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Article ; Online: Zoonotic implications of white-footed mice habitat selection and territoriality in fragmented landscapes.

Hummell, Grace F / Li, Andrew Y / Kent, Cody M / Mullinax, Jennifer M

Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology

2023 Volume 48, Issue 2, Page(s) 89–102

Abstract: White-footed mouse ( ...

Abstract	White-footed mouse (
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Peromyscus ; Bayes Theorem ; Territoriality ; Ecosystem ; Ticks ; Ixodes ; Lyme Disease/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2212806-2
ISSN	1948-7134 ; 1081-1710
ISSN (online)	1948-7134
ISSN	1081-1710
DOI	10.52707/1081-1710-48.2.89
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Behavioral niche partitioning reexamined: Do behavioral differences predict dietary differences in warblers?

Kent, Cody M / Sherry, Thomas W

Ecology

2020 Volume 101, Issue 8, Page(s) e03077

Abstract: Behavioral niche partitioning is an important and widely assumed mechanism for the coexistence of ecologically similar species. Here we assessed this mechanism by testing its core assumption, that evolved differences in foraging behavior correspond with ... ...

Abstract	Behavioral niche partitioning is an important and widely assumed mechanism for the coexistence of ecologically similar species. Here we assessed this mechanism by testing its core assumption, that evolved differences in foraging behavior correspond with differences in resources consumed. We combined data on foraging behavior, available prey, and observed diets of five coexisting species of New World wood warblers (Parulidae), a system that has been foundational to our understanding of behavioral niche partitioning. Consistent with past work, we found that the five species differed markedly in their foraging behavior, enough that some species pairs hardly overlapped at all in foraging microhabitat. In contrast, the birds overlapped highly in diet, while exhibiting small, interpretable differences in resource use. The high overlap resulted mostly from all five species consuming numerous ants, a prey source that moves between microhabitats. To test the prediction that the large differences in foraging behavior explain the small dietary differences, we generated expected diets based on available prey and foraging microhabitat use. Consistent with niche partitioning as a coexistence mechanism, we found that the small dietary differences were explained by a combination of foraging microhabitat and available prey, but this pattern was driven by only a small number of prey taxa. Thus, we found mixed support for behavioral niche partitioning. Our results indicate that foraging behavior among these bird species helps explain subtle variation in diet, potentially facilitating coexistence. However, our results also revealed a weak relationship between foraging behavior and resource partitioning. Consequently, studies that rely solely on foraging behavior may greatly overestimate the degree of niche differentiation leading to erroneous conclusions. Overall, this study calls into question how and why these differences in foraging behavior evolved, and what role if any they play in facilitating coexistence.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ants ; Diet/veterinary ; Feeding Behavior ; Predatory Behavior ; Songbirds
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2010140-5
ISSN	1939-9170 ; 0012-9658
ISSN (online)	1939-9170
ISSN	0012-9658
DOI	10.1002/ecy.3077
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Article: Waterfowl show spatiotemporal trends in influenza A H5 and H7 infections but limited taxonomic variation.

Kent, Cody M / Bevins, Sarah N / Mullinax, Jennifer M / Sullivan, Jeffery D / Prosser, Diann J

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2023 Volume 33, Issue 7, Page(s) e2906

Abstract: Influenza A viruses in wild birds pose threats to the poultry industry, wild birds, and human health under certain conditions. Of particular importance are wild waterfowl, which are the primary reservoir of low-pathogenicity influenza viruses that ... ...

