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  1. Book ; Online: Eliminating Meta Optimization Through Self-Referential Meta Learning

    Kirsch, Louis / Schmidhuber, Jürgen

    2022  

    Abstract: Meta Learning automates the search for learning algorithms. At the same time, it creates a dependency on human engineering on the meta-level, where meta learning algorithms need to be designed. In this paper, we investigate self-referential meta learning ...

    Abstract Meta Learning automates the search for learning algorithms. At the same time, it creates a dependency on human engineering on the meta-level, where meta learning algorithms need to be designed. In this paper, we investigate self-referential meta learning systems that modify themselves without the need for explicit meta optimization. We discuss the relationship of such systems to in-context and memory-based meta learning and show that self-referential neural networks require functionality to be reused in the form of parameter sharing. Finally, we propose fitness monotonic execution (FME), a simple approach to avoid explicit meta optimization. A neural network self-modifies to solve bandit and classic control tasks, improves its self-modifications, and learns how to learn, purely by assigning more computational resources to better performing solutions.

    Comment: The first version appeared at ICML 2022, DARL Workshop
    Keywords Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing ; Statistics - Machine Learning
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2022-12-29
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article: Embolie pulmonaire chez des patients atteints de COVID-19 : à propos de 6 cas.

    Steeman, A / Mazairac, G / Kirsch, L / Frusch, N / Morandini, E / Benoit, A

    Revue medicale de Liege

    2020  Volume 75, Issue S1, Page(s) 94–100

    Abstract: Rising from the province of Wuhan in China, the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 broke out in winter 2019, causing a global pandemic. In most cases reported, COVID-19 symptoms include cough, dyspnea, myalgia and asthenia. In some cases, the disease can also ... ...

    Title translation Six cases of acute pulmonary embolism associated with COVID-19.
    Abstract Rising from the province of Wuhan in China, the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 broke out in winter 2019, causing a global pandemic. In most cases reported, COVID-19 symptoms include cough, dyspnea, myalgia and asthenia. In some cases, the disease can also cause severe respiratory distress syndrome, requiring intensive care. Recent studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection predisposes to thromboembolic event such as pulmonary embolism. Moreover, there is an overlap between signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism and COVID-19, which brings a challenge for the diagnosis and could potentially be fatal. Nevertheless, the incidence rate of pulmonary embolism in cases of COVID-19 is currently not known. In this paper we describe six cases of pulmonary embolism associated with COVID-19.
    MeSH term(s) Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; China ; Coronavirus Infections ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; Pulmonary Embolism/diagnosis ; Pulmonary Embolism/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2
    Keywords covid19
    Language French
    Publishing date 2020-11-19
    Publishing country Belgium
    Document type Case Reports
    ZDB-ID 414001-1
    ISSN 0370-629X ; 0035-3663
    ISSN 0370-629X ; 0035-3663
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Book ; Online: Learning One Abstract Bit at a Time Through Self-Invented Experiments Encoded as Neural Networks

    Herrmann, Vincent / Kirsch, Louis / Schmidhuber, Jürgen

    2022  

    Abstract: There are two important things in science: (A) Finding answers to given questions, and (B) Coming up with good questions. Our artificial scientists not only learn to answer given questions, but also continually invent new questions, by proposing ... ...

    Abstract There are two important things in science: (A) Finding answers to given questions, and (B) Coming up with good questions. Our artificial scientists not only learn to answer given questions, but also continually invent new questions, by proposing hypotheses to be verified or falsified through potentially complex and time-consuming experiments, including thought experiments akin to those of mathematicians. While an artificial scientist expands its knowledge, it remains biased towards the simplest, least costly experiments that still have surprising outcomes, until they become boring. We present an empirical analysis of the automatic generation of interesting experiments. In the first setting, we investigate self-invented experiments in a reinforcement-providing environment and show that they lead to effective exploration. In the second setting, pure thought experiments are implemented as the weights of recurrent neural networks generated by a neural experiment generator. Initially interesting thought experiments may become boring over time.

    Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures
    Keywords Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
    Subject code 501
    Publishing date 2022-12-29
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Book ; Online: The Benefits of Model-Based Generalization in Reinforcement Learning

    Young, Kenny / Ramesh, Aditya / Kirsch, Louis / Schmidhuber, Jürgen

    2022  

    Abstract: Model-Based Reinforcement Learning (RL) is widely believed to have the potential to improve sample efficiency by allowing an agent to synthesize large amounts of imagined experience. Experience Replay (ER) can be considered a simple kind of model, which ... ...

