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  1. Article: Major and persistent shifts in below‐ground carbon dynamics and soil respiration following logging in tropical forests

    Riutta, Terhi / Kho, Lip Khoon / Teh, Yit Arn / Ewers, Robert / Majalap, Noreen / Malhi, Yadvinder

    Global change biology. 2021 May, v. 27, no. 10

    2021  

    Abstract: Soil respiration is the largest carbon efflux from the terrestrial ecosystem to the atmosphere, and selective logging influences soil respiration via changes in abiotic (temperature, moisture) and biotic (biomass, productivity, quantity and quality of ... ...

    Abstract Soil respiration is the largest carbon efflux from the terrestrial ecosystem to the atmosphere, and selective logging influences soil respiration via changes in abiotic (temperature, moisture) and biotic (biomass, productivity, quantity and quality of necromass inputs) drivers. Logged forests are a predominant feature of the tropical forest landscape, their area exceeding that of intact forest. We quantified both total and component (root, mycorrhiza, litter, and soil organic matter, SOM) soil respiration in logged (n = 5) and old‐growth (n = 6) forest plots in Malaysian Borneo, a region which is a global hotspot for emission from forest degradation. We constructed a detailed below‐ground carbon budget including organic carbon inputs into the system via litterfall and root turnover. Total soil respiration was significantly higher in logged forests than in old‐growth forests (14.3 ± 0.23 and 12.7 ± 0.60 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, p = 0.037). This was mainly due to the higher SOM respiration in logged forests (55 ± 3.1% of the total respiration in logged forests vs. 50 ± 3.0% in old‐growth forests). In old‐growth forests, annual SOM respiration was equal to the organic carbon inputs into the soil (difference between SOM respiration and inputs 0.18 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, with 90% confidence intervals of −0.41 and 0.74 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), indicating that the system is in equilibrium, while in logged forests SOM respiration exceeded the inputs by 4.2 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (90% CI of 3.6 and 4.9 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), indicating that the soil is losing carbon. These results contribute towards understanding the impact of logging on below‐ground carbon dynamics, which is one of the key uncertainties in estimating emissions from forest degradation. This study demonstrates how significant perturbation of the below‐ground carbon balance, and consequent net soil carbon emissions, can persist for decades after a logging event in tropical forests.
    Keywords Biological Sciences ; Borneo ; biomass ; global carbon budget ; global change ; landscapes ; mycorrhizae ; necromass ; organic carbon ; plant litter ; soil carbon ; soil organic matter ; soil respiration ; temperature ; terrestrial ecosystems ; tropical forests
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-05
    Size p. 2225-2240.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 1281439-8
    ISSN 1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
    ISSN (online) 1365-2486
    ISSN 1354-1013
    DOI 10.1111/gcb.15522
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  2. Article ; Online: Major and persistent shifts in below-ground carbon dynamics and soil respiration following logging in tropical forests.

    Riutta, Terhi / Kho, Lip Khoon / Teh, Yit Arn / Ewers, Robert / Majalap, Noreen / Malhi, Yadvinder

    Global change biology

    2021  Volume 27, Issue 10, Page(s) 2225–2240

    Abstract: Soil respiration is the largest carbon efflux from the terrestrial ecosystem to the atmosphere, and selective logging influences soil respiration via changes in abiotic (temperature, moisture) and biotic (biomass, productivity, quantity and quality of ... ...

