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Article: Establishing Trailer Ventilation (Boarding) Requirements for Finishing Pigs during Transport.

McGlone, John / Sapkota, Avi / Johnson, Anna / Kephart, Rebecca

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2014 Volume 4, Issue 3, Page(s) 515–523

Abstract: Specifically, this study aimed to establish the effects on mortality and morbidity of boarding levels (amount of side-wall trailer ventilation) for finishing pigs in mild weather (8.80 ± 0.30 °C, 71.70% ± 1.12% humidity). Pigs from commercial finishing ... ...

Abstract	Specifically, this study aimed to establish the effects on mortality and morbidity of boarding levels (amount of side-wall trailer ventilation) for finishing pigs in mild weather (8.80 ± 0.30 °C, 71.70% ± 1.12% humidity). Pigs from commercial finishing sites were transported in 302 pot-bellied trailers to commercial processing plants. Measures collected at the processing plant were rates of dead on arrival (DOA), non-ambulatory, non-injured (NANI), non-ambulatory, injured (NAI), and total dead and down (D&D). Boarding levels (% that side walls were closed off with inserted boards) were divided into 3 bins: low, medium, and high, and outside temperature was divided into 4 bins <5 °C, 5.10-10 °C, and 10.10-15 °C and >15 °C. Average rates of DOA, NANI, NAI, and D&D were approximately 0.30%, 0.12%, 0.04%, and 0.46%, respectively. The D&D was highest when boarding level was low with temperatures <5 °C (p < 0.05). However, variations in boarding level (medium and high boarding) in the temperature range of 5.10 °C to 23.30 °C did not affect pig losses.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-08-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani4030515
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Temperature and Relative Humidity Inside Trailers During Finishing Pig Loading and Transport in Cold and Mild Weather.

McGlone, John / Johnson, Anna / Sapkota, Avi / Kephart, Rebecca

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2014 Volume 4, Issue 4, Page(s) 583–598

Abstract: The effect of bedding levels and trailer compartment on internal trailer temperature and relative humidity (RH) during loading and transport of finishing pigs was evaluated in cold and mild weather. Three levels of bedding were used in each experiment: 0. ...

Abstract	The effect of bedding levels and trailer compartment on internal trailer temperature and relative humidity (RH) during loading and transport of finishing pigs was evaluated in cold and mild weather. Three levels of bedding were used in each experiment: 0.6 m³, 1.2 m³, and 2.4 m³. In mild weather, internal temperatures were lower when 1.2 m³ or 2.4 m³ of bedding were used during loading and transport compared to 0.6 m³ (P < 0.05). Internal trailer temperature increased in a quadratic fashion in the top front compartment when 1.2 m³ was used (P < 0.05), and in a linear fashion in the top rear compartment when 2.4 m³ were used in cold weather (P < 0.05). In mild weather, temperature increased linearly in the top front compartment with heavy bedding levels. Relative humidity increased in a linear fashion in the top front compartment with 0.6 m³, bottom front with 1.2 m³, and top front with 1.2 m³ in cold weather (P < 0.05). In general, temperature and RH increased as bedding levels increased in both cold and mild temperatures. Excess bedding can absorb more moisture, resulting in transport loss and decreased animal welfare.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-09-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani4040583
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Establishing Bedding Requirements during Transport and Monitoring Skin Temperature during Cold and Mild Seasons after Transport for Finishing Pigs.

McGlone, John / Johnson, Anna / Sapkota, Avi / Kephart, Rebecca

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2014 Volume 4, Issue 2, Page(s) 241–253

Abstract: The broad aim of this study was to determine whether bedding level in the transport trailer influenced pig performance and welfare. Specifically, the objective was to define the bedding requirements of pigs during transportation in commercial settings ... ...

