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Article ; Online: Global ecological civilization

Qingge Geng / Kevin Lo

Research in Globalization, Vol 7, Iss , Pp 100141- (2023)

An analysis of macro-level policies of the Belt and Road Initiative

2023

Abstract: The critical study of China’s influence on global sustainability is imperative, given its emergence as a global power. This paper examines China’s leading environmental discourse—ecological civilization—in the global context. Although ecological ... ...

Abstract	The critical study of China’s influence on global sustainability is imperative, given its emergence as a global power. This paper examines China’s leading environmental discourse—ecological civilization—in the global context. Although ecological civilization has become a key envisioning concept in China’s domestic environmental politics and governance, the meanings of the term on the international stage have not been fully explored. This study empirically examine how ecological civilization is integrated into the Belt and Road Initiative—China’s most significant international policy under Xi. We conducted a thematic content analysis of macro-level guiding policies that cover the core content of the Belt and Road Initiative and underpin the formulation of other sectoral-specific policies. The evidence suggests that the objectives and schemes of the Belt and Road Initiative represent a distinct interpretation of ecological civilization in comparison to its domestic version, with a heavy emphasis on developmentalism, free trade, and voluntary environmentalism but remain ambiguous about ideas such as eco-socialism, state control, and human-nature harmony. A shared aspect between domestic and international discourses is the emphasis on the use of technologies as a means of addressing environmental challenges, which suggests that the Belt and Road Initiative inspires to promote Chinese eco-technologies and industries overseas.
Keywords	Global ecological civilization ; Environmental governance ; Environmental politics ; Belt and Road Initiative ; China ; Cities. Urban geography ; GF125 ; Urbanization. City and country ; HT361-384
Subject code	950
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A comparative review of urban climate governance in Chinese and Western contexts

Minsi Liu / Kevin Lo

Urban Governance, Vol 1, Iss 2, Pp 81-

2021 Volume 88

Abstract: Cities are at the forefront of the global challenges of climate change. Compared to other urban problems, the complexity and uncertainty of climate change presents new governance challenges. Consequently, new modes of urban governance have emerged to ... ...

Abstract	Cities are at the forefront of the global challenges of climate change. Compared to other urban problems, the complexity and uncertainty of climate change presents new governance challenges. Consequently, new modes of urban governance have emerged to address climate change, including multilevel governance (the cooperation of governmental actors positioned at different jurisdictions and governance levels); network governance (the collaboration between public and private actors in steering collective action); and experimental governance (the trial-and-error-based interventions to generate new climate solutions). This review paper compares urban climate governance in China and the West through the three analytical perspectives. The findings show that the actors involved in urban climate governance have become more diverse in China and globally, driven by new governance mechanisms that encourage the active involvement of a broad range of state and non-state actors. However, Chinese urban climate governance does exhibit distinctive characteristics under the country's unique political-economic contexts. Therefore, care must be exercised in obtaining a nuanced and contextualized understanding of urban climate governance in China. This paper concludes by offering several suggestions for future research in Chinese urban climate governance.
Keywords	Urban climate governance ; Multilevel governance ; Network governance ; Experimental governance ; Comparative review ; Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology ; HT101-395 ; Cities. Urban geography ; GF125
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Back to the Countryside

Weiming Tong / Kevin Lo

Agriculture, Vol 11, Iss 788, p

Rural Development and the Spatial Patterns of Population Migration in Zhejiang, China

2021 Volume 788

Abstract: This study examines how rural development in China shapes new trends in population migration. Using first-hand, village-level data from Zhejiang—an economically developed province in China—we investigated the patterns and influencing factors of ... ...

