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Article: Event attribution is not ready for a major role in loss and damage

King, Andrew D. / Grose, Michael R. / Kimutai, Joyce / Pinro, Izidine / Harrington, Luke J.

2023 Volume 103, Issue 6, Page(s) 415

Language	German
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	41203-X
ISSN	0015-363X
Database	Current Contents Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article ; Online: Ehrlichia spp. close to Ehrlichia ruminantium, Ehrlichia canis, and “Candidatus Ehrlichia regneryi” linked to heartwater-like disease in Kenyan camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Younan, M. / Ouso, D.O. / Bodha, B. / Keitany, E.K. / Wesonga, H.O. / Sitawa, R. / Kimutai, J. / Kuria, W. / Sake, W.S. / Svitek, Nicholas / Landmann, T. / Wako, D.D. / Villinger, J.

Tropical Animal Health and Production

2021

Abstract: We present findings from an outbreak of a heartwater-like disease in camels that killed at least 2000 adult animals in Kenya in 2016. Clinical signs included excitability, head pressing, aimless wandering, recumbency, and fast breathing followed by death ...

Abstract	We present findings from an outbreak of a heartwater-like disease in camels that killed at least 2000 adult animals in Kenya in 2016. Clinical signs included excitability, head pressing, aimless wandering, recumbency, and fast breathing followed by death after about 4 days. The observed morbidity in one herd was 40% with an average mortality of 7.5% in animals that received early antibiotic treatments. In untreated adults, the case fatality rate reached 100%. Gross pathology showed pulmonary edema, pleural exudate, hydrothorax, hydropericardium, ascites, enlarged “cooked” liver, nephrosis, and blood in the abomasum and intestine. Using established PCR-based protocols for tick-borne pathogens, a sequence close to Ehrlichia regneryi and Ehrlichia canis amplified in blood from two sick camels. We also amplified an Ehrlichia sp. sequence close to Ehrlichia ruminantium Welgevonden from a pool of Amblyomma spp. ticks collected from a sick camel and in a pool of Rhipicephalus spp. ticks from healthy camels.
Keywords	animal diseases ; camels ; heartwater
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T09:15:51Z
Publisher	Springer
Publishing country	fr
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Serological evidence of single and mixed infections of Rift Valley fever virus, Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii in dromedary camels in Kenya

Muturi, M. / Akoko, James M. / Nthiwa, D. / Chege, B. / Nyamota, Richard / Mutiiria, M. / Maina, Josphat / Thumbi, S.M. / Nyamai, M. / Kahariri, S. / Sitawa, R. / Kimutai, J. / Kuria, W. / Mwatondo, Athman / Bett, Bernard K.

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

2021

Abstract: Camels are increasingly becoming the livestock of choice for pastoralists reeling from effects of climate change in semi-arid and arid parts of Kenya. As the population of camels rises, better understanding of their role in the epidemiology of zoonotic ... ...

Abstract	Camels are increasingly becoming the livestock of choice for pastoralists reeling from effects of climate change in semi-arid and arid parts of Kenya. As the population of camels rises, better understanding of their role in the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases in Kenya is a public health priority. Rift Valley fever (RVF), brucellosis and Q fever are three of the top priority diseases in the country but the involvement of camels in the transmission dynamics of these diseases is poorly understood. We analyzed 120 camel serum samples from northern Kenya to establish seropositivity rates of the three pathogens and to characterize the infecting Brucella species using molecular assays. We found seropositivity of 24.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.5-31.8%) for Brucella, 20.8% (95% CI: 13.6-28.1%) and 14.2% (95% CI: 7.9-20.4%) for Coxiella burnetii and Rift valley fever virus respectively. We found 27.5% (95% CI: 19.5-35.5%) of the animals were seropositive for at least one pathogen and 13.3% (95% CI: 7.2-19.4%) were seropositive for at least two pathogens. B. melitensis was the only Brucella spp. detected. The high sero-positivity rates are indicative of the endemicity of these pathogens among camel populations and the possible role the species has in the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases. Considering the strong association between human infection and contact with livestock for most zoonotic infections in Kenya, there is immediate need to conduct further research to determine the role of camels in transmission of these zoonoses to other livestock species and humans. This information will be useful for designing more effective surveillance systems and intervention measures.
Keywords	animal diseases ; zoonoses ; rift valley fever ; brucella ; coxiella burnetii ; camels ; livestock
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-28T18:48:59Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science
Publishing country	fr
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Force of infection of Middle East respiratory syndrome in dromedary camels in Kenya.

Gardner, E G / Kiambi, S / Sitawa, R / Kelton, D / Kimutai, J / Poljak, Z / Tadesse, Z / Von Dobschuetz, S / Wiersma, L / Greer, A L

Epidemiology and infection

2019 Volume 147, Page(s) e275

Abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic disease transmitted from dromedary camels to people, which can result in outbreaks with human-to-human transmission. Because it is a subclinical infection in camels, epidemiological ... ...

