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Article ; Online: A profile on the CardioMEMS HF system in the management of patients with early stages of heart failure: an update.

Vyas, Rohit / Patel, Mitra / Khouri, Samer J / Moukarbel, George V

2023 Volume 20, Issue 8, Page(s) 621–631

Abstract: Introduction: Over the past decade, there have been noteworthy advances in the evaluation and treatment of heart failure (HF). Despite an improved understanding of this chronic disease, HF is still one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in ...

Abstract	Introduction: Over the past decade, there have been noteworthy advances in the evaluation and treatment of heart failure (HF). Despite an improved understanding of this chronic disease, HF is still one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. Decompensation and rehospitalization of HF patients remain an integral problem in disease management, with significant economic implications. Remote monitoring systems have been developed to detect HF decompensation early and address it before hospitalization. The CardioMEMS HF system is a wireless pulmonary artery (PA) monitoring system that detects changes in PA pressure and transmits data to the healthcare provider. As changes in PA pressures occur early during HF decompensation, the CardioMEMS HF system allows providers to institute timely changes in HF medical therapies to alter the course of the decompensation. The use of the CardioMEMS HF system has been shown to reduce HF hospitalization and improve quality of life. Areas covered: This review will focus on the available data supporting the expanded utilization of the CardioMEMS system in patients with HF. Expert opinion: The CardioMEMS HF system is a relatively safe and cost-effective device that reduces the incidence of HF hospitalization and qualifies as intermediate-to-high value medical care.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; Quality of Life ; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory ; Pulmonary Artery ; Heart Failure/diagnosis ; Hospitalization
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2250857-0
ISSN	1745-2422 ; 1743-4440
ISSN (online)	1745-2422
ISSN	1743-4440
DOI	10.1080/17434440.2023.2228683
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Article ; Online: Novel Insights into the Pathobiology of Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Aradhyula, Vaishnavi / Vyas, Rohit / Dube, Prabhatchandra / Haller, Steven T / Gupta, Rajesh / Maddipati, Krishna Rao / Kennedy, David J / Khouri, Samer J

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

2024

Abstract: Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the most common cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH) worldwide and is strongly associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The American Heart Association recently highlighted a call to action ... ...

Abstract	Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the most common cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH) worldwide and is strongly associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The American Heart Association recently highlighted a call to action regarding the distinct lack of evidence-based treatments for PH due to poorly understood pathophysiology of PH attributable to HFpEF (PH-HFpEF). Prior studies have described cardio-physiological mechanisms to explain the development of isolated postcapillary PH (ipc-PH); however, the consequent increased pulmonary vascular (PV) resistance (PVR) may lead to the less understood and more fatal combined pre- and postcapillary PH (cpc-PH). Metabolic disease and inflammatory dysregulation have been suggested to predispose cpc-PH, yet the molecular mechanisms are unknown. Although PH-HFpEF has been studied to partly share vasoactive neurohormonal mediators with primary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), clinical trials that have targeted these pathways have been unsuccessful. The increased mortality of PH-HFpEF patients necessitates further study into viable mechanistic targets involved in disease progression. We aim to summarize the current pathophysiological and clinical understanding of PH-HFpEF, highlight the role of known molecular mechanisms in the progression of PV disease, and introduce a novel concept that lipid metabolism may be attenuating and propagating PH-HFpEF.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	603838-4
ISSN	1522-1539 ; 0363-6135
ISSN (online)	1522-1539
ISSN	0363-6135
DOI	10.1152/ajpheart.00068.2024
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Article ; Online: The Efficacy of Cardiac Myosin Inhibitors Versus Placebo in Patients With Symptomatic Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

Yassen, Mohammad / Changal, Khalid / Busken, Joshua / Royfman, Rachel / Schodowski, Eve / Venkataramany, Barat / Khouri, Samer J / Moukarbel, George V

The American journal of cardiology

2023 Volume 210, Page(s) 219–224

Abstract: We aimed to assess the overall clinical impact of cardiac myosin inhibitors in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We performed a meta-analysis of published trials assessing the effect of cardiac myosin inhibitors (mavacamten and aficamten) on resting and ...

