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Article ; Online: Promoting the qualitative research approach in the discipline of forensic and legal medicine: Why more qualitative work should be promoted and how that can be achieved.

Kennedy, Kieran M

2019 Volume 62, Page(s) 72–76

Abstract: Much of the existing published research in Forensic and Legal Medicine is based upon the quantitative approach, which is derived from the positivist paradigm and generally employs pre-determined data collection tools to gather data for statistical ... ...

Abstract	Much of the existing published research in Forensic and Legal Medicine is based upon the quantitative approach, which is derived from the positivist paradigm and generally employs pre-determined data collection tools to gather data for statistical analysis with a view to testing hypotheses. It must always be remembered that clinicians are concerned not only with diagnosing and treating medical problems in a vacuum, but rather they must empathise with patients and provide care in a holistic fashion. Too narrow a focus on the quantitative approach to research will significantly limit the evidence base upon which the Discipline of Forensic and Legal Medicine can develop. Wider adoption of the qualitative approach, which stems from the interpretivist paradigm and harnesses research methods that allow in-depth exploration of the meaning and understanding that individuals ascribe to the world around them, would generate rich insight in to patients' experiences of forensic healthcare, which could be utilised to advance quality improvement. This article outlines how qualitative research can benefit the discipline, identifies barriers to its use and suggests brief, targeted solutions.
MeSH term(s)	Forensic Sciences ; Humans ; Qualitative Research
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2268721-X
ISSN	1878-7487 ; 1752-928X
ISSN (online)	1878-7487
ISSN	1752-928X
DOI	10.1016/j.jflm.2019.01.009
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Article ; Online: Male patient attendances at Sexual Assault Treatment Units in Ireland: An analysis of 381 cases and a comparison with female patients.

Kane, Daniel / Kennedy, Kieran M / Flood, Karen / Eogan, Maeve

Journal of forensic and legal medicine

2024 Volume 102, Page(s) 102643

Abstract: Background: Sexual violence is a crime that affects people of all genders. While focus is frequently on female survivors, it is crucial to acknowledge that males also experience sexual violence and to ensure that gender-sensitive services are available ... ...

Abstract	Background: Sexual violence is a crime that affects people of all genders. While focus is frequently on female survivors, it is crucial to acknowledge that males also experience sexual violence and to ensure that gender-sensitive services are available to all survivors. Understanding the prevalence of, and factors associated with, sexual violence against males is a critical first step in addressing this issue. We aim to address the lack of data in relation to sexual violence against males. Methods: A cross-sectional study of all male attendances at 6 Sexual Assault Treatment Units (SATU) in the Republic of Ireland over a 6-year period and, where applicable, comparison with corresponding female attendances. Results: There were 381 male attendances with an average age of 28.5 years over the study period, representing 7 % of all SATU patients. There was a 24 % increase in male attendances during the study period. 39.1 % presented within 24 h of the assault. 61.9 % reported the crime to the police. Employment status included 37.3 % employed, 24.9 % unemployed, and 26.2 % students, with 86.7 % being Irish nationals. Most incidents occurred on weekdays (53.3 %) and at night (56.7 %). Referrals were primarily from police (55.9 %), and psychological support was provided in 62.3 % of cases. Alcohol (60.4 %) and illicit drugs (20.5 %) were reported before assaults. 18.6 % suspected drug-facilitated assaults. Male assailants constituted 90.1 %, with 13.9 % involving multiple assailants. Male attenders were significantly more likely than females to be assaulted in their assailant's home and to be assaulted by more than one assailant. They were significantly less likely than females to report the crime to the police or to have consumed alcohol. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is one of the largest case series of male patients attending a sexual assault treatment service to be published in the international literature. Male patients are a distinct group that are increasingly accessing SATU services. Significant differences exist between male and female patients' reported experiences of sexual violence. Knowledge of these factors will support appropriate tailoring of treatment & service provision, prevention and awareness strategies to help modify the impact and reduce the incidence of sexual violence in this cohort.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Ireland/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Sex Offenses ; Crime Victims ; Employment
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2268721-X
ISSN	1878-7487 ; 1752-928X
ISSN (online)	1878-7487
ISSN	1752-928X
DOI	10.1016/j.jflm.2024.102643
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Article ; Online: General practice trainees' understanding of post-sexual assault care: the impact of a specialist educational intervention.

