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Article: Canine Distemper Virus Infection in the Free-Living Wild Canines, the Red Fox (

Prpić, Jelena / Lojkić, Ivana / Keros, Tomislav / Krešić, Nina / Jemeršić, Lorena

2023 Volume 12, Issue 6

Abstract: The canine distemper virus (CDV), a paramyxovirus that is closely related to the human measles virus and rinderpest virus of cattle, is a highly contagious viral disease in dogs and wild carnivores worldwide. CDV represents a serious threat to domestic ... ...

Abstract	The canine distemper virus (CDV), a paramyxovirus that is closely related to the human measles virus and rinderpest virus of cattle, is a highly contagious viral disease in dogs and wild carnivores worldwide. CDV represents a serious threat to domestic and wild animals, especially to the conservation of endangered wild carnivores. Our study aims to investigate the occurrence of CDV in free-living wild canines in Croatia. For this purpose, 176 red foxes and 24 jackal brain samples collected in the frame of the active surveillance of rabies during winter 2021/2022 were tested. This study provided the first comprehensive overview of the prevalence and spatial distribution of CDV in the wildlife of Croatia, including the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the H gene sequence of field CDV strains circulating in red fox and jackal populations of Croatia. The molecular characterization of hemagglutinin gene genomic regions confirmed the phylogenetic clustering of obtained sequences into the Europa 1 genotype. The obtained CDV red fox sequences were mutually very similar (97.60%). This study indicates the high genetic similarity of Croatian CDV red fox sequences and CDV red fox sequences from Italy and Germany, badger sequences from Germany, polecat sequences from Hungary, and dog sequences from Hungary and Germany.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-15
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens12060833
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Absence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Circulation in the Most Widespread Wild Croatian Canine Species, the Red Fox (

Prpić, Jelena / Kunić, Ana / Keros, Tomislav / Lojkić, Ivana / Brnić, Dragan / Jemeršić, Lorena

Microorganisms

2023 Volume 11, Issue 4

Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, and the identification of new host species is reported successively worldwide. Nevertheless, its zoonotic potential and natural transmission, especially in wildlife remains ... ...

Abstract	Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, and the identification of new host species is reported successively worldwide. Nevertheless, its zoonotic potential and natural transmission, especially in wildlife remains unclear, primarily due to the discrete nature of HEV infections. Since the red fox (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2720891-6
ISSN	2076-2607
ISSN	2076-2607
DOI	10.3390/microorganisms11040834
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Article: SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Croatian wastewaters and the absence of SARS-CoV-2 in bivalve molluscan shellfish

Brnić, Dragan / Lojkić, Ivana / Škoko, Ines / Krešić, Nina / Šimić, Ivana / Keros, Tomislav / Ganjto, Marin / Štefanac, Dario / Viduka, Branka / Karšaj, Dario / Štiler, Darko / Habrun, Boris / Jemeršić, Lorena

Environmental research. 2022 May 01, v. 207

2022

Abstract: The circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment has been confirmed numerous times, whilst research on the bioaccumulation in bivalve molluscan shellfish (BMS) has been rather scarce. The present study aimed to fulfil the knowledge gap on SARS-CoV-2 ... ...

Abstract	The circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment has been confirmed numerous times, whilst research on the bioaccumulation in bivalve molluscan shellfish (BMS) has been rather scarce. The present study aimed to fulfil the knowledge gap on SARS-CoV-2 circulation in wastewaters and surface waters in this region and to extend the current knowledge on potential presence of SARS-CoV-2 contamination in BMS. The study included 13 archive wastewater and surface water samples from the start of epidemic and 17 influents and effluents from nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of different capacity and treatment stage, sampled during the second epidemic wave. From that period are the most of 77 collected BMS samples, represented by mussels, oysters and warty venus clams harvested along the Dalmatian coast. All samples were processed according to EN ISO 15216-1 2017 using Mengovirus as a whole process control. SARS-CoV-2 detection was performed by real-time and conventional RT-PCR assays targeting E, N and nsp14 protein genes complemented with nsp14 partial sequencing. Rotavirus A (RVA) real-time RT-PCR assay was implemented as an additional evaluation criterion of virus concentration techniques. The results revealed the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in nine influents and two secondary treatment effluents from eight WWTPs, while all samples from the start of epidemic (wastewaters, surface waters) were negative which was influenced by sampling strategy. All tertiary effluents and BMS were SARS-CoV-2 negative. The results of RVA amplification were beneficial in evaluating virus concentration techniques and provided insights into RVA dynamics within the environment and community. In conclusion, the results of the present study confirm SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Croatian wastewaters during the second epidemic wave while extending the knowledge on wastewater treatment potential in SARS-CoV-2 removal. Our findings represent a significant contribution to the current state of knowledge that considers BMS of a very low food safety risk regarding SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords	Bivalvia ; Cardiovirus A ; Dalmatian ; Rotavirus A ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; bioaccumulation ; coasts ; food safety ; process control ; research ; risk ; shellfish ; surface water ; viruses ; wastewater ; wastewater treatment
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0501
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2021.112638
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Article: Circulation of SARS-CoV-Related Coronaviruses and Alphacoronaviruses in Bats from Croatia.