    Abstract Soil respiration is the largest carbon efflux from the terrestrial ecosystem to the atmosphere, and selective logging influences soil respiration via changes in abiotic (temperature, moisture) and biotic (biomass, productivity, quantity and quality of necromass inputs) drivers. Logged forests are a predominant feature of the tropical forest landscape, their area exceeding that of intact forest. We quantified both total and component (root, mycorrhiza, litter, and soil organic matter, SOM) soil respiration in logged (n = 5) and old-growth (n = 6) forest plots in Malaysian Borneo, a region which is a global hotspot for emission from forest degradation. We constructed a detailed below-ground carbon budget including organic carbon inputs into the system via litterfall and root turnover. Total soil respiration was significantly higher in logged forests than in old-growth forests (14.3 ± 0.23 and 12.7 ± 0.60 Mg C ha
    MeSH term(s) Borneo ; Carbon ; Ecosystem ; Respiration ; Soil ; Trees
    Chemical Substances Soil ; Carbon (7440-44-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1281439-8
    ISSN 1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
    ISSN (online) 1365-2486
    ISSN 1354-1013
    DOI 10.1111/gcb.15522
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  3. Article ; Online: Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation on tropical peatland in South East Asia: Photosynthetic response to soil drainage level for mitigation of soil carbon emissions.

    McCalmont, Jon / Kho, Lip Khoon / Teh, Yit Arn / Chocholek, Melanie / Rumpang, Elisa / Rowland, Lucy / Basri, Mohd Hadi Akbar / Hill, Tim

    The Science of the total environment

    2022  Volume 858, Issue Pt 1, Page(s) 159356

    Abstract: While existing moratoria in Indonesia and Malaysia should preclude continued large-scale expansion of palm oil production into new areas of South-East Asian tropical peatland, existing plantations in the region remain a globally significant source of ... ...

    Abstract While existing moratoria in Indonesia and Malaysia should preclude continued large-scale expansion of palm oil production into new areas of South-East Asian tropical peatland, existing plantations in the region remain a globally significant source of atmospheric carbon due to drainage driven decomposition of peatland soils. Previous studies have made clear the direct link between drainage depth and peat carbon decomposition and significant reductions in the emission rate of CO
    MeSH term(s) Soil ; Carbon/analysis ; Agriculture/methods ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Arecaceae ; Photosynthesis ; Far East
    Chemical Substances Soil ; Carbon (7440-44-0) ; Carbon Dioxide (142M471B3J)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-19
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159356
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  4. Article: Short‐ and long‐term carbon emissions from oil palm plantations converted from logged tropical peat swamp forest

    McCalmont, Jon / Kho, Lip Khoon / Teh, Yit Arn / Lewis, Kennedy / Chocholek, Melanie / Rumpang, Elisa / Hill, Timothy

    Global change biology. 2021 June, v. 27, no. 11

    2021  

    Abstract: Need for regional economic development and global demand for agro‐industrial commodities have resulted in large‐scale conversion of forested landscapes to industrial agriculture across South East Asia. However, net emissions of CO₂ from tropical peatland ...

    Abstract Need for regional economic development and global demand for agro‐industrial commodities have resulted in large‐scale conversion of forested landscapes to industrial agriculture across South East Asia. However, net emissions of CO₂ from tropical peatland conversions may be significant and remain poorly quantified, resulting in controversy around the magnitude of carbon release following conversion. Here we present long‐term, whole ecosystem monitoring of carbon exchange from two oil palm plantations on converted tropical peat swamp forest. Our sites compare a newly converted oil palm plantation (OPnew) to a mature oil palm plantation (OPmature) and combine them in the context of existing emission factors. Mean annual net emission (NEE) of CO₂ measured at OPnew during the conversion period (137.8 Mg CO₂ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) was an order of magnitude lower during the measurement period at OPmature (17.5 Mg CO₂ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). However, mean water table depth (WTD) was shallower (0.26 m) than a typical drainage target of 0.6 m suggesting our emissions may be a conservative estimate for mature plantations, mean WTD at OPnew was more typical at 0.54 m. Reductions in net emissions were primarily driven by increasing biomass accumulation into highly productive palms. Further analysis suggested annual peat carbon losses of 24.9 Mg CO₂‐C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over the first 6 years, lower than previous estimates for this early period from subsidence studies, losses reduced to 12.8 Mg CO₂‐C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the later, mature phase. Despite reductions in NEE and carbon loss over time, the system remained a large net source of carbon to the atmosphere after 12 years with the remaining 8 years of a typical plantation's rotation unlikely to recoup losses. These results emphasize the need for effective protection of tropical peatlands globally and strengthening of legislative enforcement where moratoria on peatland conversion already exist.
    Keywords Biological Sciences ; Elaeis guineensis ; biomass production ; carbon ; carbon dioxide ; drainage ; economic development ; ecosystems ; forests ; global change ; peat ; peatlands ; subsidence ; swamps ; water table ; South East Asia
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-06
    Size p. 2361-2376.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 1281439-8
    ISSN 1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
    ISSN (online) 1365-2486
    ISSN 1354-1013
    DOI 10.1111/gcb.15544
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  5. Article: Estimating Fine Root Production from Ingrowth Cores and Decomposed Roots in a Bornean Tropical Rainforest