Abstract	We aimed to assess the overall clinical impact of cardiac myosin inhibitors in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We performed a meta-analysis of published trials assessing the effect of cardiac myosin inhibitors (mavacamten and aficamten) on resting and Valsalva left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradients and functional capacity in symptomatic HCM. The co-primary outcomes were mean percent change (mean difference [MD]) from baseline in LVOT gradient at rest and Valsalva LVOT gradient and the proportion of patients achieving New York Heart Association class improvement ≥1. The secondary outcomes included the mean percent change from baseline N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, troponin I, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). A total of 4 studies (all randomized controlled trials, including 3 mavacamten-focused and 1 aficamten-focused trials) involving 463 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, the cardiac myosin inhibitor group demonstrated statistically significant differences in the baseline percent change in mean LVOT gradient at rest (MD -62.48, confidence interval [CI] -65.44 to -59.51, p <0.00001) and Valsalva LVOT gradient (MD -54.21, CI -66.05 to -42.36, p <0.00001) and the proportion of patients achieving New York Heart Association class improvement ≥1 (odds ratio 3.43, CI 1.90 to 6.20, p <0.0001). Regarding the secondary outcomes, the intervention group demonstrated statistically significant reductions in mean percent change from baseline in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (MD -69.41, CI -87.06 to -51.75, p <0.00001), troponin I (MD, -44.19, CI -50.59 to -37.78, p <0.00001), and LVEF (MD -6.31, CI -10.35, -2.27, p = 0.002). In conclusion, cardiac myosin inhibitors may confer clinical and symptomatic benefits in symptomatic HCM at the possible expense of LVEF. Further trials with large sample sizes are needed to confirm our findings.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; Stroke Volume ; Troponin I ; Ventricular Function, Left ; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/drug therapy ; Cardiac Myosins ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Chemical Substances	MYK-461 ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain (114471-18-0) ; Troponin I ; Cardiac Myosins (EC 3.6.1.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80014-4
ISSN	1879-1913 ; 0002-9149
ISSN (online)	1879-1913
ISSN	0002-9149
DOI	10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.10.059
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Article ; Online: Brain-type natriuretic peptide levels and invasive hemodynamic parameters in dialysis dependent patients.

Ariss, Robert W / Alhazmi, Luai / Nazir, Salik / Khouri, Samer J / Malhotra, Deepak / Rees, Michael / Moukarbel, George V

The American journal of the medical sciences

2022 Volume 365, Issue 3, Page(s) 258–262

Abstract: Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with increased mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The prevalence of PH within ESRD as measured by right heart catheterization (RHC) is poorly described, and the correlation of ...

Abstract	Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with increased mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The prevalence of PH within ESRD as measured by right heart catheterization (RHC) is poorly described, and the correlation of BNP to pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) is unknown. Methods: The renal transplant database at our center was used to identify adult ESRD patients from July 2013 to July 2015 who had a plasma BNP level measurement and invasive hemodynamic assessment by RHC within a 1-month period. Pulmonary hypertension was defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) ≥ 25 mmHg. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify correlations between BNP and RHC parameters. To estimate the utility of BNP in the screening of PH, a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated. Results: Eighty-eight patients were included in the study of which 43 had PH. Compared to patients without PH, BNP was significantly higher within the PH cohort (1619 ± 2602 pg/ml vs. 352 ± 491 pg/ml). A statistically significant association (r [86] = 0.60, p<0.001) between plasma BNP and mean PAP was identified. ROC curve indicated an acceptable predictive value of BNP in PH with a c-statistic of 0.800 (95% CI 0.708 - 0.892). Conclusions: In ESRD patients being considered for renal transplantation, PH is highly prevalent and BNP levels are elevated and significantly correlated with higher PAP. BNP may be a useful non-invasive marker of PH in these patients.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Biomarkers ; Brain ; Hemodynamics/physiology ; Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnosis ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/blood ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/chemistry ; Renal Dialysis
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain (114471-18-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	82078-7
ISSN	1538-2990 ; 0002-9629
ISSN (online)	1538-2990
ISSN	0002-9629
DOI	10.1016/j.amjms.2022.04.035
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Article ; Online: Paraoxonases at the Heart of Neurological Disorders.