Kane, Daniel / Kennedy, Kieran M / Flood, Karen / Eogan, Maeve

Irish journal of medical science

2023

Abstract: Background: Sexual assault (SA) is a highly prevalent issue, with significant adverse health sequelae. Given that general practitioners (GPs) may serve as the first point of contact for many SA victims, their awareness of post-SA care and appropriate ... ...

Abstract	Background: Sexual assault (SA) is a highly prevalent issue, with significant adverse health sequelae. Given that general practitioners (GPs) may serve as the first point of contact for many SA victims, their awareness of post-SA care and appropriate understanding of referral pathways to a sexual assault treatment unit (SATU) are critically important. This study evaluated GP trainees' knowledge of and comfort with post-SA care. Methods: Educational intervention study using a didactic teaching session was delivered by a specialist forensic examiner on post-SA care. A pre and post-study questionnaire was implemented to assess participants' knowledge and comfort levels with subject material. Significance was set at p-value below 0.05. Results: Seventy-five GP-trainees attended the teaching session. Fifty-three completed the pre-teaching questionnaire and 50 completed the post-teaching questionnaire. Only a minority of trainees had received prior teaching in post-SA care as a medical student (13.2% n = 7) or as a postgraduate (28.3% n = 15). After the teaching session, there was a significant improvement trainees' comfort levels in explaining a forensic examination (p < 0.0001), referral pathways to a SATU (p < 0.0001) and offering advice in relation to emergency contraception (p < 0.0001). There was also a significant improvement in understanding HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) (p < 0.001) and forensic examination (FE) time-lines (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study reveals that GP-trainees have had limited exposure to teaching on post-SA care. Additionally, significant improvements were observed following a 1-h didactic teaching session on post-SA care. Trainees demonstrated increased understanding of SATU referral pathways, understanding of immediate medical care after SA, including PEP and FE timelines.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-06
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390895-1
ISSN	1863-4362 ; 0021-1265
ISSN (online)	1863-4362
ISSN	0021-1265
DOI	10.1007/s11845-023-03576-3
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Article ; Online: Strategic categorization of available research relating to sexual assault and rape facilitates more accurate interpretation of injury data.

Kennedy, Kieran M

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology

2015 Volume 36, Issue 1, Page(s) 31–35

Abstract: The available research evidence pertaining to anogenital injury in victims of sexual violence presents a very wide range of injury prevalence data. As such, it is extraordinarily challenging for health care practitioners involved in clinical forensic ... ...

Abstract	The available research evidence pertaining to anogenital injury in victims of sexual violence presents a very wide range of injury prevalence data. As such, it is extraordinarily challenging for health care practitioners involved in clinical forensic examination of victims of sexual violence to place their examination findings in to context. It is generally accepted that the broad range of existing injury prevalence data is reflective of heterogeneous research study methodologies and clinical practice techniques. Thus, health care practitioners should be encouraged to present their evidence in the context of the prevalence data that are most representative of their clinical practice. Presented herein is a simple categorization of existing prevalence data in accordance with national clinical practice guidelines. The range of anogenital injury prevalence is narrower when presented in this manner than when taken as a whole. This will facilitate health care practitioners in presenting their examination findings in the context of research literature that is most representative of their clinical practice.
MeSH term(s)	Anal Canal/injuries ; Crime Victims ; Forensic Medicine/legislation & jurisprudence ; Forensic Medicine/methods ; Genitalia/injuries ; Humans ; Physical Examination ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Rape ; Sex Offenses
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	604537-6
ISSN	1533-404X ; 0195-7910
ISSN (online)	1533-404X
ISSN	0195-7910
DOI	10.1097/PAF.0000000000000133
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Article ; Online: A Student Selected Component (or Special Study Module) in Forensic and Legal Medicine: Design, delivery, assessment and evaluation of an optional module as an addition to the medical undergraduate core curriculum.

Kennedy, Kieran M / Wilkinson, Andrew

Journal of forensic and legal medicine

2018 Volume 53, Page(s) 62–67

Abstract: The General Medical Council (United Kingdom) advocates development of non-core curriculum Student Selected Components and their inclusion in all undergraduate medical school curricula. This article describes a rationale for the design, delivery, ... ...