Abstract	This study examines how rural development in China shapes new trends in population migration. Using first-hand, village-level data from Zhejiang—an economically developed province in China—we investigated the patterns and influencing factors of population migration between rural and urban areas. We conceptualized three types of migration in rural areas: rural out-migration, rural in-migration, and rural return-migration. First-hand data were collected from 347 villages. The results show that although rural out-migration remains the dominant form of migration, rural in-migration and return-migration are also common, and the latter two are positively correlated. Further, we found evidence to support the conclusion that rural economic, social, and spatial development encourages rural in-migration and return-migration but does not have a significant impact on rural out-migration. Therefore, it is foreseeable that rural in-migration and return-migration will become increasingly common in China.
Keywords	rural development ; population migration ; rural studies ; China ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Non-timber forest products as livelihood restoration in forest conservation

Liyuan Zhu / Kevin Lo

Trees, Forests and People, Vol 6, Iss , Pp 100130- (2021)

A restorative justice approach

2021

Abstract: The restoration of the livelihood of forest-based communities is an important element of forest conservation. In this study, we developed a framework of restorative justice to critically evaluate the fairness and equity of the management of non-timber ... ...

Abstract	The restoration of the livelihood of forest-based communities is an important element of forest conservation. In this study, we developed a framework of restorative justice to critically evaluate the fairness and equity of the management of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), which is often considered an important means of livelihood restoration in forest conservation. The framework, consisting of three tenets—recognitional, procedural, and distributive justice—was applied to an ethnographic study conducted in the Greater Khingan Range—a key site of forest conservation in China. The findings reveal that attempts to commercialize and use NTFPs have failed to achieve restorative justice. From the perspective of recognition justice, which concerns the different viewpoints being considered in decision-making, there is an imbalance in representation—higher-level government's preferences for certain action result in the creation of political projects, even though they are not likely to succeed, whereas local, bottom-up NTFP projects are ignored and under-supported by the government. From the procedural perspective, the lack of engagement of experts and participation of public undermines the quality of NTFP projects and the implementation of NTFP management policies. From the distribution perspective, the opportunities to gain benefits from NTFP projects are not equally distributed between state-owned forestry enterprise (SOFE) workers and non-workers. These findings show that it is important to incorporate fairness and equity issues considerations in the design and evaluation of NTFP projects, and our restorative justice framework provides an analytical basis to do so.
Keywords	Non-timber forest products ; Restorative justice ; Forest conservation ; Livelihood restoration ; China ; Forestry ; SD1-669.5 ; Plant ecology ; QK900-989
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Energy-Related Carbon Emissions of China’s Model Environmental Cities

Kevin Lo

Geography Journal, Vol

2014 Volume 2014

Abstract: This paper identifies three types of model environmental cities in China and examines their levels of energy-related carbon emissions using a bottom-up accounting system. Model environmental cities are identified as those that have been recently awarded ... ...

Abstract	This paper identifies three types of model environmental cities in China and examines their levels of energy-related carbon emissions using a bottom-up accounting system. Model environmental cities are identified as those that have been recently awarded official recognition from the central government for their efforts in environmental protection. The findings show that, on average, the Low-Carbon Cities have lower annual carbon emissions, carbon intensities, and per capita emissions than the Eco-Garden Cities and the Environmental Protection Cities. Compared internationally, the Eco-Garden Cities and the Environmental Protection Cities have per capita emissions that are similar to those of American cities whereas per capita emissions from the Low-Carbon Cities are similar to those of European cities. The result indicates that addressing climate change is not a priority for some model environmental cities. Policy changes are needed to prioritize climate mitigation in these cities, considering that climate change is a cross-cutting environmental issue with wide-ranging impact.
Keywords	Geography (General) ; G1-922
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: What Matters for Regional Economic Resilience Amid Multi Shock Situations

Liangang Li / Shuoya Liu / Chen Li / Pingyu Zhang / Kevin Lo

Sustainability, Vol 14, Iss 5701, p

Structural or Agency? Evidence from Resource-Based Cities in China

2022 Volume 5701

Abstract: This paper contributes to the study of regional economic resilience by analyzing the characteristics and mechanisms of resilience under different shock situations. The paper focuses on the resistance dimension of resilience and analyzes the mechanisms of ...