Abstract	Influenza A viruses in wild birds pose threats to the poultry industry, wild birds, and human health under certain conditions. Of particular importance are wild waterfowl, which are the primary reservoir of low-pathogenicity influenza viruses that ultimately cause high-pathogenicity outbreaks in poultry farms. Despite much work on the drivers of influenza A virus prevalence, the underlying viral subtype dynamics are still mostly unexplored. Nevertheless, understanding these dynamics, particularly for the agriculturally significant H5 and H7 subtypes, is important for mitigating the risk of outbreaks in domestic poultry farms. Here, using an expansive surveillance database, we take a large-scale look at the spatial, temporal, and taxonomic drivers in the prevalence of these two subtypes among influenza A-positive wild waterfowl. We document spatiotemporal trends that are consistent with past work, particularly an uptick in H5 viruses in late autumn and H7 viruses in spring. Interestingly, despite large species differences in temporal trends in overall influenza A virus prevalence, we document only modest differences in the relative abundance of these two subtypes and little, if any, temporal differences among species. As such, it appears that differences in species' phenology, physiology, and behaviors that influence overall susceptibility to influenza A viruses play a much lesser role in relative susceptibility to different subtypes. Instead, species are likely to freely pass viruses among each other regardless of subtype. Importantly, despite the similarities among species documented here, individual species still may play important roles in moving viruses across large geographic areas or sustaining local outbreaks through their different migratory behaviors.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology ; Birds ; Poultry ; Animals, Wild ; Influenza A virus
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.2906
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Article: White-tailed deer spatial distribution in relation to '4-Poster' tick control devices in suburbia

Roden-Reynolds, Patrick / Kent, Cody M. / Li, Andrew Y. / Mullinax, Jennifer M.

International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022 Apr. 17, v. 19, no. 8

2022

Abstract: Deer are keystone hosts for adult ticks and have enabled the spread of tick distributions. The '4-Poster' deer bait station was developed by the USDA to control ticks feeding on free-ranging deer. Although effective in certain scenarios, the '4-Poster' ... ...

Abstract	Deer are keystone hosts for adult ticks and have enabled the spread of tick distributions. The '4-Poster' deer bait station was developed by the USDA to control ticks feeding on free-ranging deer. Although effective in certain scenarios, the '4-Poster' deer treatment stations require the use of bait to attract deer which may have potential consequences. We captured and GPS monitored 35 deer as a part of the USDA's integrated pest management project in Maryland. Fifteen '4-Poster' stations were deployed among 3 county parks to control ticks. To understand the effects of baited feeding stations on deer movement we calculated movement metrics before and after feeder refilling as well as gathered information on feeder visitation. Overall, 83.3% of collared deer visited a feeder and revisited approximately every 5 days. After feeders were refilled, collared deer were ~5% closer to feeders and conspecifics than before filling. '4-Poster' feeders, when stocked at similar densities, were found to slightly alter deer movement. Although this affect may not be strong enough to increase deer abundances, in light of current infectious diseases affecting deer populations, the clustering followed after refilling bait at 4-Poster stations can be a cause for concern.
Keywords	Odocoileus virginianus ; USDA ; adults ; deer ; integrated pest management ; public health ; research ; tick control ; ticks ; Maryland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0417
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph19084889
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Behavioral niche partitioning reexamined: Do behavioral differences predict dietary differences in warblers?

Kent, Cody M / Sherry, Thomas W

Ecology. 2020 Aug., v. 101, no. 8

2020

Abstract	Behavioral niche partitioning is an important and widely assumed mechanism for the coexistence of ecologically similar species. Here we assessed this mechanism by testing its core assumption, that evolved differences in foraging behavior correspond with differences in resources consumed. We combined data on foraging behavior, available prey, and observed diets of five coexisting species of New World wood warblers (Parulidae), a system that has been foundational to our understanding of behavioral niche partitioning. Consistent with past work, we found that the five species differed markedly in their foraging behavior, enough that some species pairs hardly overlapped at all in foraging microhabitat. In contrast, the birds overlapped highly in diet, while exhibiting small, interpretable differences in resource use. The high overlap resulted mostly from all five species consuming numerous ants, a prey source that moves between microhabitats. To test the prediction that the large differences in foraging behavior explain the small dietary differences, we generated expected diets based on available prey and foraging microhabitat use. Consistent with niche partitioning as a coexistence mechanism, we found that the small dietary differences were explained by a combination of foraging microhabitat and available prey, but this pattern was driven by only a small number of prey taxa. Thus, we found mixed support for behavioral niche partitioning. Our results indicate that foraging behavior among these bird species helps explain subtle variation in diet, potentially facilitating coexistence. However, our results also revealed a weak relationship between foraging behavior and resource partitioning. Consequently, studies that rely solely on foraging behavior may greatly overestimate the degree of niche differentiation leading to erroneous conclusions. Overall, this study calls into question how and why these differences in foraging behavior evolved, and what role if any they play in facilitating coexistence.
Keywords	Parulidae ; birds ; diet ; ecological differentiation ; microhabitats ; prediction ; wood
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-08
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1797-8
ISSN	0012-9658
ISSN	0012-9658
DOI	10.1002/ecy.3077
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: White-Tailed Deer Spatial Distribution in Relation to '4-Poster' Tick Control Devices in Suburbia.