Abstract	The General Medical Council (United Kingdom) advocates development of non-core curriculum Student Selected Components and their inclusion in all undergraduate medical school curricula. This article describes a rationale for the design, delivery, assessment and evaluation of Student Selected Components in Forensic and Legal Medicine. Reference is made to the available evidence based literature pertinent to the delivery of undergraduate medical education in the subject area. A Student Selected Component represents an opportunity to highlight the importance of the legal aspects of medical practice, to raise the profile of the discipline of Forensic and Legal Medicine amongst undergraduate medical students and to introduce students to the possibility of a future career in the area. The authors refer to their experiences of design, delivery, assessment and evaluation of Student Selected Components in Forensic and Legal Medicine at their respective Universities in the Republic of Ireland (Galway) and in the United Kingdom (Oxford).
MeSH term(s)	Curriculum ; Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; Educational Measurement ; Forensic Sciences/education ; Humans ; Students, Medical ; United Kingdom
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2268721-X
ISSN	1878-7487 ; 1752-928X
ISSN (online)	1878-7487
ISSN	1752-928X
DOI	10.1016/j.jflm.2017.11.005
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Article ; Online: Heterogeneity of existing research relating to sexual violence, sexual assault and rape precludes meta-analysis of injury data.

Kennedy, Kieran M

Journal of forensic and legal medicine

2013 Volume 20, Issue 5, Page(s) 447–459

Abstract: In order for medical practitioners to adequately explain to the court the findings of their clinical examinations of victims of sexual violence, they must have access to research data which will place their findings in to context. Unfortunately, existing ...

Abstract	In order for medical practitioners to adequately explain to the court the findings of their clinical examinations of victims of sexual violence, they must have access to research data which will place their findings in to context. Unfortunately, existing research has reported a very wide range of injury prevalence data. This papers aims to provide an explanation for this wide variation in results and, furthermore, this paper aims to establish if it is possible to carry out a meta-analysis of existing research data, pertaining to the prevalence of injury after sexual assault. It is suggested that pooling of individual study results may allow statistically robust determination of the true prevalence of injury in victims of sexual violence. It is concluded that heterogeneity in research methodology, between existing research studies, is responsible for the broad range of reported prevalence rates. Finally, this heterogeneity is seen to preclude robust meta-analysis.
MeSH term(s)	Bias ; Colposcopy ; Female ; Genitalia/injuries ; Humans ; Male ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence ; Self Report ; Sex Offenses ; Staining and Labeling ; Wounds and Injuries/etiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Review
ZDB-ID	2268721-X
ISSN	1878-7487 ; 1752-928X
ISSN (online)	1878-7487
ISSN	1752-928X
DOI	10.1016/j.jflm.2013.02.002
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Article ; Online: Letter to the editor: Response to "Assessing the presence of female DNA on post-coital penile swabs: relevance to the investigation of sexual assault" published in the October 2012 edition of the Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine.

Kennedy, Kieran M

Journal of forensic and legal medicine

2013 Volume 20, Issue 5, Page(s) 559

MeSH term(s)	Coitus ; DNA Fingerprinting ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Penis ; Vagina/cytology
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comment ; Letter
ZDB-ID	2268721-X
ISSN	1878-7487 ; 1752-928X
ISSN (online)	1878-7487
ISSN	1752-928X
DOI	10.1016/j.jflm.2013.01.001
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Article ; Online: Provision of forensic healthcare services for police custodial settings in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: Current practice and implications for other services?

Kennedy, Kieran M / Payne-James, Grace J / Payne-James, J Jason / Green, Peter G

Medicine, science, and the law

2022 Volume 63, Issue 3, Page(s) 203–217

Abstract: Provision of forensic healthcare services may affect patient safety and criminal justice outcomes. We reviewed models of delivery for services in police custody in terms of cost, types of healthcare professionals and their minimum required experience, ... ...