Abstract	Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic disease transmitted from dromedary camels to people, which can result in outbreaks with human-to-human transmission. Because it is a subclinical infection in camels, epidemiological measures other than prevalence are challenging to assess. This study estimated the force of infection (FOI) of MERS-CoV in camel populations from age-stratified serological data. A cross-sectional study of MERS-CoV was conducted in Kenya from July 2016 to July 2017. Seroprevalence was stratified into four age groups: <1, 1-2, 2-3 and >3 years old. Age-independent and age-dependent linear and quadratic generalised linear models were used to estimate FOI in pastoral and ranching camel herds. Models were compared based on computed AIC values. Among pastoral herds, the age-dependent quadratic FOI was the best fit model, while the age-independent FOI was the best fit for the ranching herd data. FOI provides an indirect estimate of infection risk, which is especially valuable where direct estimates of incidence and other measures of infection are challenging to obtain. The FOIs estimated in this study provide important insight about MERS-CoV dynamics in the reservoir species, and contribute to our understanding of the zoonotic risks of this important public health threat.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Asymptomatic Infections/epidemiology ; Camelus ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/isolation & purification ; Prevalence
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	632982-2
ISSN	1469-4409 ; 0950-2688
ISSN (online)	1469-4409
ISSN	0950-2688
DOI	10.1017/S0950268819001663
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Serological evidence of single and mixed infections of Rift Valley fever virus, Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii in dromedary camels in Kenya.

Muturi, Mathew / Akoko, James / Nthiwa, Daniel / Chege, Bernard / Nyamota, Richard / Mutiiria, Mathew / Maina, Josphat / Thumbi, S M / Nyamai, Mutono / Kahariri, Samuel / Sitawa, Rinah / Kimutai, Joshua / Kuria, Wilson / Mwatondo, Athman / Bett, Bernard

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2021 Volume 15, Issue 3, Page(s) e0009275

Abstract	Camels are increasingly becoming the livestock of choice for pastoralists reeling from effects of climate change in semi-arid and arid parts of Kenya. As the population of camels rises, better understanding of their role in the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases in Kenya is a public health priority. Rift Valley fever (RVF), brucellosis and Q fever are three of the top priority diseases in the country but the involvement of camels in the transmission dynamics of these diseases is poorly understood. We analyzed 120 camel serum samples from northern Kenya to establish seropositivity rates of the three pathogens and to characterize the infecting Brucella species using molecular assays. We found seropositivity of 24.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.5-31.8%) for Brucella, 20.8% (95% CI: 13.6-28.1%) and 14.2% (95% CI: 7.9-20.4%) for Coxiella burnetii and Rift valley fever virus respectively. We found 27.5% (95% CI: 19.5-35.5%) of the animals were seropositive for at least one pathogen and 13.3% (95% CI: 7.2-19.4%) were seropositive for at least two pathogens. B. melitensis was the only Brucella spp. detected. The high sero-positivity rates are indicative of the endemicity of these pathogens among camel populations and the possible role the species has in the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases. Considering the strong association between human infection and contact with livestock for most zoonotic infections in Kenya, there is immediate need to conduct further research to determine the role of camels in transmission of these zoonoses to other livestock species and humans. This information will be useful for designing more effective surveillance systems and intervention measures.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Brucella/immunology ; Brucellosis/epidemiology ; Brucellosis/transmission ; Camelus/microbiology ; Coxiella burnetii/immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Livestock/microbiology ; Male ; Q Fever/epidemiology ; Q Fever/transmission ; Rift Valley Fever/epidemiology ; Rift Valley Fever/transmission ; Rift Valley fever virus/immunology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Bacterial ; Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2727
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2727
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0009275
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Ehrlichia spp. close to Ehrlichia ruminantium, Ehrlichia canis, and "Candidatus Ehrlichia regneryi" linked to heartwater-like disease in Kenyan camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Younan, Mario / Ouso, Daniel O / Bodha, Boku / Keitany, Edward K / Wesonga, Hezron O / Sitawa, Rinah / Kimutai, Joshua / Kuria, Wilson / Sake, Wario Sori / Svitek, Nicholas / Landmann, Tobias / Wako, Diba Dida / Villinger, Jandouwe