Khalaf, Fatimah K / Connolly, Jacob / Khatib-Shahidi, Bella / Albehadili, Abdulsahib / Tassavvor, Iman / Ranabothu, Meghana / Eid, Noha / Dube, Prabhatchandra / Khouri, Samer J / Malhotra, Deepak / Haller, Steven T / Kennedy, David J

International journal of molecular sciences

2023 Volume 24, Issue 8

Abstract: Paraoxonase enzymes serve as an important physiological redox system that participates in the protection against cellular injury caused by oxidative stress. The PON enzymes family consists of three members (PON-1, PON-2, and PON-3) that share a similar ... ...

Abstract	Paraoxonase enzymes serve as an important physiological redox system that participates in the protection against cellular injury caused by oxidative stress. The PON enzymes family consists of three members (PON-1, PON-2, and PON-3) that share a similar structure and location as a cluster on human chromosome 7. These enzymes exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with well-described roles in preventing cardiovascular disease. Perturbations in PON enzyme levels and their activity have also been linked with the development and progression of many neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The current review summarizes the available evidence on the role of PONs in these diseases and their ability to modify risk factors for neurological disorders. We present the current findings on the role of PONs in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative and neurological diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aryldialkylphosphatase/genetics ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Risk Factors ; Alzheimer Disease
Chemical Substances	Aryldialkylphosphatase (EC 3.1.8.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2019364-6
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
ISSN (online)	1422-0067
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
DOI	10.3390/ijms24086881
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Article ; Online: A Novel Approach to Standard Techniques in the Assessment and Quantification of the Interventricular Systolic Relationship

Bruhl Steven R / Chahal Mangeet / Khouri Samer J

Cardiovascular Ultrasound, Vol 9, Iss 1, p

2011 Volume 42

Abstract: Abstract Background Blood flow between the right and left ventricles is subject to the continuity equation and systolic ventricular interdependence. Quantification of this relationship might aid in understanding inter-ventricular function. The purpose of ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Blood flow between the right and left ventricles is subject to the continuity equation and systolic ventricular interdependence. Quantification of this relationship might aid in understanding inter-ventricular function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and quantify ventricular interdependence by directly comparing right and left ventricular systolic function though echocardiographic surrogates of right and left ventricular systolic function such as MAPSE, TAPSE, RV TVI and LV TVI. Methods This study prospectively evaluated 51 healthy participants (mean age, 41 ± 17 years) by resting echocardiography. In addition to standard measurements, tricuspid annular plane of systolic excursion, (TAPSE), mitral annular plane of systolic excursion (MAPSE), and the peak annulus systolic velocity of the right ventricular (RVs) and left ventricular (LVs) free walls were measured by M-mode and pulsed wave Doppler tissue echocardiography and further evaluated for variance across age, gender, and body surface area. Results TAPSE (22.1 ± 2.9 mm) was over 54.5% greater than MAPSE (14.3 ± 2.6 mm) and RVs was 64.4% greater than LVs. The LV to RV systolic relationship measured by MAPSE/TAPSE and LVs/RVs ratios were 0.66 ± 0.14 and 0.76 ± 0.21 respectively. These values were not significantly affected by age, gender or body surface area (BSA). Conclusion MAPSE/TAPSE and LVs/RVs ratios appear stable across age, gender, and BSA potentially making them good surrogates of systolic ventricular relationship and interdependence.
Keywords	ventricular interdependence ; ventricular function ; TAPSE ; MAPSE ; tissue Doppler ; Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ; RC666-701 ; Specialties of internal medicine ; RC581-951 ; Internal medicine ; RC31-1245 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Cardiovascular ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: Giant interatrial septal aneurysm mimicking a left atrial mass.