Brnić, Dragan / Lojkić, Ivana / Krešić, Nina / Zrnčić, Vida / Ružanović, Lea / Mikuletič, Tina / Bosilj, Martin / Steyer, Andrej / Keros, Tomislav / Habrun, Boris / Jemeršić, Lorena

Microorganisms

2023 Volume 11, Issue 4

Abstract: Bats are natural hosts of various coronaviruses (CoVs), including human CoVs, via an assumed direct zoonotic spillover or intermediate animal host. The present study aimed to investigate the circulation of CoVs in a bat colony in the Mediterranean region ...

Abstract	Bats are natural hosts of various coronaviruses (CoVs), including human CoVs, via an assumed direct zoonotic spillover or intermediate animal host. The present study aimed to investigate the circulation of CoVs in a bat colony in the Mediterranean region of Croatia. Guano and individual droppings from four bat species were sampled and tested with the E-gene sarbecovirus RT-qPCR, the pan-CoV semi-nested RT-PCR targeting the RdRp gene and NGS. Furthermore, bat blood samples were investigated for the presence of sarbecovirus-specific antibodies with the surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). The initial testing showed E-gene Sarebeco RT-qPCR reactivity in 26% of guano samples while the bat droppings tested negative. The application of RdRp semi-nested RT-PCR and NGS revealed the circulation of bat alpha- and betaCoVs. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the clustering of betaCoV sequence with SARS-CoV-related bat sarbecoviruses and alpha-CoV sequences with representatives of the
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2720891-6
ISSN	2076-2607
ISSN	2076-2607
DOI	10.3390/microorganisms11040959
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Article: The silent spread of Porcine Bocavirus in Croatian pigs: should we be concerned?

Keros, Tomislav / Jemeršić, Lorena / Toplak, Ivan / Prpić, Jelena

Acta veterinaria Hungarica

2017 Volume 65, Issue 4, Page(s) 565–573

Abstract: A survey was conducted to evaluate the presence and prevalence of Porcine Bocavirus (PBoV) in Croatian domestic pigs by means of PCR targeting the NS1 gene fragment of PBoV. This study included testing of faecal samples collected from 10 small commercial ...

Abstract	A survey was conducted to evaluate the presence and prevalence of Porcine Bocavirus (PBoV) in Croatian domestic pigs by means of PCR targeting the NS1 gene fragment of PBoV. This study included testing of faecal samples collected from 10 small commercial farms and 11 small backyard holdings in Croatia. The presence of PBoV was confirmed by PCR in 24 out of 57 composite faecal samples from small commercial farms and in 12 out of 43 composite faecal samples from small backyard holdings. The PCR products of 18 positive samples were sequenced for genotyping. PBoV sequences grouped into the PBoV-a, PBoV-b and PBoV-c groups with 90.81% to 99.25% nucleotide identity. All Croatian PBoV sequences showed a high nucleotide and amino acid identity with PBoV sequences from China and Hong Kong, the United States, Sweden, and Slovenia. These results clearly show that PBoV is circulating among the domestic pig population in Croatia.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bocavirus/isolation & purification ; Croatia ; Parvoviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Parvoviridae Infections/veterinary ; Parvoviridae Infections/virology ; Phylogeny ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology ; Swine Diseases/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2017
Publishing country	Hungary
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605742-1
ISSN	1588-2705 ; 0236-6290 ; 0365-8198
ISSN (online)	1588-2705
ISSN	0236-6290 ; 0365-8198
DOI	10.1556/004.2017.055
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Article: The silent spread of Porcine Bocavirus in Croatian pigs: should we be concerned?

