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Article ; Online: Socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in incidence and severity of enteric fever in England 2015-2019: analysis of a national enhanced surveillance system.

Buczkowska, Matylda / Jenkins, Claire / Hawker, Jeremy / Hungerford, Daniel / Katwa, Parisha / Kirkbride, Hilary / Byrne, Lisa

Epidemiology and infection

2023 Volume 151, Page(s) e29

Abstract: There is limited research on whether inequalities exist among individuals from different ethnicities and deprivation status among enteric fever cases. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the enteric fever incidence rates, ... ...

Abstract	There is limited research on whether inequalities exist among individuals from different ethnicities and deprivation status among enteric fever cases. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the enteric fever incidence rates, ethnicity and deprivation for enteric fever cases in England. Additionally, it was assessed if ethnicity and deprivation were associated with symptom severity, hospital admission and absence from school/work using logistic regression models. Incidence rates were higher in the two most deprived index of multiple deprivation quintiles and those of Pakistani ethnicity (9.89, 95% CI 9.08-10.75) followed by Indian (7.81, 95% CI 7.18-8.49) and Bangladeshi (5.68, 95% CI 4.74-6.76) groups: the incidence rate in the White group was 0.07 (95% CI 0.06-0.08). Individuals representing Pakistani (3.00, 95% CI 1.66-5.43), Indian (2.05, 95% CI 1.18-3.54) and Other/Other Asian (3.51, 95% CI 1.52-8.14) ethnicities had significantly higher odds of hospital admission than individuals representing White (British/Other) ethnicity, although all three groups had statistically significantly lower symptom severity scores. Our results show that there are significant ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in enteric fever incidence that should inform prevention and treatment strategies. Targeted, community-specific public health interventions are needed to impact on overall burden.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Incidence ; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Ethnicity ; England/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	632982-2
ISSN	1469-4409 ; 0950-2688
ISSN (online)	1469-4409
ISSN	0950-2688
DOI	10.1017/S0950268822001959
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Article ; Online: Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Prisons, England, 2020.

Rice, Wendy M / Chudasama, Dimple Y / Lewis, James / Senyah, Francis / Florence, Isaac / Thelwall, Simon / Glaser, Lisa / Czachorowski, Maciej / Plugge, Emma / Kirkbride, Hilary / Dabrera, Gavin / Lamagni, Theresa

Emerging infectious diseases

2021 Volume 27, Issue 8, Page(s) 2183–2186

Abstract: Using laboratory data and a novel address matching methodology, we identified 734 cases of coronavirus disease in 88 prisons in England during March 16-October 12, 2020. An additional 412 cases were identified in prison staff and household members. We ... ...

Abstract	Using laboratory data and a novel address matching methodology, we identified 734 cases of coronavirus disease in 88 prisons in England during March 16-October 12, 2020. An additional 412 cases were identified in prison staff and household members. We identified 84 prison outbreaks involving 86% of all prison-associated cases.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Disease Outbreaks ; England/epidemiology ; Humans ; Prisoners ; Prisons ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1380686-5
ISSN	1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
ISSN (online)	1080-6059
ISSN	1080-6040
DOI	10.3201/eid2708.204920
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Article ; Online: Increasingly limited options for the treatment of enteric fever in travellers returning to England, 2014-2019: a cross-sectional analytical study.

Herdman, M Trent / Karo, Basel / Dave, Jayshree / Katwa, Parisha / Freedman, Joanne / Do Nascimento, Vivienne / Kirkbride, Hilary / Chattaway, Marie Anne / Godbole, Gauri / Balasegaram, Sooria

Journal of medical microbiology

2021 Volume 70, Issue 8

Abstract: Introduction. ...

Abstract	Introduction.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Clinical Decision-Making ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disease Management ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; England/epidemiology ; Female ; Health Care Surveys ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Public Health Surveillance ; Travel ; Travel-Related Illness ; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology ; Typhoid Fever/history ; Typhoid Fever/therapy ; Typhoid Fever/transmission ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	218356-0
ISSN	1473-5644 ; 0022-2615
ISSN (online)	1473-5644
ISSN	0022-2615
DOI	10.1099/jmm.0.001359
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Article ; Online: Outbreak of Zika virus disease in the Americas and the association with microcephaly, congenital malformations and Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Ladhani, Shamez N / O'Connor, Catherine / Kirkbride, Hilary / Brooks, Tim / Morgan, Dilys

Archives of disease in childhood

2016 Volume 101, Issue 7, Page(s) 600–602

MeSH term(s)	Communicable Disease Control/methods ; Communicable Disease Control/organization & administration ; Congenital Abnormalities/etiology ; Congenital Abnormalities/prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks ; Global Health/statistics & numerical data ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome/etiology ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome/prevention & control ; Humans ; Microcephaly/etiology ; Microcephaly/prevention & control ; Zika Virus/isolation & purification ; Zika Virus/physiology ; Zika Virus Infection/complications ; Zika Virus Infection/diagnosis ; Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology ; Zika Virus Infection/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	524-1
ISSN	1468-2044 ; 0003-9888 ; 1359-2998
ISSN (online)	1468-2044
ISSN	0003-9888 ; 1359-2998
DOI	10.1136/archdischild-2016-310590
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Article ; Online: Tackling the public health needs of refugees.