    Katayama, Ayumi / Kho, Lip Khoon / Makita, Naoki / Kume, Tomonori / Matsumoto, Kazuho / Ohashi, Mizue

    Forests. 2019 Jan. 07, v. 10, no. 1

    2019  

    Abstract: Research highlights: Estimates of fine root production using ingrowth cores are strongly influenced by decomposed roots in the cores during the incubation period and should be accounted for when calculating fine root production (FRP). Background and ... ...

    Abstract Research highlights: Estimates of fine root production using ingrowth cores are strongly influenced by decomposed roots in the cores during the incubation period and should be accounted for when calculating fine root production (FRP). Background and Objectives: The ingrowth core method is often used to estimate fine root production; however, decomposed roots are often overlooked in estimates of FRP. Uncertainty remains on how long ingrowth cores should be installed and how FRP should be calculated in tropical forests. Here, we aimed to estimate FRP by taking decomposed fine roots into consideration. Specifically, we compared FRP estimates at different sampling intervals and using different calculation methods in a tropical rainforest in Borneo. Materials and Methods: Ingrowth cores were installed with root litter bags and collected after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. FRP was estimated based on (1) the difference in biomass at different sampling times (differential method) and (2) sampled biomass at just one sampling time (simple method). Results: Using the differential method, FRP was estimated at 447.4 ± 67.4 g m−2 year−1 after 12 months, with decomposed fine roots accounting for 25% of FRP. Using the simple method, FRP was slightly higher than that in the differential method after 12 months (516.3 ± 45.0 g m−2 year−1). FRP estimates for both calculation methods using data obtained in the first half of the year were much higher than those using data after 12-months of installation, because of the rapid increase in fine root biomass and necromass after installation. Conclusions: Therefore, FRP estimates vary with the timing of sampling, calculation method and presence of decomposed roots. Overall, the ratio of net primary production (NPP) of fine roots to total NPP in this study was higher than that previously reported in the Neotropics, indicating high belowground carbon allocation in this forest.
    Keywords Neotropics ; bags ; biomass ; carbon ; fine roots ; necromass ; net primary productivity ; tropical rain forests ; uncertainty ; Borneo
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0107
    Publishing place Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2527081-3
    ISSN 1999-4907
    ISSN 1999-4907
    DOI 10.3390/f10010036
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  6. Article: Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) derived structure-from-motion photogrammetry point clouds for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) canopy segmentation and height estimation

    Fawcett, Dominic / Anderson, Karen / Azlan, Benjamin / Bennie, Jon / Hill, Timothy C / Kho, Lip Khoon

    International journal of remote sensing. 2019 Oct. 2, v. 40, no. 19

    2019  

    Abstract: The vast size of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations has led to lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) being identified as cost effective tools to generate inventories for improved plantation management, with proximal aerial data capable of ... ...

