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Book ; Online: Past Law, Present Histories

Kirkby, Diane

2012

Abstract: This collection brings methods and questions from humanities, law and social sciences disciplines to examine different instances of lawmaking. Contributors explore the problematic of past law in present historical analysis across indigenous Australia and ...

Abstract	This collection brings methods and questions from humanities, law and social sciences disciplines to examine different instances of lawmaking. Contributors explore the problematic of past law in present historical analysis across indigenous Australia and New Zealand, from post-Franco Spain to current international law and maritime regulation, from settler colonial humanitarian debates to efforts to end cruelty to children and animals. They highlight problems both national and international in their implication. From different disciplines and theoretical positions, they illustrate the diverse and complex study of law's history
Keywords	Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Size	1 electronic resource ( p.)
Publisher	ANU Press
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	English ; Open Access
HBZ-ID	HT020088127
ISBN	9781922144027 ; 1922144029
Database	ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article ; Online: Minimizing error in estimates of the effect of interventions by accounting for baseline measurements: A simulation study analyzing effects on child growth.

Deichsel, Emily L / Tickell, Kirkby D / Rogawski McQuade, Elizabeth T

Maternal & child nutrition

2023 Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) e13547

Abstract: Interventions to reduce childhood stunting burden require clinical trials with a primary outcome of linear growth. When growth is measured longitudinally, there are several options for including baseline measurements in the analysis. This study compares ... ...

Abstract	Interventions to reduce childhood stunting burden require clinical trials with a primary outcome of linear growth. When growth is measured longitudinally, there are several options for including baseline measurements in the analysis. This study compares the performance of several methods. Randomized controlled trials evaluating a hypothetical intervention to improve length-for-age z-score (LAZ) from birth through 24 months of age were simulated. The intervention effect was evaluated using linear regression and five methods for handling baseline measurements: comparing final measurements only (FINAL), comparing final measurement adjusted for baseline (ADJUST), comparing the change in the measurement over time (DELTA), adjusting for baseline when comparing the changes over time (DELTA+ADJUST) and adjusting for baseline in two-step residuals approach (RESIDUALS). We calculated bias, precision and power of each method for scenarios with and without a baseline imbalance in LAZ. Using a 0.15 effect size at 18 months, FINAL and DELTA required 1200 and 1500 enroled participants, respectively, to reach 80% power, whereas ADJUST, DELTA+ADJUST and RESIDUALS only required 900 participants. The adjusted models also produced unbiased estimates when there was a baseline imbalance, whereas the FINAL and DELTA methods produced biased estimates, as large as 0.07 lower and higher, respectively, than the true effect. Adjusted methods required smaller sample size and produced more precise results than both DELTA and FINAL methods in all test scenarios. If randomization fails, and there is an imbalance in LAZ at baseline, DELTA and FINAL methods can produce biased estimates, but adjusted models remain unbiased. These results warn against using the FINAL or DELTA methods.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Computer Simulation ; Linear Models ; Bias ; Research Design ; Sample Size
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2175105-5
ISSN	1740-8709 ; 1740-8695
ISSN (online)	1740-8709
ISSN	1740-8695
DOI	10.1111/mcn.13547
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Article ; Online: The diagnosis and management of dehydration in children with wasting or nutritional edema: A systematic review.

Tsegaye, Adino Tesfahun / Pavlinac, Patricia B / Walson, Judd L / Tickell, Kirkby D

PLOS global public health

2023 Volume 3, Issue 11, Page(s) e0002520

Abstract: Dehydration is a major cause of death among children with wasting and diarrhea. We reviewed the evidence for the identification and management of dehydration among these children. Two systematic reviews were conducted to assess 1) the diagnostic ... ...

Abstract	Dehydration is a major cause of death among children with wasting and diarrhea. We reviewed the evidence for the identification and management of dehydration among these children. Two systematic reviews were conducted to assess 1) the diagnostic performance of clinical signs or algorithms intended to measure dehydration, and 2) the efficacy and safety of low-osmolarity ORS versus ReSoMal on mortality, treatment failure, time to full rehydration, and electrolyte disturbances (management review). We searched PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Global Index Medicus for studies enrolling children 0-60 months old with wasting and diarrhea. The diagnostic review included four studies. Two studies found the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) and the Dehydration: Assessing Kids Accurately (DHAKA) algorithms had similar diagnostic performance, but both algorithms had high false positive rates for moderate (41% and 35%, respectively) and severe (76% and 82%, respectively) dehydration. One further IMCI algorithm study found a 23% false positive rate for moderate dehydration. The management review included six trials. One trial directly compared low osmolarity ORS to ReSoMal and found no difference in treatment failure rates, although ReSoMal had a shorter duration of treatment (16.1 vs. 19.6 hours, p = 0.036) and a higher incidence of hyponatremia. Both fluids failed to correct a substantial number of hypokalemia cases across studies. In conclusion, the IMCI dehydration assessment has comparable performance to other algorithms among wasted children. Low osmolarity ORS may be an alternative to ReSoMal for children with severe wasting, but might require additional potassium to combat hypokalemia.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2767-3375
ISSN (online)	2767-3375
DOI	10.1371/journal.pgph.0002520
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The diagnosis and management of dehydration in children with wasting or nutritional edema

Adino Tesfahun Tsegaye / Patricia B Pavlinac / Judd L Walson / Kirkby D Tickell

PLOS Global Public Health, Vol 3, Iss 11, p e

A systematic review.