Campos-Matos, Ines / Zenner, Dominik / Smith, Gemma / Cosford, Paul / Kirkbride, Hilary

BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

2016 Volume 352, Page(s) i774

MeSH term(s)	Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Public Health ; Refugees
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-02-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comment ; Letter
ZDB-ID	1362901-3
ISSN	1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
ISSN (online)	1756-1833
ISSN	0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
DOI	10.1136/bmj.i774
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Article ; Online: The Epidemiology of Q Fever in England and Wales 2000-2015.

Halsby, Kate D / Kirkbride, Hilary / Walsh, Amanda L / Okereke, Ebere / Brooks, Timothy / Donati, Matthew / Morgan, Dilys

Veterinary sciences

2017 Volume 4, Issue 2

Abstract: Between 2000 and 2015, 904 cases of acute Q fever were reported in England and Wales. The case dataset had a male to female ratio of 2.5:1, and a median age of 45 years. Two outbreaks were recognised during this time period, and the incidence of sporadic ...

Abstract	Between 2000 and 2015, 904 cases of acute Q fever were reported in England and Wales. The case dataset had a male to female ratio of 2.5:1, and a median age of 45 years. Two outbreaks were recognised during this time period, and the incidence of sporadic cases was highest across the southwest of England, and Wales. There are limitations in the surveillance system for Q fever, including possible geographical differences in reporting and limited epidemiological data collection. The surveillance system needs to be strengthened in order to improve the quality and completeness of the epidemiological dataset. The authors conclude with recommendations on how to achieve this.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2768971-2
ISSN	2306-7381 ; 2306-7381
ISSN (online)	2306-7381
ISSN	2306-7381
DOI	10.3390/vetsci4020028
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Article ; Online: Pathogens, prejudice, and politics: the role of the global health community in the European refugee crisis.

Khan, Mishal S / Osei-Kofi, Anna / Omar, Abbas / Kirkbride, Hilary / Kessel, Anthony / Abbara, Aula / Heymann, David / Zumla, Alimuddin / Dar, Osman

The Lancet. Infectious diseases

2016 Volume 16, Issue 8, Page(s) e173–7

Abstract: Involuntary migration is a crucially important global challenge from an economic, social, and public health perspective. The number of displaced people reached an unprecedented level in 2015, at a total of 60 million worldwide, with more than 1 million ... ...

Abstract	Involuntary migration is a crucially important global challenge from an economic, social, and public health perspective. The number of displaced people reached an unprecedented level in 2015, at a total of 60 million worldwide, with more than 1 million crossing into Europe in the past year alone. Migrants and refugees are often perceived to carry a higher load of infectious diseases, despite no systematic association. We propose three important contributions that the global health community can make to help address infectious disease risks and global health inequalities worldwide, with a particular focus on the refugee crisis in Europe. First, policy decisions should be based on a sound evidence base regarding health risks and burdens to health systems, rather than prejudice or unfounded fears. Second, for incoming refugees, we must focus on building inclusive, cost-effective health services to promote collective health security. Finally, alongside protracted conflicts, widening of health and socioeconomic inequalities between high-income and lower-income countries should be acknowledged as major drivers for the global refugee crisis, and fully considered in planning long-term solutions.
MeSH term(s)	Blood-Borne Pathogens ; Communicable Disease Control/methods ; Communicable Disease Control/organization & administration ; Emigration and Immigration ; Ethnicity ; Europe ; Global Health ; Healthcare Disparities ; Humans ; Politics ; Population Dynamics ; Prejudice/psychology ; Public Health ; Refugees ; Transients and Migrants
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-06-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2061641-7
ISSN	1474-4457 ; 1473-3099
ISSN (online)	1474-4457
ISSN	1473-3099
DOI	10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30134-7
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Article: Rabies risk from contact with bats.

Kirkbride, Hilary / Brown, Kevin / Morgan, Dilys / Larkin, Lesley

The Veterinary record

2008 Volume 163, Issue 16, Page(s) 491

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chiroptera/surgery ; Chiroptera/virology ; Humans ; Lyssavirus/isolation & purification ; Rabies/prevention & control ; Rabies/virology ; Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Rhabdoviridae Infections/transmission ; Rhabdoviridae Infections/veterinary ; Rhabdoviridae Infections/virology ; United Kingdom ; Zoonoses/transmission ; Zoonoses/virology
Chemical Substances	Rabies Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-09-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	390015-0
ISSN	2042-7670 ; 0042-4900
ISSN (online)	2042-7670
ISSN	0042-4900
DOI	10.1136/vr.163.16.491-a
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Article ; Online: Infectious disease testing of UK-bound refugees: a population-based, cross-sectional study.