Abstract	The broad aim of this study was to determine whether bedding level in the transport trailer influenced pig performance and welfare. Specifically, the objective was to define the bedding requirements of pigs during transportation in commercial settings during cold and mild weather. Animals (n = 112,078 pigs on 572 trailers) used were raised in commercial finishing sites and transported in trailers to commercial processing plants. Dead on arrival (DOA), non-ambulatory (NA), and total dead and down (D&D) data were collected and skin surface temperatures of the pigs were measured by infrared thermography. Data were collected during winter (Experiment 1) and fall/spring (Experiment 2). Total D&D percent showed no interaction between bedding level and outside air temperature in any experiments. Average skin surface temperature during unloading increased with outside air temperature linearly in both experiments (P < 0.01). In conclusion, over-use of bedding may be economically inefficient. Pig skin surface temperature could be a useful measure of pig welfare during or after transport.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-05-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani4020241
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Establishing Bedding Requirements on Trailers Transporting Market Weight Pigs in Warm Weather

Kephart, Rebecca / Johnson, Anna / Sapkota, Avi / Stalder, Kenneth / McGlone, John

Animals. 2014 July 25, v. 4, no. 3

2014

Abstract: During warm weather, incorrect bedding levels on a trailer transporting market weight pigs may result in heat stress, fatigue, and death. Two experiments were conducted in June and July of 2011; Experiment 1 used 80 loads (n = 13,887 pigs) to determine ... ...

Abstract	During warm weather, incorrect bedding levels on a trailer transporting market weight pigs may result in heat stress, fatigue, and death. Two experiments were conducted in June and July of 2011; Experiment 1 used 80 loads (n = 13,887 pigs) to determine the effects of two bedding levels (3 (68.1 kg) or 6 bags (136.2 kg) of wood shavings/trailer [each bag contained 22.7 kg, 0.2 m3]) on pig measures (surface temperature, vocalizations, slips and falls, and stress signs). Experiment 2 used 131 loads (n = 22,917 pigs) to determine the effects of bedding (3 vs. 6 bags) on transport losses (dead, sum of dead- and euthanized- on arrival; non-ambulatory, sum of fatigued and injured; total transport losses sum of dead and non-ambulatory). Bedding did not affect surface temperature, vocalizations, or slips and falls (p = 0.58, p = 0.50, and p = 0.28, respectively). However, pigs transported on 6 bags/trailer had 1.5% more stress signs than pigs transported on 3 bags/trailer (p < 0.01). No differences were observed between bedding levels for non-ambulatory, dead, or total transport losses (p = 0.10, p = 0.67, and p = 0.34, respectively). Within the context of these experiments, bedding level did not result in deleterious effects on pig measures or transport losses. However, using more bedding may result in higher costs to the industry. Therefore, 3 bags of bedding/trailer may be used when transporting market weight pigs during warm weather in the Midwestern U.S.
Keywords	death ; heat stress ; industry ; markets ; surface temperature ; swine ; weather ; wood ; Midwestern United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-0725
Size	p. 476-493.
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light ; Journal Article
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani4030476
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Establishing Sprinkling Requirements on Trailers Transporting Market Weight Pigs in Warm and Hot Weather

Kephart, Rebecca / Johnson, Anna / Sapkota, Avi / Stalder, Kenneth / McGlone, John

Animals. 2014 Apr. 11, v. 4, no. 2

2014

Abstract: This study was conducted July of 2012 in Iowa, in WARM (<26.7 °C) and HOT (≥26.7 °C) weather. Four sprinkling methods were compared, with one treatment being randomly assigned to each load: control- no sprinkling (not applied in HOT weather), pigs only, ... ...

Abstract	This study was conducted July of 2012 in Iowa, in WARM (<26.7 °C) and HOT (≥26.7 °C) weather. Four sprinkling methods were compared, with one treatment being randomly assigned to each load: control- no sprinkling (not applied in HOT weather), pigs only, bedding only, or pigs and bedding. Experiment 1 used 51 loads in WARM- and 86 loads in HOT weather to determine sprinkling effects on pig measures (surface temperature, vocalizations, slips and falls, and stress signs). Experiment 2 used 82 loads in WARM- and 54 loads in HOT weather to determine the sprinkling effects on transport losses (non-ambulatory, dead, and total transport losses). Experiment 1 found that, in WARM weather, there were no differences between sprinkling treatments for surface temperature, vocalizations, or slips and falls (p ≥ 0.18). However, stress signs were 2% greater when sprinkling pigs- or bedding only- compared to control (p = 0.03). Experiment 2 found that, in WARM and HOT weather, sprinkling did not affect non-ambulatory, dead, or total transport losses (p ≥ 0.18). Although the current study did not find any observed sprinkling effects for pig measures or transport losses it is extremely important to note that the inference space of this study is relatively small, so further studies should be conducted to see if these results are applicable to other geographical regions and seasons.
Keywords	markets ; surface temperature ; swine ; weather ; Iowa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-0411
Size	p. 164-183.
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani4020164
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Establishing Sprinkling Requirements on Trailers Transporting Market Weight Pigs in Warm and Hot Weather.