Roden-Reynolds, Patrick / Kent, Cody M / Li, Andrew Y / Mullinax, Jennifer M

International journal of environmental research and public health

2022 Volume 19, Issue 8

Abstract: Deer are keystone hosts for adult ticks and have enabled the spread of tick distributions. The '4-Poster' deer bait station was developed by the United States Department of Agriculture to control ticks feeding on free-ranging deer. Although effective in ... ...

Abstract	Deer are keystone hosts for adult ticks and have enabled the spread of tick distributions. The '4-Poster' deer bait station was developed by the United States Department of Agriculture to control ticks feeding on free-ranging deer. Although effective in certain scenarios, '4-Poster' deer treatment stations require the use of bait to attract deer to one location, which may cause increased deer disease transmission rates and habitat damage. To better understand and manage the impact of baited '4-Poster' stations on deer movements, we captured and GPS-monitored 35 deer as part of an integrated pest management project. Fifteen '4-Poster' stations were deployed among three suburban county parks to control ticks. To quantify the effects of '4-Poster' stations, we calculated deer movement metrics before and after feeders were filled with whole kernel corn, and we gathered information on visitation rates to feeders. Overall, 83.3% of collared deer visited a feeder and revisited approximately every 5 days. After feeders were refilled, collared deer were ~5% closer to feeders and conspecifics than before filling. Males used a higher percentage of available feeders and visited them more throughout the deployment periods. Although these nuanced alterations in behavior may not be strong enough to increase local deer abundance, in light of infectious diseases affecting deer populations and effective '4-Poster' densities, the core range shifts and clustering after refilling bait may be a cause for concern. As such, trade-offs between conflicting management goals should be carefully considered when deploying '4-Poster' stations.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Deer ; Male ; Tick Control ; Ticks ; United States ; Zea mays
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-17
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph19084889
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Article: High resource overlap and small dietary differences are widespread in food‐limited warbler (Parulidae) communities

Kent, Cody M. / Huh, Kyu Min / Hunter, Sarah Chieko / Judson, Kathryn / Powell, Luke L. / Sherry, Thomas W.

Ibis. 2022 Jan., v. 164, no. 1

2022

Abstract: Although both interspecific competition and coexistence mechanisms are central to ecological and evolutionary theory, past empirical studies have generally focused on simple (two‐species) communities over short time periods. Experimental tests of these ... ...

Abstract	Although both interspecific competition and coexistence mechanisms are central to ecological and evolutionary theory, past empirical studies have generally focused on simple (two‐species) communities over short time periods. Experimental tests of these species interactions are challenging in complex study systems. Moreover, several studies of ‘imperfect generalists’, consistent with Liem's Paradox, raise questions about the ability of evolved species differences to partition niche space effectively when resources vary considerably across the annual cycle. Here we used a recently developed theoretical framework to combine past research on population‐level processes with observational data on resource use to test for ongoing interspecific competition and understand the nature of resource overlap. We compared species diet overlaps and differences in several distinctive communities centred on a focal species, the American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla replicated both spatially and seasonally, in combination with documentation of population regulation to assess the ability of similar species to partition dietary niche space and limit interspecific competition. Our results document high dietary overlap in most of the communities studied, with only subtle differentiation consistent with known species differences in foraging behaviour and morphology. These findings are largely consistent with species foraging as imperfect generalists. However, in contrast to past studies, the high diet overlaps observed here during times of inferred resource scarcity were driven by low‐value prey taxa (e.g. small ants) and did not involve truly ‘private’ resources. All of these factors increase the potential negative impacts of interspecific competition, and limit the ability of these birds to avoid competition if food availability deteriorates further than observed in our study, either seasonally or at longer intervals.
Keywords	Setophaga ruticilla ; diet ; food availability ; interspecific competition ; observational studies
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-01
Size	p. 44-59.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2071870-6
ISSN	1474-919X ; 0019-1019
ISSN (online)	1474-919X
ISSN	0019-1019
DOI	10.1111/ibi.13006
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Patterns of deer ked (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) and tick (Ixodida: Ixodidae) infestation on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the eastern United States.