Keros, Tomislav / Jemeršić, Lorena / Toplak, Ivan / Prpić, Jelena

Acta veterinaria Hungarica. 2017 Dec., v. 65, no. 4

2017

Abstract	A survey was conducted to evaluate the presence and prevalence of Porcine Bocavirus (PBoV) in Croatian domestic pigs by means of PCR targeting the NS1 gene fragment of PBoV. This study included testing of faecal samples collected from 10 small commercial farms and 11 small backyard holdings in Croatia. The presence of PBoV was confirmed by PCR in 24 out of 57 composite faecal samples from small commercial farms and in 12 out of 43 composite faecal samples from small backyard holdings. The PCR products of 18 positive samples were sequenced for genotyping. PBoV sequences grouped into the PBoV-a, PBoV-b and PBoV-c groups with 90.81% to 99.25% nucleotide identity. All Croatian PBoV sequences showed a high nucleotide and amino acid identity with PBoV sequences from China and Hong Kong, the United States, Sweden, and Slovenia. These results clearly show that PBoV is circulating among the domestic pig population in Croatia.
Keywords	Bocavirus ; amino acids ; commercial farms ; feces ; genes ; genotyping ; polymerase chain reaction ; surveys ; swine ; China ; Croatia ; Slovenia ; Sweden ; United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-12
Size	p. 565-573.
Publishing place	Akadémiai Kiadó
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	605742-1
ISSN	1588-2705 ; 0365-8198 ; 0236-6290
ISSN (online)	1588-2705
ISSN	0365-8198 ; 0236-6290
DOI	10.1556/004.2017.055
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Genetic diversity of hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains derived from humans, swine and wild boars in Croatia from 2010 to 2017.

Jemeršić, Lorena / Prpić, Jelena / Brnić, Dragan / Keros, Tomislav / Pandak, Nenad / Đaković Rode, Oktavija

BMC infectious diseases

2019 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 269

Abstract: Background: To fulfill epidemiological data and investigate possible interspecies transmission, this study shall attempt to sequence representative HEV strains of human, swine and wild boar origin collected from 2010 to 2017 in Croatia.: Methods: In ... ...

Abstract	Background: To fulfill epidemiological data and investigate possible interspecies transmission, this study shall attempt to sequence representative HEV strains of human, swine and wild boar origin collected from 2010 to 2017 in Croatia. Methods: In total, 174 anti-HEV antibody positive human sera samples; 1419 blood or faeces samples of swine, as well as 720 tissue and/or blood samples of wild boar originating from different counties (18 in total) in Croatia were tested for the presence of HEV RNA. Results: HEV RNA was detected in 26 human sera samples (14.9%; 95% CI 10.4-21.0%). HEV RNA was detected in 216 tested swine (15.2%; 95% CI 13.5-17.1%), regardless of age, farm breeding system or geographical origin. Viral RNA was also detectable in faeces samples which prove that swine actively participate in shedding HEV into the environment. Of the total of 720 tested wild boar samples, 83 were HEV RNA positive (11.5, 95% CI 9.4-14.1%) originating from six counties. According to the sequence analysis all strains have shown to be members of Orthohepevirus A genotype HEV-3, regardless of host. The genotyping results confirm grouping of sequences into four subtypes of HEV strains of which subtypes 3a and 3c belong to the general cluster 3abchij, and were predominately detected during the study, while subtypes 3e and 3f fall within cluster 3efg. Strains within subtypes 3a and 3e were found in humans, swine and wild boars; subtype 3c strains were derived from humans and swine, whereas subtype 3f strains were found only in humans. Strains belonging to subtypes 3a and 3c were derived during the entire investigated period and may be considered endemic in Croatia, whereas strains within subtypes 3e and 3f were detected sporadically indicating the possibility of newly imported infections. Conclusions: All detected strains show to be genetically highly related to strains found in humans and/or animals from other European Countries, indicating that trade of live animals or wild boar movement increases the risk of HEV infection spread. Furthermore, homologous strains found in different investigated species within this study indicate interspecies transmission of HEV and/or an existence of an accessible mutual source of infection.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Croatia ; Feces/virology ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Hepatitis E/epidemiology ; Hepatitis E/veterinary ; Hepatitis E/virology ; Hepatitis E virus/genetics ; Humans ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; RNA, Viral/blood ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Sus scrofa/virology ; Swine/virology ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology ; Swine Diseases/virology
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1471-2334
ISSN (online)	1471-2334
DOI	10.1186/s12879-019-3906-6
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Article: Investigating the Presence of SARS CoV-2 in Free-Living and Captive Animals

Jemeršić, Lorena / Lojkić, Ivana / Krešić, Nina / Keros, Tomislav / Zelenika, Tajana Amšel / Jurinović, Luka / Skok, Damir / Bata, Ingeborg / Boras, Jadranko / Habrun, Boris / Brnić, Dragan

Pathogens. 2021 May 21, v. 10, no. 6

2021

Abstract: Due to SARS CoV-2 recombination rates, number of infected people and recent reports of environmental contamination, the possibility of SARS CoV-2 transmission to animals can be expected. We tested samples of dominant free-living and captive wildlife ... ...