Abstract	Provision of forensic healthcare services may affect patient safety and criminal justice outcomes. We reviewed models of delivery for services in police custody in terms of cost, types of healthcare professionals and their minimum required experience, training and qualification. Relevant information was requested under the Freedom of Information Act from all police services in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Additional information was sought from the London Ambulance Service and the Metropolitan Police Service. A third of respondent police services refused to provide the requested information and only a small minority answered the questions in their entirety. Many police services cited excessive cost and commercial interests as reasons for not providing the information. A marked variation in models of forensic healthcare provision across police services which responded was identified. London Ambulance Service call-outs to Metropolitan Police Service custody suites for those arrested varied from 0% to 3.8%. There is substantial inconsistency and variability of information on forensic healthcare services in police custody. A standardised national dataset of all aspects of police custodial healthcare (irrespective of by whom such services are provided) should be established. We advise that the Association of Police & Crime Commissioners, College of Policing the National Police Chiefs' Council and NHS England Health and Justice engage on these matters and work with the Faculty of Forensic & Legal Medicine, the United Kingdom Association of Forensic Nurses and Paramedics, and the College of Paramedics to restart the transfer of all police custodial healthcare services to the National Health Service.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Wales ; Northern Ireland ; Police ; State Medicine ; Prisoners ; England ; Forensic Medicine ; Delivery of Health Care
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	301137-9
ISSN	2042-1818 ; 0025-8024
ISSN (online)	2042-1818
ISSN	0025-8024
DOI	10.1177/00258024221136721
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Article ; Online: The relationship of victim injury to the progression of sexual crimes through the criminal justice system.

Kennedy, Kieran M

Journal of forensic and legal medicine

2012 Volume 19, Issue 6, Page(s) 309–311

Abstract: A number of factors are known to influence the progression of sexual crimes through the criminal justice system. The role of victim injury in influencing decision-making at pivotal stages has been addressed by a number of separate research projects. This ...

Abstract	A number of factors are known to influence the progression of sexual crimes through the criminal justice system. The role of victim injury in influencing decision-making at pivotal stages has been addressed by a number of separate research projects. This article consolidates existing research evidence in order to highlight the important role that victim injury plays at each step of the legal process. The importance of accurate diagnosis and recording of victim injury is highlighted. Furthermore, by describing the significant impact that the presence of victim injury can have on the legal outcome, the importance of ensuring that cases without victim injury are correctly interpreted by the police, legal professionals, judiciary and the jury is heavily emphasised.
MeSH term(s)	Crime Victims/legislation & jurisprudence ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; Self Report ; Sex Offenses/legislation & jurisprudence ; Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2268721-X
ISSN	1878-7487 ; 1752-928X
ISSN (online)	1878-7487
ISSN	1752-928X
DOI	10.1016/j.jflm.2012.04.033
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Article ; Online: Inclusion of a specific prompt within the standard clinical pro forma used in assessment of patients referred to a child and adolescent sexual assault treatment service: A suggested safety-net to facilitate detection of other children at risk of child sexual abuse.

Treston, Bryony / Kennedy, Kieran M / Nelson, Joanne

Journal of forensic and legal medicine

2019 Volume 66, Page(s) 91–94

Abstract: Background: Evaluation of an index case of child abuse necessitates risk assessment of other children who could be vulnerable to abuse from the same perpetrator/s.: Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the addition of a prompt to the standard ...

Abstract	Background: Evaluation of an index case of child abuse necessitates risk assessment of other children who could be vulnerable to abuse from the same perpetrator/s. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the addition of a prompt to the standard clinical pro forma used for the assessment of new referrals to a child and adolescent sexual assault treatment service in terms of impact upon detection of other at risk children. Participants and setting: All referrals to a Child and Adolescent Sexual Assault Treatment Service, Galway, West Ireland. Methods: Retrospective chart review of all children assessed between September 2016 and March 2017. Intervention initiated on September 1st Results: Comparing pre and post intervention groups, documentation of children at risk significantly increased from 70% to 96% (p = 0.0124). Cases in which a letter was sent to social services regarding other "at risk" children also significantly increased from 50% to 92% (p = 0.0005). There was a change in the percentage of "at risk" children examined or planned for examination, from 66% to 84%, however that was not statistically significant (p = 0.80). Conclusions: Introduction of a simple prompt within the standard clinical pro forma had a significant positive impact upon clinicians' consideration of other "at risk" children. We suggest that other services consider including a similar section in their own pro forma documents.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Child Abuse, Sexual/diagnosis ; Child Abuse, Sexual/prevention & control ; Documentation ; Forms and Records Control ; Humans ; Ireland ; Medical Audit ; Prospective Studies ; Referral and Consultation ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Assessment
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2268721-X
ISSN	1878-7487 ; 1752-928X
ISSN (online)	1878-7487
ISSN	1752-928X
DOI	10.1016/j.jflm.2019.06.011
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