Poh, Karen C / Evans, Jesse R / Skvarla, Michael J / Kent, Cody M / Olafson, Pia U / Hickling, Graham J / Mullinax, Jennifer M / Machtinger, Erika T

Parasites & vectors

2022 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 31

Abstract: Background: White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) host numerous ectoparasitic species in the eastern USA, most notably various species of ticks and two species of deer keds. Several pathogens transmitted by ticks to humans and other animal hosts ... ...

Abstract	Background: White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) host numerous ectoparasitic species in the eastern USA, most notably various species of ticks and two species of deer keds. Several pathogens transmitted by ticks to humans and other animal hosts have also been found in deer keds. Little is known about the acquisition and potential for transmission of these pathogens by deer keds; however, tick-deer ked co-feeding transmission is one possible scenario. On-host localization of ticks and deer keds on white-tailed deer was evaluated across several geographical regions of the eastern US to define tick-deer ked spatial relationships on host deer, which may impact the vector-borne disease ecology of these ectoparasites. Methods: Ticks and deer keds were collected from hunter-harvested white-tailed deer from six states in the eastern US. Each deer was divided into three body sections, and each section was checked for 4 person-minutes. Differences in ectoparasite counts across body sections and/or states were evaluated using a Bayesian generalized mixed model. Results: A total of 168 white-tailed deer were inspected for ticks and deer keds across the study sites. Ticks (n = 1636) were collected from all surveyed states, with Ixodes scapularis (n = 1427) being the predominant species. Counts of I. scapularis from the head and front sections were greater than from the rear section. Neotropical deer keds (Lipoptena mazamae) from Alabama and Tennessee (n = 247) were more often found on the rear body section. European deer keds from Pennsylvania (all Lipoptena cervi, n = 314) were found on all body sections of deer. Conclusions: The distributions of ticks and deer keds on white-tailed deer were significantly different from each other, providing the first evidence of possible on-host niche partitioning of ticks and two geographically distinct deer ked species (L. cervi in the northeast and L. mazamae in the southeast). These differences in spatial distributions may have implications for acquisition and/or transmission of vector-borne pathogens and therefore warrant further study over a wider geographic range and longer time frame.
MeSH term(s)	Alabama/epidemiology ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Deer/parasitology ; Diptera/physiology ; Ixodidae/physiology ; Pennsylvania/epidemiology ; Tennessee/epidemiology ; Tick Infestations/epidemiology ; Tick Infestations/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2409480-8
ISSN	1756-3305 ; 1756-3305
ISSN (online)	1756-3305
ISSN	1756-3305
DOI	10.1186/s13071-021-05148-9
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: A comparison of methods for the long-term harness-based attachment of radio-transmitters to juvenile Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

Buck, Evan J. / Sullivan, Jeffery D. / Kent, Cody M. / Mullinax, Jennifer M. / Prosser, Diann J.