2023 Volume 0002520

Abstract	Dehydration is a major cause of death among children with wasting and diarrhea. We reviewed the evidence for the identification and management of dehydration among these children. Two systematic reviews were conducted to assess 1) the diagnostic performance of clinical signs or algorithms intended to measure dehydration, and 2) the efficacy and safety of low-osmolarity ORS versus ReSoMal on mortality, treatment failure, time to full rehydration, and electrolyte disturbances (management review). We searched PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Global Index Medicus for studies enrolling children 0-60 months old with wasting and diarrhea. The diagnostic review included four studies. Two studies found the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) and the Dehydration: Assessing Kids Accurately (DHAKA) algorithms had similar diagnostic performance, but both algorithms had high false positive rates for moderate (41% and 35%, respectively) and severe (76% and 82%, respectively) dehydration. One further IMCI algorithm study found a 23% false positive rate for moderate dehydration. The management review included six trials. One trial directly compared low osmolarity ORS to ReSoMal and found no difference in treatment failure rates, although ReSoMal had a shorter duration of treatment (16.1 vs. 19.6 hours, p = 0.036) and a higher incidence of hyponatremia. Both fluids failed to correct a substantial number of hypokalemia cases across studies. In conclusion, the IMCI dehydration assessment has comparable performance to other algorithms among wasted children. Low osmolarity ORS may be an alternative to ReSoMal for children with severe wasting, but might require additional potassium to combat hypokalemia.
Keywords	Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Efficacy of World Health Organization Guideline in Facility-Based Reduction of Mortality in Severely Malnourished Children From Low and Middle Income Countries.

Tickell, Kirkby D / Denno, Donna M

Journal of paediatrics and child health

2017 Volume 53, Issue 9, Page(s) 925

MeSH term(s)	Child ; Child Nutrition Disorders ; Developing Countries ; Humans ; Income ; World Health Organization
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-09-04
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1024476-1
ISSN	1440-1754 ; 1034-4810
ISSN (online)	1440-1754
ISSN	1034-4810
DOI	10.1111/jpc.13637
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Environmental enteric dysfunction: a review of potential mechanisms, consequences and management strategies.

Tickell, Kirkby D / Atlas, Hannah E / Walson, Judd L

BMC medicine

2019 Volume 17, Issue 1, Page(s) 181

Abstract: Background: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is an acquired enteropathy of the small intestine, characterized by enteric inflammation, villus blunting and decreased crypt-to-villus ratio. EED has been associated with poor outcomes, including ... ...

Abstract	Background: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is an acquired enteropathy of the small intestine, characterized by enteric inflammation, villus blunting and decreased crypt-to-villus ratio. EED has been associated with poor outcomes, including chronic malnutrition (stunting), wasting and reduced vaccine efficacy among children living in low-resource settings. As a result, EED may be a valuable interventional target for programs aiming to reduce childhood morbidity in low and middle-income countries. Main text: Several highly plausible mechanisms link the proposed pathophysiology underlying EED to adverse outcomes, but causal attribution of these pathways has proved challenging. We provide an overview of recent studies evaluating the causes and consequences of EED. These include studies of the role of subclinical enteric infection as a primary cause of EED, and efforts to understand how EED-associated systemic inflammation and malabsorption may result in long-term morbidity. Finally, we outline recently completed and upcoming clinical trials that test novel interventions to prevent or treat this highly prevalent condition. Conclusions: Significant strides have been made in linking environmental exposure to enteric pathogens and toxins with EED, and in understanding the multifactorial mechanisms underlying this complex condition. Further insights may come from several ongoing and upcoming interventional studies trialing a variety of novel management strategies.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Enteritis/complications ; Enteritis/etiology ; Enteritis/physiopathology ; Enteritis/therapy ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Environmental Pollution/adverse effects ; Humans ; Intestine, Small
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	1741-7015
ISSN (online)	1741-7015
DOI	10.1186/s12916-019-1417-3
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Mass Drug Administration of Azithromycin to Reduce Child Mortality: Only for High-Mortality Settings?

Tickell, Kirkby D / Deichsel, Emily L / Walson, Judd L

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene

2019 Volume 103, Issue 3, Page(s) 1274–1275

MeSH term(s)	Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage ; Azithromycin/administration & dosage ; Child ; Child Mortality ; Global Health ; Humans ; Mass Drug Administration
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Azithromycin (83905-01-5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2942-7
ISSN	1476-1645 ; 0002-9637
ISSN (online)	1476-1645
ISSN	0002-9637
DOI	10.4269/ajtmh.19-0071
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Article ; Online: Phenotypic and molecular characterization of β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella species among children discharged from hospital in Western Kenya.