    Abstract The vast size of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations has led to lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) being identified as cost effective tools to generate inventories for improved plantation management, with proximal aerial data capable of resolving single palm canopies at potentially, centimetric resolution. If acquired with sufficient overlap, aerial data from UAVs can be processed within structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry workflows to yield volumetric point cloud representations of the scene. Point cloud-derived structural information on individual palms can benefit not only plantation management but is also of great environmental research interest, given the potential to deliver spatially contiguous quantifications of aboveground biomass, from which carbon can be accounted. Using lightweight UAVs we captured data over plantation plots of varying ages (2, 7 and 10 years) at peat soil sites in Sarawak, Malaysia, and we explored the impact of changing spatial resolution and image overlap on spatially variable uncertainties in SfM derived point clouds for the ten year old plot. Point cloud precisions were found to be in the decimetre range (mean of 26.7 cm) for a 10 year old plantation plot surveyed at 100 m flight altitude and >75% image overlap. Derived canopy height models were used and evaluated for automated palm identification using local height maxima. Metrics such as maximum canopy height and stem height, derived from segmented single palm point clouds were tested relative to ground validation data. Local maximum identification performed best for palms which were taller than surrounding undergrowth but whose fronds did not overlap significantly (98.2% mapping accuracy for 7 year old plot of 776 palms). Stem heights could be predicted from point cloud derived metrics with root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of 0.27 m (R2 = 0.63) for 7 year old and 0.45 m (R2 = 0.69) for 10 year old palms. It was also found that an acquisition designed to yield the minimal required overlap between images (60%) performed almost as well as higher overlap acquisitions (>75%) for palm identification and basic height metrics which is promising for operational implementations seeking to maximise spatial coverage and minimise processing costs. We conclude that UAV-based SfM can provide reliable data not only for oil palm inventory generation but allows the retrieval of basic structural parameters which may enable per-palm above-ground biomass estimations.
    Keywords aboveground biomass ; altitude ; automation ; canopy ; canopy height ; carbon ; cost effectiveness ; data collection ; Elaeis guineensis ; flight ; fronds ; inventories ; models ; peat soils ; photogrammetry ; plantations ; remote sensing ; uncertainty ; unmanned aerial vehicles ; Borneo ; Malaysia
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-1002
    Size p. 7538-7560.
    Publishing place Taylor & Francis
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1497529-4
    ISSN 1366-5901 ; 0143-1161
    ISSN (online) 1366-5901
    ISSN 0143-1161
    DOI 10.1080/01431161.2019.1591651
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  7. Article ; Online: Short- and long-term carbon emissions from oil palm plantations converted from logged tropical peat swamp forest.

    McCalmont, Jon / Kho, Lip Khoon / Teh, Yit Arn / Lewis, Kennedy / Chocholek, Melanie / Rumpang, Elisa / Hill, Timothy

    Global change biology

    2021  Volume 27, Issue 11, Page(s) 2361–2376

    Abstract: Need for regional economic development and global demand for agro-industrial commodities have resulted in large-scale conversion of forested landscapes to industrial agriculture across South East Asia. However, net emissions of ... ...

    Abstract Need for regional economic development and global demand for agro-industrial commodities have resulted in large-scale conversion of forested landscapes to industrial agriculture across South East Asia. However, net emissions of CO
    MeSH term(s) Asia, Southeastern ; Carbon/analysis ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Soil ; Wetlands
    Chemical Substances Soil ; Carbon (7440-44-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1281439-8
    ISSN 1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
    ISSN (online) 1365-2486
    ISSN 1354-1013
    DOI 10.1111/gcb.15544
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Tropical forests post-logging are a persistent net carbon source to the atmosphere.

    Mills, Maria B / Malhi, Yadvinder / Ewers, Robert M / Kho, Lip Khoon / Teh, Yit Arn / Both, Sabine / Burslem, David F R P / Majalap, Noreen / Nilus, Reuben / Huaraca Huasco, Walter / Cruz, Rudi / Pillco, Milenka M / Turner, Edgar C / Reynolds, Glen / Riutta, Terhi

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2023  Volume 120, Issue 3, Page(s) e2214462120

    Abstract: Logged and structurally degraded tropical forests are fast becoming one of the most prevalent land-use types throughout the tropics and are routinely assumed to be a net carbon sink because they experience rapid rates of tree regrowth. Yet this ... ...