Kephart, Rebecca / Johnson, Anna / Sapkota, Avi / Stalder, Kenneth / McGlone, John

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2014 Volume 4, Issue 2, Page(s) 164–183

Abstract	This study was conducted July of 2012 in Iowa, in WARM (<26.7 °C) and HOT (≥26.7 °C) weather. Four sprinkling methods were compared, with one treatment being randomly assigned to each load: control- no sprinkling (not applied in HOT weather), pigs only, bedding only, or pigs and bedding. Experiment 1 used 51 loads in WARM- and 86 loads in HOT weather to determine sprinkling effects on pig measures (surface temperature, vocalizations, slips and falls, and stress signs). Experiment 2 used 82 loads in WARM- and 54 loads in HOT weather to determine the sprinkling effects on transport losses (non-ambulatory, dead, and total transport losses). Experiment 1 found that, in WARM weather, there were no differences between sprinkling treatments for surface temperature, vocalizations, or slips and falls (p ≥ 0.18). However, stress signs were 2% greater when sprinkling pigs- or bedding only- compared to control (p = 0.03). Experiment 2 found that, in WARM and HOT weather, sprinkling did not affect non-ambulatory, dead, or total transport losses (p ≥ 0.18). Although the current study did not find any observed sprinkling effects for pig measures or transport losses it is extremely important to note that the inference space of this study is relatively small, so further studies should be conducted to see if these results are applicable to other geographical regions and seasons.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-04-11
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani4020164
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Establishing Bedding Requirements on Trailers Transporting Market Weight Pigs in Warm Weather.

Kephart, Rebecca / Johnson, Anna / Sapkota, Avi / Stalder, Kenneth / McGlone, John

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2014 Volume 4, Issue 3, Page(s) 476–493

Abstract	During warm weather, incorrect bedding levels on a trailer transporting market weight pigs may result in heat stress, fatigue, and death. Two experiments were conducted in June and July of 2011; Experiment 1 used 80 loads (n = 13,887 pigs) to determine the effects of two bedding levels (3 (68.1 kg) or 6 bags (136.2 kg) of wood shavings/trailer [each bag contained 22.7 kg, 0.2 m³]) on pig measures (surface temperature, vocalizations, slips and falls, and stress signs). Experiment 2 used 131 loads (n = 22,917 pigs) to determine the effects of bedding (3 vs. 6 bags) on transport losses (dead, sum of dead- and euthanized- on arrival; non-ambulatory, sum of fatigued and injured; total transport losses sum of dead and non-ambulatory). Bedding did not affect surface temperature, vocalizations, or slips and falls (p = 0.58, p = 0.50, and p = 0.28, respectively). However, pigs transported on 6 bags/trailer had 1.5% more stress signs than pigs transported on 3 bags/trailer (p < 0.01). No differences were observed between bedding levels for non-ambulatory, dead, or total transport losses (p = 0.10, p = 0.67, and p = 0.34, respectively). Within the context of these experiments, bedding level did not result in deleterious effects on pig measures or transport losses. However, using more bedding may result in higher costs to the industry. Therefore, 3 bags of bedding/trailer may be used when transporting market weight pigs during warm weather in the Midwestern U.S.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-07-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani4030476
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Abatement of xenon and iodine emissions from medical isotope production facilities.

Doll, Charles G / Sorensen, Christina M / Bowyer, Theodore W / Friese, Judah I / Hayes, James C / Hoffmann, Emmy / Kephart, Rosara

Journal of environmental radioactivity

2014 Volume 130, Page(s) 33–43

Abstract: The capability of the International Monitoring System (IMS) to detect xenon from underground nuclear explosions is dependent on the radioactive xenon background. Adding to the background, medical isotope production (MIP) by fission releases several ... ...