Rwigi, Doreen / Nyerere, Andrew K / Diakhate, Mame M / Kariuki, Kevin / Tickell, Kirkby D / Mutuma, Timothy / Tornberg, Stephanie N / Soge, Olusegun O / Walson, Judd L / Singa, Benson / Kariuki, Samuel / Pavlinac, Patricia B / Mogeni, Polycarp

BMC microbiology

2024 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 135

Abstract: Background: The emergence and spread of β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella spp. has been associated with a substantial healthcare burden resulting in therapeutic failures. We sought to describe the proportion of phenotypic resistance to commonly used ... ...

Abstract	Background: The emergence and spread of β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella spp. has been associated with a substantial healthcare burden resulting in therapeutic failures. We sought to describe the proportion of phenotypic resistance to commonly used antibiotics, characterize β-lactamase genes among isolates with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and assess the correlates of phenotypic AMR in Klebsiella spp. isolated from stool or rectal swab samples collected from children being discharged from hospital. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 245 children aged 1-59 months who were being discharged from hospitals in western Kenya between June 2016 and November 2019. Whole stool or rectal swab samples were collected and Klebsiella spp. isolated by standard microbiological culture. β-lactamase genes were detected by PCR whilst phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disc diffusion technique following standard microbiology protocols. Descriptive analyses were used to characterize phenotypic AMR and carriage of β-lactamase-producing genes. The modified Poisson regression models were used to assess correlates of phenotypic beta-lactam resistance. Results: The prevalence of β-lactamase carriage among Klebsiella spp. isolates at hospital discharge was 62.9% (154/245). Antibiotic use during hospitalization (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 4.51; 95%CI: 1.79-11.4, p < 0.001), longer duration of hospitalization (aPR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.14-1.77, p < 0.002), and access to treated water (aPR = 1.38; 95%CI: 1.12-1.71, p < 0.003), were significant predictors of phenotypically determined β-lactamase. All the 154 β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella spp. isolates had at least one genetic marker of β-lactam/third-generation cephalosporin resistance. The most prevalent genes were bla Conclusion: Carriage of β-lactamase producing Klebsiella spp. in stool is common among children discharged from hospital in western Kenya and is associated with longer duration of hospitalization, antibiotic use, and access to treated water. The findings emphasize the need for continued monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to inform the development and implementation of appropriate treatment guidelines. In addition, we recommend measures beyond antimicrobial stewardship and infection control within hospitals, improved sanitation, and access to safe drinking water to mitigate the spread of β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pathogens in these and similar settings.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Kenya/epidemiology ; beta-Lactamases/genetics ; Infant ; Klebsiella/genetics ; Klebsiella/drug effects ; Klebsiella/enzymology ; Klebsiella/isolation & purification ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Male ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Klebsiella Infections/microbiology ; Klebsiella Infections/epidemiology ; Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Phenotype ; Feces/microbiology ; Patient Discharge ; Prevalence
Chemical Substances	beta-Lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6) ; Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2041505-9
ISSN	1471-2180 ; 1471-2180
ISSN (online)	1471-2180
ISSN	1471-2180
DOI	10.1186/s12866-024-03284-7
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Environmental enteric dysfunction

Kirkby D. Tickell / Hannah E. Atlas / Judd L. Walson

BMC Medicine, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 1-

a review of potential mechanisms, consequences and management strategies

2019 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract Background Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is an acquired enteropathy of the small intestine, characterized by enteric inflammation, villus blunting and decreased crypt-to-villus ratio. EED has been associated with poor outcomes, ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is an acquired enteropathy of the small intestine, characterized by enteric inflammation, villus blunting and decreased crypt-to-villus ratio. EED has been associated with poor outcomes, including chronic malnutrition (stunting), wasting and reduced vaccine efficacy among children living in low-resource settings. As a result, EED may be a valuable interventional target for programs aiming to reduce childhood morbidity in low and middle-income countries. Main text Several highly plausible mechanisms link the proposed pathophysiology underlying EED to adverse outcomes, but causal attribution of these pathways has proved challenging. We provide an overview of recent studies evaluating the causes and consequences of EED. These include studies of the role of subclinical enteric infection as a primary cause of EED, and efforts to understand how EED-associated systemic inflammation and malabsorption may result in long-term morbidity. Finally, we outline recently completed and upcoming clinical trials that test novel interventions to prevent or treat this highly prevalent condition. Conclusions Significant strides have been made in linking environmental exposure to enteric pathogens and toxins with EED, and in understanding the multifactorial mechanisms underlying this complex condition. Further insights may come from several ongoing and upcoming interventional studies trialing a variety of novel management strategies.
Keywords	Environmental enteric dysfunction ; Enteric dysfunction ; Childhood malnutrition ; Acute malnutrition ; Stunting ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Nutritional Enteric Failure: Neglected Tropical Diseases and Childhood Stunting.

Tickell, Kirkby D / Walson, Judd L

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2016 Volume 10, Issue 4, Page(s) e0004523

MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Child ; Child Nutrition Disorders/complications ; Child, Preschool ; Growth Disorders/epidemiology ; Growth Disorders/etiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Neglected Diseases/epidemiology ; Neglected Diseases/etiology ; Tropical Climate
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2727
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2727
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0004523
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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