISSN 2326-6074 ; 2326-6066
    ISSN (online) 2326-6074
    ISSN 2326-6066
    DOI 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-20-0070
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Dual Mechanisms of LYN Kinase Dysregulation Drive Aggressive Behavior in Breast Cancer Cells.

    Tornillo, Giusy / Knowlson, Catherine / Kendrick, Howard / Cooke, Joe / Mirza, Hasan / Aurrekoetxea-Rodríguez, Iskander / Vivanco, Maria D M / Buckley, Niamh E / Grigoriadis, Anita / Smalley, Matthew J

    Cell reports

    2018  Volume 25, Issue 13, Page(s) 3674–3692.e10

    Abstract: The SRC-family kinase LYN is highly expressed in triple-negative/basal-like breast cancer (TNBC) and in the cell of origin of these tumors, c-KIT-positive luminal progenitors. Here, we demonstrate LYN is a downstream effector of c-KIT in normal mammary ... ...

    Abstract The SRC-family kinase LYN is highly expressed in triple-negative/basal-like breast cancer (TNBC) and in the cell of origin of these tumors, c-KIT-positive luminal progenitors. Here, we demonstrate LYN is a downstream effector of c-KIT in normal mammary cells and protective of apoptosis upon genotoxic stress. LYN activity is modulated by PIN1, a prolyl isomerase, and in BRCA1 mutant TNBC PIN1 upregulation activates LYN independently of c-KIT. Furthermore, the full-length LYN splice isoform (as opposed to the Δaa25-45 variant) drives migration and invasion of aggressive TNBC cells, while the ratio of splice variants is informative for breast cancer-specific survival across all breast cancers. Thus, dual mechanisms-uncoupling from upstream signals and splice isoform ratios-drive the activity of LYN in aggressive breast cancers.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; BRCA1 Protein/deficiency ; BRCA1 Protein/metabolism ; Breast Neoplasms/enzymology ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/pathology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; Mice ; NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/metabolism ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism ; RNA Splicing/genetics ; Survival Analysis ; Up-Regulation ; Young Adult ; src-Family Kinases/genetics ; src-Family Kinases/metabolism
    Chemical Substances BRCA1 Protein ; BRCA1 protein, human ; Isoenzymes ; NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit (EC 2.7.10.1) ; lyn protein-tyrosine kinase (EC 2.7.10.2) ; src-Family Kinases (EC 2.7.10.2) ; PIN1 protein, human (EC 5.2.1.8)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-12-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2649101-1
    ISSN 2211-1247 ; 2211-1247
    ISSN (online) 2211-1247
    ISSN 2211-1247
    DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.103
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRB negatively regulates FGF2-dependent branching morphogenesis.

    Soady, Kelly J / Tornillo, Giusy / Kendrick, Howard / Meniel, Valerie / Olijnyk-Dallis, Daria / Morris, Joanna S / Stein, Torsten / Gusterson, Barry A / Isacke, Clare M / Smalley, Matthew J

    Development (Cambridge, England)

    2017  Volume 144, Issue 20, Page(s) 3777–3788

    Abstract: PTPRB is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase known to regulate blood vessel remodelling and angiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that PTPRB negatively regulates branching morphogenesis in the mouse mammary epithelium. We show ... ...

    Abstract PTPRB is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase known to regulate blood vessel remodelling and angiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that PTPRB negatively regulates branching morphogenesis in the mouse mammary epithelium. We show that
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Body Patterning ; Epithelial Cells/cytology ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism ; Female ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism ; Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development ; Mice ; Morphogenesis ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Organoids/growth & development ; Phosphorylation ; RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism ; Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3/genetics ; Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3/metabolism ; Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism ; Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/cytology ; Transgenes
    Chemical Substances RNA, Small Interfering ; Receptors, Estrogen ; Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (103107-01-3) ; Green Fluorescent Proteins (147336-22-9) ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases (EC 2.7.11.24) ; Ptprb protein, mouse (EC 3.1.3.48) ; Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3 (EC 3.1.3.48)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 90607-4
    ISSN 1477-9129 ; 0950-1991
    ISSN (online) 1477-9129
    ISSN 0950-1991
    DOI 10.1242/dev.149120
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Wnt and Neuregulin1/ErbB signalling extends 3D culture of hormone responsive mammary organoids.

    Jardé, Thierry / Lloyd-Lewis, Bethan / Thomas, Mairian / Kendrick, Howard / Melchor, Lorenzo / Bougaret, Lauriane / Watson, Peter D / Ewan, Kenneth / Smalley, Matthew J / Dale, Trevor C

    Nature communications

    2016  Volume 7, Page(s) 13207

    Abstract: The development of in vitro culture systems quantitatively and qualitatively recapitulating normal breast biology is key to the understanding of mammary gland biology. Current three-dimensional mammary culture systems have not demonstrated concurrent ... ...

    Abstract The development of in vitro culture systems quantitatively and qualitatively recapitulating normal breast biology is key to the understanding of mammary gland biology. Current three-dimensional mammary culture systems have not demonstrated concurrent proliferation and functional differentiation ex vivo in any system for longer than 2 weeks. Here, we identify conditions including Neuregulin1 and R-spondin 1, allowing maintenance and expansion of mammary organoids for 2.5 months in culture. The organoids comprise distinct basal and luminal compartments complete with functional steroid receptors and stem/progenitor cells able to reconstitute a complete mammary gland in vivo. Alternative conditions are also described that promote enrichment of basal cells organized into multiple layers surrounding a keratinous core, reminiscent of structures observed in MMTV-Wnt1 tumours. These conditions comprise a unique tool that should further understanding of normal mammary gland development, the molecular mechanism of hormone action and signalling events whose deregulation leads to breast tumourigenesis.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Karyotyping ; Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development ; Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Neuregulin-1/genetics ; Neuregulin-1/metabolism ; Organoids/growth & development ; Organoids/metabolism ; Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics ; Receptor, ErbB-3/metabolism ; Receptor, ErbB-4/genetics ; Receptor, ErbB-4/metabolism ; Time-Lapse Imaging/methods ; Tissue Culture Techniques/methods ; Wnt Signaling Pathway
    Chemical Substances Neuregulin-1 ; ErbB3 protein, mouse (EC 2.7.10.1) ; Erbb4 protein, mouse (EC 2.7.10.1) ; Receptor, ErbB-3 (EC 2.7.10.1) ; Receptor, ErbB-4 (EC 2.7.10.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-10-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/ncomms13207
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  10. Article: Drug sensitivity of Leishmania species: some unresolved problems.

    Croft, Simon L / Yardley, Vanessa / Kendrick, Howard

    Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

    2002  Volume 96 Suppl 1, Page(s) S127–9

    Abstract: Leishmania species show a significant variation in their sensitivity to established and experimental drugs. Molecular techniques to identify species in clinical infections rapidly could be used to guide treatment. Molecular markers are required to detect ...

    Abstract Leishmania species show a significant variation in their sensitivity to established and experimental drugs. Molecular techniques to identify species in clinical infections rapidly could be used to guide treatment. Molecular markers are required to detect and monitor acquired resistance to antimonial drugs. Reporter genes and the polymerase chain reaction will improve assays both in vitro and in vivo for the identification and evaluation of new drugs.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods ; Drug Resistance ; Humans ; Leishmania/classification ; Leishmania/drug effects ; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests
    Chemical Substances Antiprotozoal Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 441375-1
    ISSN 1878-3503 ; 0035-9203
    ISSN (online) 1878-3503
    ISSN 0035-9203
    DOI 10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90063-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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