Tropical animal health and production

2021 Volume 53, Issue 1, Page(s) 147

Abstract	We present findings from an outbreak of a heartwater-like disease in camels that killed at least 2000 adult animals in Kenya in 2016. Clinical signs included excitability, head pressing, aimless wandering, recumbency, and fast breathing followed by death after about 4 days. The observed morbidity in one herd was 40% with an average mortality of 7.5% in animals that received early antibiotic treatments. In untreated adults, the case fatality rate reached 100%. Gross pathology showed pulmonary edema, pleural exudate, hydrothorax, hydropericardium, ascites, enlarged "cooked" liver, nephrosis, and blood in the abomasum and intestine. Using established PCR-based protocols for tick-borne pathogens, a sequence close to Ehrlichia regneryi and Ehrlichia canis amplified in blood from two sick camels. We also amplified an Ehrlichia sp. sequence close to Ehrlichia ruminantium Welgevonden from a pool of Amblyomma spp. ticks collected from a sick camel and in a pool of Rhipicephalus spp. ticks from healthy camels.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Camelus ; Ehrlichia ; Ehrlichia canis ; Ehrlichia ruminantium ; Kenya/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603363-5
ISSN	1573-7438 ; 0049-4747
ISSN (online)	1573-7438
ISSN	0049-4747
DOI	10.1007/s11250-020-02524-y
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Co-creation and priority setting for applied and implementation research in One Health

Fasina, F.O. / Nanyingi, M. / Wangila, R.S. / Gikonyo, S. / Omani, R. / Nyariki, T. / Wahome, L.W. / Kiplamai, J. / Tenge, E. / Kivaria, F. / Okuthe, S. / Nzietchueng, S. / Kimani, T. / Kimutai, J. / Mucheru, G. / Njagi, O. / Njogu, G. / Rono, R. / Maina, G.N. /

Mogaka, D. / Mathooko, J. / Sirdar, M.M. / Mogoa, E.G.M. / Makumi, Angela / Bett, Bernard K. / Mwatondo, A. / Kimonye, V.K. / Rwego, I.B. / Adan, A. / Wakhusama, S. / Bastiaensen, P. / Bebay, C.

One Health

Improving capacities in public and animal health systems in Kenya

2022

Abstract: Background The Kenyan government has successfully been implementing sector specific and multisectoral projects aligned to the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA). For operational readiness and to enhance the effective planning and implementation of ... ...

Abstract	Background The Kenyan government has successfully been implementing sector specific and multisectoral projects aligned to the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA). For operational readiness and to enhance the effective planning and implementation of Global Health Security Programs (GHSP) at national and subnational level, there is an urgent need for stakeholders' engagement process to seek input in identifying challenges, prioritise activities for field implementation, and identify applied research and development questions, that should be addressed in the next five years. Methods The modified Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) method was used to identify global health security related priorities for multisectoral implementation in Kenya. Subject matter experts from human, animal and environmental health sectors at national and subnational level contributed to predefined research questions from a number of sources and activities for consideration for implementation using a One Health approach. Sixty-two experts scored the 193 questions based on five pre-defined criteria: 1) feasibility and answerability; 2) potential for burden reduction; 3) potential for a paradigm shift; 4) potential for translation and implementation; and 5) impact on equity. Data resulting from this process was then analysed in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to determine the research priorities and experts' agreements. Results Among the priority activities identified for implementation research were; strengthening One Health governance and legal frameworks; integration of ecosystem health into One Health programming; strengthening disease reporting, integrated data collection, information sharing and joint outbreak response; socio-anthropological and gender-based approaches in improving risk and behavioural change communication and community engagement; and one health workforce development. In addition, the potentials to invest in collaborative predictive risk modelling to enhance epidemic intelligence systems, while ...
Keywords	one health approach ; research ; animal health ; health ; infectious diseases
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-06T10:59:34Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Publishing country	fr
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Mapping Potential Amplification and Transmission Hotspots for MERS-CoV, Kenya.

Gikonyo, Stephen / Kimani, Tabitha / Matere, Joseph / Kimutai, Joshua / Kiambi, Stella G / Bitek, Austine O / Juma Ngeiywa, K J Z / Makonnen, Yilma J / Tripodi, Astrid / Morzaria, Subhash / Lubroth, Juan / Rugalema, Gabriel / Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo

EcoHealth

2018 Volume 15, Issue 2, Page(s) 372–387

Abstract: Dromedary camels have been implicated consistently as the source of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) human infections and attention to prevent and control it has focused on camels. To understanding the epidemiological role of ... ...