Taleb, Mohammed / Moza, Ankush / Khouri, Samer J

Heart views : the official journal of the Gulf Heart Association

2013 Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) 88–89

Abstract: Interatrial septal aneurysm (IASA) consists of redundant atrial septal tissue, which bulges into either the left or the right atrium. The clinical implications of this entity are not entirely clear; however, if it is associated with other cardiac ... ...

Abstract	Interatrial septal aneurysm (IASA) consists of redundant atrial septal tissue, which bulges into either the left or the right atrium. The clinical implications of this entity are not entirely clear; however, if it is associated with other cardiac abnormalities such as patent foramen ovale and atrial septal defects. It may assume significance by increasing the risk of cardioembolic events such as stroke. We present a case of an individual with giant IASA detected by transesophageal echocardiography, which was mimicking a left atrial mass on transthoracic echocardiography. This case emphasizes the superiority of transesophageal imaging over transthoracic echocardiography for this clinical entity.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-07-28
Publishing country	India
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2575257-1
ISSN	0976-5123 ; 1995-705X
ISSN (online)	0976-5123
ISSN	1995-705X
DOI	10.4103/1995-705X.115503
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Article ; Online: Endothelin 1 Is Associated with Heart Failure Hospitalization and Long-Term Mortality in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Pulmonary Hypertension.

Chowdhury, Mohammed Andaleeb / Moukarbel, George V / Gupta, Rajesh / Frank, Stephanie Marie / Anderson, Ann M / Liu, Lijun C / Khouri, Samer J

Cardiology

2019 Volume 143, Issue 3-4, Page(s) 124–133

Abstract: Background: The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasing. We aim to study the role of big endothelin 1 (Big ET1), endothelin 1 (ET1), and neprilysin (NE) in HFpEF with PH.: ... ...

Abstract	Background: The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasing. We aim to study the role of big endothelin 1 (Big ET1), endothelin 1 (ET1), and neprilysin (NE) in HFpEF with PH. Method: This was a single center prospective cohort study including 90 HFpEF patients; 30 with no PH, 30 with postcapillary PH, and 30 with combined post- and precapillary PH. After enrollment, pulmonary venous and pulmonary arterial samples of Big ET1, ET1, and NE were collected during right heart catheterization. Subjects were then followed long term for adverse outcomes which included echocardiographic evidence of right ventricular dysfunction, heart failure hospitalization, and all-cause mortality. Results: Patients with HFpEF-PH were found to have increased ET1 in pulmonary veins (endothelin from the wedge; ET1W) compared to controls (2.3 ± 1.4 and 1.6 ± 0.9 pg/mL, respectively). ET1W levels were associated with both PH (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5-4.7, p = 0.01) and pulmonary vascular resistance (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.04-2.3, p = 0.03). No evidence of right ventricular dysfunction was observed after 1 year of follow-up. ET1W (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.6, p = 0.01) and ET1 gradient (ET1G; OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.04-2, p = 0.03) were predictive of 1-year hospitalization. ET1G ≥0.2 pg/mL was associated with long-term mortality (log-rank 4.8, p = 0.03). Conclusion: In HFpEF patients, ET1W and ET1G are predictive of 1-year heart failure hospitalization, while elevated ET1G levels were found to be associated with long-term mortality in HFpEF. This study highlights the role of ET1 in developing PH in HFpEF patients and also explores the potential of ET1 as a prognostic biomarker.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Biomarkers/blood ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Endothelin-1/blood ; Female ; Heart Failure/blood ; Heart Failure/complications ; Heart Failure/mortality ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary/blood ; Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neprilysin/blood ; Ohio/epidemiology ; Prospective Studies
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Endothelin-1 ; Neprilysin (EC 3.4.24.11)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study
ZDB-ID	80092-2
ISSN	1421-9751 ; 0008-6312
ISSN (online)	1421-9751
ISSN	0008-6312
DOI	10.1159/000501100
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Article ; Online: Cardiovascular antioxidant therapy: a review of supplements, pharmacotherapies, and mechanisms.