Abstract	This paper contributes to the study of regional economic resilience by analyzing the characteristics and mechanisms of resilience under different shock situations. The paper focuses on the resistance dimension of resilience and analyzes the mechanisms of influence from structural and agency-based factors. Our findings reflect that the regional economic resilience characteristics of resource-based cities in China in response to the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic vary significantly. We find that the economic resilience has positive spatial autocorrelation characteristics. The regions with strong ability to deal with the shocks can promote resistance in the surrounding regions through their spatial spillover effect. Both structural and agency-based factors play significant roles in regional economic resilience under different shock situations, but the direction of the effect varies significantly. The agency-based factors have a more important role in regional economic resilience. The findings suggest that the nature of different shock situations deserves greater attention in the analysis of regional economic resilience. The mechanisms of structural and agency-based factors may change under different shock situations, and the spatial correlation characteristics of regional economic resilience and the spatial spillover effects should be taken into consideration.
Keywords	regional economic resilience ; multi shock ; structural factors ; agency-based factors ; resource-based cities ; China ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	339
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Land Consolidation in Rural China

Weiming Tong / Kevin Lo / Pingyu Zhang

Land, Vol 9, Iss 118, p

Life Satisfaction among Resettlers and Its Determinants

2020 Volume 118

Abstract: The Chinese government has pursued rural land consolidation under the Building New Rural Communities (BNRC) initiative. The consolidation projects aim to address the hollowing village problem, improve the living standards of rural dwellers, and promote ... ...

Abstract	The Chinese government has pursued rural land consolidation under the Building New Rural Communities (BNRC) initiative. The consolidation projects aim to address the hollowing village problem, improve the living standards of rural dwellers, and promote urban-rural integration. Rural villages with small populations and poor infrastructure are merged into a centralized rural community, and their inhabitants are resettled. The newly vacated buildings are then converted to agriculture land, which allows cities to expand under the “no net loss” land-use policy. Despite the significance of the initiative, both in terms of the scale of operation and the impacts on the affected households, there are few empirical studies that scrutinize this form of rural restructuring. Drawing on data collected via surveys and interviews, this paper examines the processes of land consolidation and its impacts on villagers. From a development-as-modernization perspective, we outline three main processes of land consolidation: village mergers and resettlement, land circulation to rural cooperatives, and rural industrial development. Overall, the effects of land consolidation on the livelihood of resettled villagers are positive. This system generally improves housing and living conditions through increased levels of off-farm employment and income, but there are a number of barriers that may hinder a villager’s ability to find different employment. Housing and neighborhood characteristics have significant effects on the life satisfaction of villagers.
Keywords	rural restructuring ; land consolidation ; resettlement ; life satisfaction ; China ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Vegetation responses to climate change in the Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve, Northwest China

Xiang Gao / Xingxing Huang / Kevin Lo / Qianwen Dang / Ruiyang Wen

Global Ecology and Conservation, Vol 28, Iss , Pp e01698- (2021)

2021

Abstract: Understanding the dynamics of vegetation responses to climate change can provide important information for environmental management. The Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve in Northwest China, a high-altitude mountainous region that is of critical ecological ... ...

Abstract	Understanding the dynamics of vegetation responses to climate change can provide important information for environmental management. The Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve in Northwest China, a high-altitude mountainous region that is of critical ecological importance, has been affected by drastic climate change. However, the response of vegetation to climate change in this area has not been established. This study aims to address three unanswered questions. First, what is the relative importance of temperature and precipitation change in driving regional vegetation change? Second, how does this vegetation–climate relationship manifest itself across different timescales (e.g., seasonal)? Third, what is the spatial heterogeneity of the vegetation–climate relationship? Based on MODIS data and daily meteorological data from 41 stations within and adjacent to the reserve, we used Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), Theil-Sen median trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall nonparametric test, and Pearson correlation analysis to study the evolution of temperature, precipitation, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The key results are as follows: (1) during 1985–2019, the temperature in the reserve has increased by an average of 0.048 ℃/a, with the largest average annual increases occurring in spring (0.069 ℃) and summer (0.056 ℃); (2) during the same period, precipitation in the reserve increased by an average of 1.17 mm/a, with the largest annual increases occurring in autumn (0.669 mm) and summer (0.545 mm); (3) during 2001–2019, the NDVI increased by an average of 0.004/a; an average annual increase was experienced in all seasons, although the largest increase occurred in summer; (4) there is a statistically significant positive correlation (0.619) between the NDVI and temperature at the annual scale; (5) in contrast, the correlation between the NDVI and precipitation is weaker and not statistically significant (0.368), which indicates that temperature is the dominant factor affecting vegetation changes in the reserve; (6) there exist seasonal differences in the vegetation–climate relationship. The positive correlation between NDVI and temperature is strongest in spring whereas the positive correlation between NDVI and precipitation is strongest in summer; (7) the vegetation–climate relations demonstrate a degree of spatial heterogeneity driven by variability in climate factors and ecosystems. The value of this research is that it analyzes the response characteristics of vegetation to climate change using multiple methods and at multiple scales, providing a useful reference for understanding vegetation changes and their response to climate change in high-altitude mountain regions.
Keywords	Climate change ; Vegetation response ; NDVI ; Temperature and precipitation ; Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve ; High-altitude mountain regions ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	910 ; 333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Estimating Housing Vacancy Rates in Rural China Using Power Consumption Data