Abstract	Due to SARS CoV-2 recombination rates, number of infected people and recent reports of environmental contamination, the possibility of SARS CoV-2 transmission to animals can be expected. We tested samples of dominant free-living and captive wildlife species in Croatia for the presence of anti-SARS CoV-2 antibodies and viral RNA. In total, from June 2020 until February 2021, we tested blood, muscle extract and fecal samples of 422 free-living wild boars (Sus scrofa), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and jackals (Canis aureus); blood and cloacal swabs of 111 yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) and fecal samples of 32 zoo animals. A commercially available ELISA (ID.Vet, France) and as a confirmatory test, a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT; GenScript, Netherlands) were used. Fecal samples were tested for the presence of viral RNA by a real-time RT–PCR protocol. Fifteen out of 533 (2.8%) positive ELISA results were detected; in wild boars (3.9%), red foxes (2.9%) and jackals (4.6%). However, the positive findings were not confirmed by sVNT. No viral RNA was found. In conclusion, no spillover occurred within the investigated period (second COVID-19 wave). However, further investigation is needed, especially regarding wildlife sample features for serological tests.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Canis aureus ; Larus michahellis ; RNA ; Sus scrofa ; Vulpes vulpes ; blood ; captive animals ; cloaca ; muscles ; neutralization tests ; pollution ; wildlife ; zoos ; Croatia ; France ; Netherlands
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0521
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2695572-6
ISSN	2076-0817
ISSN	2076-0817
DOI	10.3390/pathogens10060635
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Croatian wastewaters and the absence of SARS-CoV-2 in bivalve molluscan shellfish.

Environmental research

2022 Volume 207, Page(s) 112638

Abstract	The circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment has been confirmed numerous times, whilst research on the bioaccumulation in bivalve molluscan shellfish (BMS) has been rather scarce. The present study aimed to fulfil the knowledge gap on SARS-CoV-2 circulation in wastewaters and surface waters in this region and to extend the current knowledge on potential presence of SARS-CoV-2 contamination in BMS. The study included 13 archive wastewater and surface water samples from the start of epidemic and 17 influents and effluents from nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of different capacity and treatment stage, sampled during the second epidemic wave. From that period are the most of 77 collected BMS samples, represented by mussels, oysters and warty venus clams harvested along the Dalmatian coast. All samples were processed according to EN ISO 15216-1 2017 using Mengovirus as a whole process control. SARS-CoV-2 detection was performed by real-time and conventional RT-PCR assays targeting E, N and nsp14 protein genes complemented with nsp14 partial sequencing. Rotavirus A (RVA) real-time RT-PCR assay was implemented as an additional evaluation criterion of virus concentration techniques. The results revealed the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in nine influents and two secondary treatment effluents from eight WWTPs, while all samples from the start of epidemic (wastewaters, surface waters) were negative which was influenced by sampling strategy. All tertiary effluents and BMS were SARS-CoV-2 negative. The results of RVA amplification were beneficial in evaluating virus concentration techniques and provided insights into RVA dynamics within the environment and community. In conclusion, the results of the present study confirm SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Croatian wastewaters during the second epidemic wave while extending the knowledge on wastewater treatment potential in SARS-CoV-2 removal. Our findings represent a significant contribution to the current state of knowledge that considers BMS of a very low food safety risk regarding SARS-CoV-2.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bivalvia ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Shellfish ; Waste Water
Chemical Substances	Waste Water
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-03
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2021.112638
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Article: The wild boar attack--a case report of a wild boar inflicted injury and treatment.

Sprem, Nikica / Skavić, Petar / Dezdek, Danko / Keros, Tomislav

Collegium antropologicum

2014 Volume 38, Issue 4, Page(s) 1211–1212

Abstract: Croatia is a relatively safe country in regards to wild animal attacks and trauma to humans, even though there are a few reported cases of wild animal attacks on humans almost every year. As a biodiversity hot-spot it is inhabited by a few wild animal ... ...

Abstract	Croatia is a relatively safe country in regards to wild animal attacks and trauma to humans, even though there are a few reported cases of wild animal attacks on humans almost every year. As a biodiversity hot-spot it is inhabited by a few wild animal species that are known to attack humans and cause serious, sometimes even fatal injuriCs to humans throughout the world, such as wolves, brown bears and wild boars. We present a case of a recent wild boar attack on a human--a hunter that occurred in central Croatia in the year 2012. The injured person was a part of a group of hunters involved in a drive hunt on wild boars. He sustained a 4 cm long laceration of the left knee by a wounded male wild boar. After the surgical and antibiotic treatment he recovered completely and without any complications.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Bites and Stings/therapy ; Croatia ; Humans ; Male ; Sus scrofa
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-12
Publishing country	Croatia
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	233430-6
ISSN	0350-6134 ; 0353-3735
ISSN	0350-6134 ; 0353-3735
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