Animal biotelemetry. 2021 Dec., v. 9, no. 1

2021

Abstract: BACKGROUND: While the period from fledging through first breeding for waterbird species such as terns (e.g., genus Sterna, Sternula) is of great interest to researchers and conservationists, this period remains understudied due in large part to the ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: While the period from fledging through first breeding for waterbird species such as terns (e.g., genus Sterna, Sternula) is of great interest to researchers and conservationists, this period remains understudied due in large part to the difficulty of marking growing juveniles with radio transmitters that remain attached for extended periods. METHODS: In an effort to facilitate such research, we examined the impact of various combinations of harness types (backpack, leg-loop, and 3D-printed harnesses), harness materials (Automotive ribbon, Elastic cord, and PFTE ribbon), and transmitter types (center-weighted and rear-weighted) on a surrogate for juvenile terns, 28-day-old Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica; selected due to similarities in adult mass and downy feathering of juveniles), in a 30-day experiment. We monitored for abrasion at points of contact and tag gap issues via daily exams while also recording mass and wing cord as indices of growth. This study was designed to serve as an initial examination of the impacts of marking on the growth and development of young birds and does not account for any impacts of tags on movement or behavior. RESULTS: While we found that treatment (the specific combination of the transmitter type, harness type, and harness material) had no impact on bird growth relative to unmarked control birds (P ≥ 0.05), we did observe differences in abrasion and tag gap between treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Our results suggest that leg-loop harnesses constructed from elastic cord and backpack harnesses from PFTE ribbon are suitable options for long-term attachment to growing juveniles. Conversely, we found that automotive ribbon led to extensive abrasion with these small-bodied birds, and that elastic cord induced blisters when used to make a backpack harness. CONCLUSIONS: While these results indicate that long-term tagging of juvenile birds is possible with limited impacts on growth, this work does not preclude the need for small-scale studies with individual species. Instead, we hope this provides an informed starting point for further exploration of this topic.
Keywords	Coturnix japonica ; Sternula ; adults ; biotelemetry ; harness ; juveniles ; radio ; radio transmitters ; water birds
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-12
Size	p. 32.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2711027-8
ISSN	2050-3385
ISSN	2050-3385
DOI	10.1186/s40317-021-00257-9
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Feather-degrading bacilli in the plumage of wild birds: Prevalence and relation to feather wear

Kent, Cody M / Burtt Edward H

The Auk. 2016 Oct., v. 133, no. 4

2016

Abstract: The study of feather-degrading microorganisms in avian plumage is steadily growing, but it is still a poorly understood field. Feather-degrading microorganisms were first isolated from chicken feathers in 1992, and their presence in wild birds was first ... ...

Abstract	The study of feather-degrading microorganisms in avian plumage is steadily growing, but it is still a poorly understood field. Feather-degrading microorganisms were first isolated from chicken feathers in 1992, and their presence in wild birds was first described in 1997. The bulk of research in this area has focused on the possible selection pressures generated by these organisms. Yet we still lack detailed knowledge about the pattern of distribution among species of birds, ecological associations of the birds and feather-degrading microbes, and the effects of these bacteria and fungi on live wild birds. We sampled 3,548 birds representing 154 species for a group of 3 closely related bacilli that are well known to degrade feathers. We found these bacilli to be widespread among birds, occurring in the plumage of 39% of sampled individuals. Furthermore, these bacteria occur in most, if not all, avian taxa at similar frequencies, though variation exists. We found that ground-foraging species had a higher prevalence of feather-degrading bacilli, and tree-probing and nectivorous species had a lower prevalence. Additionally, fly-catching and foliage-gleaning birds were more likely to have feather-degrading bacilli than tree-probing species. Furthermore, the presence of feather-degrading bacilli, but not the abundance of bacteria in general, was correlated with our measure of plumage condition. A correlation cannot separate cause from effect, but it suggests that the presence of these bacteria is related to degradation of feathers in wild birds. This relationship implies that these bacteria may indeed constitute an important selection pressure that broadly influences the evolution of color, timing of molt, and behaviors such as preening and other maintenance activities in birds.
Keywords	Bacilli ; bacteria ; chickens ; color ; feathers ; fungi ; molting ; preening ; selection pressure ; wild birds
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-10
Size	p. 583-592.
Publishing place	The American Ornithologists' Union
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2065970-2
ISSN	1938-4254 ; 0004-8038
ISSN (online)	1938-4254
ISSN	0004-8038
DOI	10.1642%2FAUK-16-39.1
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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