Tinkel, Jodi / Hassanain, Hamdy / Khouri, Samer J

Cardiology in review

2012 Volume 20, Issue 2, Page(s) 77–83

Abstract: Oxidant stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In the late 1980s, biological studies demonstrated that oxygen-free radicals oxidize low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, resulting in the creation of foam cells and inciting ... ...

Abstract	Oxidant stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In the late 1980s, biological studies demonstrated that oxygen-free radicals oxidize low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, resulting in the creation of foam cells and inciting the cascade of biological events that ultimately result in the formation of atherosclerosis. In vitro studies showed the ability of antioxidant vitamins to scavenge free radicals and block the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. This data was supported in vivo by early observational studies suggesting the benefit of antioxidants, particularly vitamin E, in the prevention of coronary artery disease. On the basis of these studies, the use of antioxidant supplements by the general population increased substantially and became a multibillion dollar industry. Despite strong biological evidence and promising observational data, more rigorous scientific evaluation did not support a causational relationship between vitamin supplements and lowering coronary artery disease risk. Several prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials showed no benefit and possibly harmful effects. Therapies such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins, which are known to have benefit in preventing and treating atherosclerosis by reducing blood pressure and cholesterol, also have a "pleiotropic" effect in reducing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Advances in molecular biology and the study of ROS led to a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern their production and role in atherogenesis. This progress identified unforeseen pathways by which these drugs favorably alter the balance in ROS production, and have raised possibilities for future targeted therapies in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
MeSH term(s)	Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Antioxidants/administration & dosage ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Coronary Artery Disease/prevention & control ; Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Heme Oxygenase-1/physiology ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism ; Male ; NADP/metabolism ; NADPH Oxidases/physiology ; Oxidative Stress/physiology ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; Antioxidants ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; NADP (53-59-8) ; Heme Oxygenase-1 (EC 1.14.14.18) ; NADPH Oxidases (EC 1.6.3.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1294965-6
ISSN	1538-4683 ; 1061-5377
ISSN (online)	1538-4683
ISSN	1061-5377
DOI	10.1097/CRD.0b013e31823dbbad
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Article ; Online: Practical considerations for the pharmacotherapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Bishop, Bryan M / Mauro, Vincent F / Khouri, Samer J

Pharmacotherapy

2012 Volume 32, Issue 9, Page(s) 838–855

Abstract: Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a devastating disease. Before the 1990s, when pharmacologic treatment was finally approved, only supportive therapy was available, consisting of anticoagulation, digoxin, diuretics, and supplemental oxygen. Calcium ... ...

Abstract	Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a devastating disease. Before the 1990s, when pharmacologic treatment was finally approved, only supportive therapy was available, consisting of anticoagulation, digoxin, diuretics, and supplemental oxygen. Calcium channel blocker therapy was also an option, but only a small percentage of patients respond to it. However, starting with epoprostenol in 1996, the number of drugs approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension increased. Three distinct classes of drugs were developed based on the pathophysiology of the disease: the prostanoids, endothelin-1 receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. The prostanoids are administered either parenterally or by inhalation to replace the lack of prostacyclin within the pulmonary arterial vasculature. The endothelin-1 receptor antagonists were the first class of oral drugs to be developed, but drug interactions and adverse effects are prominent with this class. The phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors increase the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) that is induced by nitric oxide stimulation. All of the drugs within these three classes are distinct in and of themselves, and their clinical use requires in-depth knowledge of pulmonary arterial hypertension and its pathophysiology. Because these drugs have different mechanisms of action, combination therapy has shown promise in patients with severe disease, although data are still lacking. This article should serve as a practical guide for clinicians who encounter patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and the drugs used for the treatment of this devastating disease.
MeSH term(s)	Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage ; Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology ; Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use ; Drug Design ; Drug Interactions ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists ; Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy ; Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology ; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Prostaglandins/administration & dosage ; Prostaglandins/pharmacology ; Prostaglandins/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Antihypertensive Agents ; Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists ; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors ; Prostaglandins
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	603158-4
ISSN	1875-9114 ; 0277-0008
ISSN (online)	1875-9114
ISSN	0277-0008
DOI	10.1002/j.1875-9114.2012.01114.x
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