Crawshaw, Alison F / Pareek, Manish / Were, John / Schillinger, Steffen / Gorbacheva, Olga / Wickramage, Kolitha P / Mandal, Sema / Delpech, Valerie / Gill, Noel / Kirkbride, Hilary / Zenner, Dominik

BMC medicine

2018 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 143

Abstract: Background: The UK, like a number of other countries, has a refugee resettlement programme. External factors, such as higher prevalence of infectious diseases in the country of origin and circumstances of travel, are likely to increase the infectious ... ...

Abstract	Background: The UK, like a number of other countries, has a refugee resettlement programme. External factors, such as higher prevalence of infectious diseases in the country of origin and circumstances of travel, are likely to increase the infectious disease risk of refugees, but published data is scarce. The International Organization for Migration carries out and collates data on standardised pre-entry health assessments (HA), including testing for infectious diseases, on all UK refugee applicants as part of the resettlement programme. From this data, we report the yield of selected infectious diseases (tuberculosis (TB), HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C) and key risk factors with the aim of informing public health policy. Methods: We examined a large cohort of refugees (n = 18,418) who underwent a comprehensive pre-entry HA between March 2013 and August 2017. We calculated yields of infectious diseases stratified by nationality and compared these with published (mostly WHO) estimates. We assessed factors associated with case positivity in univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: The number of refugees included in the analysis varied by disease (range 8506-9759). Overall yields were notably high for hepatitis B (188 cases; 2.04%, 95% CI 1.77-2.35%), while yields were below 1% for active TB (9 cases; 92 per 100,000, 48-177), HIV (31 cases; 0.4%, 0.3-0.5%), syphilis (23 cases; 0.24%, 0.15-0.36%) and hepatitis C (38 cases; 0.41%, 0.30-0.57%), and varied widely by nationality. In multivariable analysis, sub-Saharan African nationality was a risk factor for several infections (HIV: OR 51.72, 20.67-129.39; syphilis: OR 4.24, 1.21-24.82; hepatitis B: OR 4.37, 2.91-6.41). Hepatitis B (OR 2.23, 1.05-4.76) and hepatitis C (OR 5.19, 1.70-15.88) were associated with history of blood transfusion. Syphilis (OR 3.27, 1.07-9.95) was associated with history of torture, whereas HIV (OR 1521.54, 342.76-6754.23) and hepatitis B (OR 7.65, 2.33-25.18) were associated with sexually transmitted infection. Syphilis was associated with HIV (OR 10.27, 1.30-81.40). Conclusions: Testing refugees in an overseas setting through a systematic HA identified patients with a range of infectious diseases. Our results reflect similar patterns found in other programmes and indicate that the yields for infectious diseases vary by region and nationality. This information may help in designing a more targeted approach to testing, which has already started in the UK programme. Further work is needed to refine how best to identify infections in refugees, taking these factors into account.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cohort Studies ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Refugees/psychology ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2131669-7
ISSN	1741-7015 ; 1741-7015
ISSN (online)	1741-7015
ISSN	1741-7015
DOI	10.1186/s12916-018-1125-4
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Article ; Online: Lack of Secondary Transmission of Ebola Virus from Healthcare Worker to 238 Contacts, United Kingdom, December 2014.

Crook, Paul / Smith-Palmer, Alison / Maguire, Helen / McCarthy, Noel / Kirkbride, Hilary / Court, Bruce / Kanagarajah, Sanch / Turbitt, Deborah / Ahmed, Syed / Cosford, Paul / Oliver, Isabel

Emerging infectious diseases

2017 Volume 23, Issue 12, Page(s) 2081–2084

Abstract: In December 2014, Ebola virus disease (EVD) was diagnosed in a healthcare worker in the United Kingdom after the worker returned from an Ebola treatment center in Sierra Leone. The worker flew on 2 flights during the early stages of disease. Follow-up of ...

Abstract	In December 2014, Ebola virus disease (EVD) was diagnosed in a healthcare worker in the United Kingdom after the worker returned from an Ebola treatment center in Sierra Leone. The worker flew on 2 flights during the early stages of disease. Follow-up of 238 contacts showed no evidence of secondary transmission of Ebola virus.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aircraft ; Contact Tracing ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ebolavirus/pathogenicity ; Ebolavirus/physiology ; Female ; Health Personnel ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/therapy ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/transmission ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Sierra Leone/epidemiology ; Travel ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-11-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1380686-5
ISSN	1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
ISSN (online)	1080-6059
ISSN	1080-6040
DOI	10.3201/eid2312.171100
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