Jing Li / Meng Guo / Kevin Lo

Sustainability, Vol 11, Iss 20, p

2019 Volume 5722

Abstract: Village hollowing is a growing policy problem globally, but accurately estimating housing vacancy rates is difficult and costly. In this study, we piloted the use of power consumption data to estimate the vacancy rate of rural housing. To illustrate the ... ...

Abstract	Village hollowing is a growing policy problem globally, but accurately estimating housing vacancy rates is difficult and costly. In this study, we piloted the use of power consumption data to estimate the vacancy rate of rural housing. To illustrate the method used, we took power consumption data in 2014 and 2017 in an area of rural China to analyze the change in housing vacancies. Results indicated that the rural vacancy rates were 5.27% and 8.69%, respectively, while underutilization rates were around 10% in 2014 and 2017. Second, there was significant spatial clustering of vacant rural housing, and the hotspots were mainly distributed in western mountainous areas, whereas villages near urban areas had lower vacancy rates. Third, rural vacancies increased from 2014 to 2017. Compared with other methods, our method proved to be accurate, very cost-effective and scalable, and it can offer timely spatial and temporal information that can be used by policymakers to identify areas with significant village hollowing issues. However, there are challenges in setting the right thresholds that take into consideration regional differences. Therefore, there is also a need for more studies in different regions in order to scale up this method to the national level.
Keywords	village hollowing ; power consumption data ; rural housing vacancy ; china ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	690
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: An Evaluation of Coupling Coordination between Rural Development and Water Environment in Northwestern China

Xiang Gao / Ke Wang / Kevin Lo / Ruiyang Wen / Xiaoting Mi / Kuanmei Liu / Xingxing Huang

Land, Vol 10, Iss 405, p

2021 Volume 405

Abstract: Balancing the relationship between rural development and the protection of water resources is a challenging undertaking. This study develops a coupling coordination degree (CCD) model to examine the non-linear interaction between rural development and ... ...

Abstract	Balancing the relationship between rural development and the protection of water resources is a challenging undertaking. This study develops a coupling coordination degree (CCD) model to examine the non-linear interaction between rural development and water environment in the 11 prefectures of Gansu, northwestern China. There are three key findings. First, economic development is the key driver of rural development, whereas social development has relatively little impact. For the water environment subsystem, improved water efficiency has been the key contributor, whereas environmental carrying capacity is secondary. Second, the CCD increased steadily in the studied period, which suggests that the relationship between rural development and water environment has gradually changed from antagonistic to mutually beneficial. However, this change is not occurring rapidly and in fact shows signs of slowing. Third, the complex spatial differences of the CCD are related to the level of economic and social development, the process of urban–rural integration, and regional natural conditions. The findings of this study have great significance for further quantitative analysis of the interaction and mutual feedback mechanism between the rural economy and the water environment in China and support evidence-based policymaking.
Keywords	rural development ; water environment ; coupling coordination degree ; spatiotemporal characteristics ; China ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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