Abstract	Dromedary camels have been implicated consistently as the source of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) human infections and attention to prevent and control it has focused on camels. To understanding the epidemiological role of camels in the transmission of MERS-CoV, we utilized an iterative empirical process in Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify and qualify potential hotspots for maintenance and circulation of MERS-CoV, and produced risk-based surveillance sites in Kenya. Data on camel population and distribution were used to develop camel density map, while camel farming system was defined using multi-factorial criteria including the agro-ecological zones (AEZs), production and marketing practices. Primary and secondary MERS-CoV seroprevalence data from specific sites were analyzed, and location-based prevalence matching with camel densities was conducted. High-risk convergence points (migration zones, trade routes, camel markets, slaughter slabs) were profiled and frequent cross-border camel movement mapped. Results showed that high camel-dense areas and interaction (markets and migration zones) were potential hotspot for transmission and spread. Cross-border contacts occurred with in-migrated herds at hotspot locations. AEZ differential did not influence risk distribution and plausible risk factors for spatial MERS-CoV hotspots were camel densities, previous cases of MERS-CoV, high seroprevalence and points of camel convergences. Although Kenyan camels are predisposed to MERS-CoV, no shedding is documented to date. These potential hotspots, determined using anthropogenic, system and trade characterizations should guide selection of sampling/surveillance sites, high-risk locations, critical areas for interventions and policy development in Kenya, as well as instigate further virological examination of camels.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Diseases/epidemiology ; Animal Diseases/transmission ; Animals ; Camelus/virology ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Disease Reservoirs/veterinary ; Disease Reservoirs/virology ; Geographic Information Systems ; Geographic Mapping ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; Prevalence ; Public Health Surveillance ; Seroepidemiologic Studies
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2164327-1
ISSN	1612-9210 ; 1612-9202
ISSN (online)	1612-9210
ISSN	1612-9202
DOI	10.1007/s10393-018-1317-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Co-creation and priority setting for applied and implementation research in One Health: Improving capacities in public and animal health systems in Kenya.

Fasina, Folorunso O / Nanyingi, Mark / Wangila, Rinah S / Gikonyo, Stephen / Omani, Ruth / Nyariki, Thomas / Wahome, Lucy W / Kiplamai, Joy / Tenge, Evans / Kivaria, Fredrick / Okuthe, Sam / Nzietchueng, Serge / Kimani, Tabitha / Kimutai, Joshua / Mucheru, Gerald / Njagi, Obadiah / Njogu, George / Rono, Robert / Maina, Grace N /

Mogaka, Dan / Mathooko, Joseph / Sirdar, Mohammed M / Mogoa, Eddy G M / Makumi, Angela / Bett, Bernard / Mwatondo, Athman / Kimonye, Victoria Kanana / Rwego, Innocent B / Adan, Abdirahman / Wakhusama, Samuel / Bastiaensen, Patrick / Bebay, Charles

One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

2022 Volume 15, Page(s) 100460

Abstract: Background: The Kenyan government has successfully been implementing sector specific and multisectoral projects aligned to the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA). For operational readiness and to enhance the effective planning and implementation of ... ...

Abstract	Background: The Kenyan government has successfully been implementing sector specific and multisectoral projects aligned to the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA). For operational readiness and to enhance the effective planning and implementation of Global Health Security Programs (GHSP) at national and subnational level, there is an urgent need for stakeholders' engagement process to seek input in identifying challenges, prioritise activities for field implementation, and identify applied research and development questions, that should be addressed in the next five years. Methods: The modified Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) method was used to identify global health security related priorities for multisectoral implementation in Kenya. Subject matter experts from human, animal and environmental health sectors at national and subnational level contributed to predefined research questions from a number of sources and activities for consideration for implementation using a One Health approach. Sixty-two experts scored the 193 questions based on five pre-defined criteria: 1) feasibility and answerability; 2) potential for burden reduction; 3) potential for a paradigm shift; 4) potential for translation and implementation; and 5) impact on equity. Data resulting from this process was then analysed in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to determine the research priorities and experts' agreements. Results: Among the priority activities identified for implementation research were; strengthening One Health governance and legal frameworks; integration of ecosystem health into One Health programming; strengthening disease reporting, integrated data collection, information sharing and joint outbreak response; socio-anthropological and gender-based approaches in improving risk and behavioural change communication and community engagement; and one health workforce development. In addition, the potentials to invest in collaborative predictive risk modelling to enhance epidemic intelligence systems, while strengthening the One Health approach in the food safety incident and emergency response plans are feasible. Interpretation: Successful multisectoral implementation of global health security program in Kenya calls for a whole of society approach that will harness community and private sector knowledge to build preparedness and response capacities while targeting neglected and marginalised populations. This research provides a framework that is worth emulating for cost-effective planning and implementation of overarching One Health programs.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-17
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834831-X
ISSN	2352-7714
ISSN	2352-7714
DOI	10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100460
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Detection of distinct MERS-Coronavirus strains in dromedary camels from Kenya, 2017.

Emerging microbes & infections

2018 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 195

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Camelus/virology ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Genotype ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/genetics ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/isolation & purification ; Nose/virology ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Viral Load
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	2681359-2
ISSN	2222-1751 ; 2222-1751
ISSN (online)	2222-1751
ISSN	2222-1751
DOI	10.1038/s41426-018-0193-z
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