Abstract	The capability of the International Monitoring System (IMS) to detect xenon from underground nuclear explosions is dependent on the radioactive xenon background. Adding to the background, medical isotope production (MIP) by fission releases several important xenon isotopes including xenon-133 and iodine-133 that decays to xenon-133. The amount of xenon released from these facilities may be equivalent to or exceed that released from an underground nuclear explosion. Thus the release of gaseous fission products within days of irradiation makes it difficult to distinguish MIP emissions from a nuclear explosion. In addition, recent shortages in molybdenum-99 have created interest and investment opportunities to design and build new MIP facilities in the United States and throughout the world. Due to the potential increase in the number of MIP facilities, a discussion of abatement technologies provides insight into how the problem of emission control from MIP facilities can be tackled. A review of practices is provided to delineate methods useful for abatement of medical isotopes.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants, Radioactive/analysis ; Air Pollution, Radioactive/prevention & control ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Iodine Radioisotopes/analysis ; Xenon Radioisotopes/analysis
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants, Radioactive ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; Xenon Radioisotopes
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1483112-0
ISSN	1879-1700 ; 0265-931X
ISSN (online)	1879-1700
ISSN	0265-931X
DOI	10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.12.006
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Maximum reasonable radioxenon releases from medical isotope production facilities and their effect on monitoring nuclear explosions.

Bowyer, Theodore W / Kephart, Rosara / Eslinger, Paul W / Friese, Judah I / Miley, Harry S / Saey, Paul R J

Journal of environmental radioactivity

2013 Volume 115, Page(s) 192–200

Abstract: Fission gases such as (133)Xe are used extensively for monitoring the world for signs of nuclear testing in systems such as the International Monitoring System (IMS). These gases are also produced by nuclear reactors and by fission production of (99)Mo ... ...

Abstract	Fission gases such as (133)Xe are used extensively for monitoring the world for signs of nuclear testing in systems such as the International Monitoring System (IMS). These gases are also produced by nuclear reactors and by fission production of (99)Mo for medical use. Recently, medical isotope production facilities have been identified as the major contributor to the background of radioactive xenon isotopes (radioxenon) in the atmosphere (Stocki et al., 2005; Saey, 2009). These releases pose a potential future problem for monitoring nuclear explosions if not addressed. As a starting point, a maximum acceptable daily xenon emission rate was calculated, that is both scientifically defendable as not adversely affecting the IMS, but also consistent with what is possible to achieve in an operational environment. This study concludes that an emission of 5 × 10(9) Bq/day from a medical isotope production facility would be both an acceptable upper limit from the perspective of minimal impact to monitoring stations, but also appears to be an achievable limit for large isotope producers.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants, Radioactive/analysis ; Drug Industry ; Explosions ; Industry ; Nuclear Weapons ; Radiation Monitoring ; Radioactive Hazard Release ; Radiopharmaceuticals ; Xenon Radioisotopes/analysis
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants, Radioactive ; Radiopharmaceuticals ; Xenon Radioisotopes
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1483112-0
ISSN	1879-1700 ; 0265-931X
ISSN (online)	1879-1700
ISSN	0265-931X
DOI	10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.07.018
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: 2011 and 2012 Early Careers Achievement Awards: farm and pig factors affecting welfare during the marketing process.

Johnson, A K / Gesing, L M / Ellis, M / McGlone, J J / Berg, E / Lonergan, S M / Fitzgerald, R / Karriker, L A / Ramirez, A / Stalder, K J / Sapkota, A / Kephart, R / Selsby, J T / Sadler, L J / Ritter, M J

Journal of animal science

2013 Volume 91, Issue 6, Page(s) 2481–2491

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to review the scientific literature to identify on-farm factors that contribute to market weight pig transportation losses. Transportation of market weight pigs is an essential element to the multisite pork production model ...

Abstract	The objective of this paper is to review the scientific literature to identify on-farm factors that contribute to market weight pig transportation losses. Transportation of market weight pigs is an essential element to the multisite pork production model used in the United States. In 2011 alone, approximately 111 million market weight pigs were transported from the finishing site to the abattoir. For pigs, the marketing process can present a combination of potentially novel, physical, and/or unfamiliar experiences that can be stressful. If the pig cannot cope with these sequential and additive stressors, then an increased rate of transportation losses could occur with a detrimental effect on pork carcass value. Current yearly estimates for transport losses are 1 million pigs (1%). A variety of market weight pig and farm factors have been reported to detrimentally affect transportation losses. By understanding how pigs interact with their environment during marketing, researchers, producers, and personnel at the abattoir may begin to identify, prioritize, and attempt to minimize or eliminate these stressors. This process will ultimately decrease transportation losses, improve pork quality, and increase profitability.
MeSH term(s)	Abattoirs ; Animal Husbandry ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Marketing ; Stress, Physiological ; Sus scrofa/growth & development ; Sus scrofa/physiology ; Transportation ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.2527/jas.2012-6114
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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