    Abstract Logged and structurally degraded tropical forests are fast becoming one of the most prevalent land-use types throughout the tropics and are routinely assumed to be a net carbon sink because they experience rapid rates of tree regrowth. Yet this assumption is based on forest biomass inventories that record carbon stock recovery but fail to account for the simultaneous losses of carbon from soil and necromass. Here, we used forest plots and an eddy covariance tower to quantify and partition net ecosystem CO
    MeSH term(s) Ecosystem ; Carbon ; Tropical Climate ; Biomass ; Atmosphere ; Soil
    Chemical Substances Carbon (7440-44-0) ; Soil
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2214462120
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  9. Article ; Online: An assessment of oil palm plantation aboveground biomass stocks on tropical peat using destructive and non-destructive methods.

    Lewis, Kennedy / Rumpang, Elisa / Kho, Lip Khoon / McCalmont, Jon / Teh, Yit Arn / Gallego-Sala, Angela / Hill, Timothy Charles

    Scientific reports

    2020  Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 2230

    Abstract: The recent expansion of oil palm (OP, Elaeis guineensis) plantations into tropical forest peatlands has resulted in ecosystem carbon emissions. However, estimates of net carbon flux from biomass changes require accurate estimates of the above ground ... ...

    Abstract The recent expansion of oil palm (OP, Elaeis guineensis) plantations into tropical forest peatlands has resulted in ecosystem carbon emissions. However, estimates of net carbon flux from biomass changes require accurate estimates of the above ground biomass (AGB) accumulation rate of OP on peat. We quantify the AGB stocks of an OP plantation on drained peat in Malaysia from 3 to 12 years after planting using destructive harvests supported by non-destructive surveys of a further 902 palms. Peat specific allometric equations for palm (R
    MeSH term(s) Agriculture ; Arecaceae/metabolism ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Cycle ; Ecological Parameter Monitoring/methods ; Malaysia ; Rainforest ; Soil/chemistry ; Trees
    Chemical Substances Soil ; Carbon (7440-44-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-58982-9
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  10. Article: Spatial and temporal patterns of root dynamics in a Bornean tropical rainforest monitored using the root scanner method

    Endo, Izuki / Ide, Jun’ichiro / Ikeno, Hidetoshi / Katayama, Ayumi / Kho, Lip Khoon / Kume, Tomonori / Makita, Naoki / Ohashi, Mizue

    Plant and soil. 2019 Oct., v. 443, no. 1-2

    2019  

    Abstract: AIMS: Root phenology patterns in tropical regions are poorly understood because limited data are available. Using the root scanner method, the aims of this study were to clarify 1) the temporal phenology of root production and decomposition, 2) the ... ...

    Abstract AIMS: Root phenology patterns in tropical regions are poorly understood because limited data are available. Using the root scanner method, the aims of this study were to clarify 1) the temporal phenology of root production and decomposition, 2) the spatial variability of the root phenology, and 3) the contribution of different root diameter classes to root production and decomposition. METHODS: Image acquisition was conducted monthly from April 2014 to May 2015 at five sites in a Bornean tropical rainforest. The projected area and length of root production and decomposition were derived manually from images using image-processing software and were grouped into 0.5-mm-diameter intervals. RESULTS: The spatial distribution of root production and decomposition differed among the sites. Monthly projected root length indicated that the number and timing of peak root production and decomposition differed with each site. A substantial proportion of root production and decomposition was dominated by very fine roots (<0.5 mm diameter). CONCLUSIONS: The scanner method was useful to monitor the root phenology at the root system scale though the scanner images cover only a portion of the root systems of mature trees. Different patterns of root phenology among the sites might be associated with the high diversity and the indistinct seasonality of the Bornean tropical rainforest.
    Keywords computer software ; fine roots ; image analysis ; phenology ; root systems ; scanners ; trees ; tropical rain forests ; tropics ; Borneo
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-10
    Size p. 323-335.
    Publishing place Springer International Publishing
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 208908-7
    ISSN 1573-5036 ; 0032-079X
    ISSN (online) 1573-5036
    ISSN 0032-079X
    DOI 10.1007/s11104-019-04203-w
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