    Abstract Model-Based Reinforcement Learning (RL) is widely believed to have the potential to improve sample efficiency by allowing an agent to synthesize large amounts of imagined experience. Experience Replay (ER) can be considered a simple kind of model, which has proved effective at improving the stability and efficiency of deep RL. In principle, a learned parametric model could improve on ER by generalizing from real experience to augment the dataset with additional plausible experience. However, given that learned value functions can also generalize, it is not immediately obvious why model generalization should be better. Here, we provide theoretical and empirical insight into when, and how, we can expect data generated by a learned model to be useful. First, we provide a simple theorem motivating how learning a model as an intermediate step can narrow down the set of possible value functions more than learning a value function directly from data using the Bellman equation. Second, we provide an illustrative example showing empirically how a similar effect occurs in a more concrete setting with neural network function approximation. Finally, we provide extensive experiments showing the benefit of model-based learning for online RL in environments with combinatorial complexity, but factored structure that allows a learned model to generalize. In these experiments, we take care to control for other factors in order to isolate, insofar as possible, the benefit of using experience generated by a learned model relative to ER alone.

    Comment: Update to ICML version
    Keywords Computer Science - Machine Learning
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2022-11-03
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Empirical characterisation of agents’ spatial behaviour in pedestrian movement simulation

    Filomena, Gabriele / Kirsch, Lia / Schwering, Angela / Verstegen, Judith

    Journal of Environmental Psychology

    2022  Volume 82

    Abstract: Route choice behaviour is an important factor in determining pedestrian movement flows across the urban space. Agent-based modelling, a simulation paradigm that allows modelling individual behaviour mechanisms to observe the emergence of macro-level ... ...

    Abstract Route choice behaviour is an important factor in determining pedestrian movement flows across the urban space. Agent-based modelling, a simulation paradigm that allows modelling individual behaviour mechanisms to observe the emergence of macro-level patterns, has not employed empirical data regarding route choice behaviour in cities or accommodated heterogeneity. The aim of this paper is to present an empirically based Agent-Based Model (ABM) that accounts for behavioural heterogeneity in pedestrian route choice strategies, for simulating the movement of pedestrians in cities. We designed a questionnaire to observe to what degree people resort to salient urban elements (i.e. local and global landmarks, regions, and barriers) and road costs (i.e. road distance, cumulative angular change) and empirically characterise the agent behaviour in our ABM. We hypothesised that a heterogeneous ABM configuration based on the construction of agent typologies from empirical data would portray a more plausible picture of pedestrian movement flows than a homogeneous configuration based on the same data, or a random configuration. The city of Münster (DE) was used as a case study. From a sample of 301 subjects, we obtained six clusters that differed in the usage of global elements (distant landmarks, barriers, and regions) and meaningful local elements along the route, when they choose their route. The random configuration directed agents nearby natural elements and across the streets of the historical centre. The empirically based model configurations resulted in lower pedestrian volumes along roads designed for cars (25% decrease) but higher concentrations along the city's Promenade and the lake (40% increase); based on our knowledge, we deem those results more plausible. Little differences were identified between the heterogeneous and homogeneous configurations. While these findings indicate that the inclusion of heterogeneity does not make a difference in terms of global patterns, we demonstrated that simulation models of ...
    Keywords Life Science
    Subject code 380
    Language English
    Publishing country nl
    Document type Article ; Online
    ISSN 0272-4944
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Downregulation of testicular function in the goat by altrenogest.

    Mihsler-Kirsch, Lisa / Wagner, Henrik / Failing, Klaus / Wehrend, Axel

    BMC veterinary research

    2021  Volume 17, Issue 1, Page(s) 183

    Abstract: Background: The present study investigated whether the administration of the progestin altrenogest provides noninvasive, temporary, and reversible suppression of gonadal function in the goat as a potential alternative to chirurgical castration, which is ...

    Abstract Background: The present study investigated whether the administration of the progestin altrenogest provides noninvasive, temporary, and reversible suppression of gonadal function in the goat as a potential alternative to chirurgical castration, which is related with irreversibility, risks of complications till death of the animal and welfare issues. Eight sexually mature Peacock goats were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was administered altrenogest (0.088 mg/kg) orally once daily for 7 weeks. The remaining four goats received an oral glucose solution and served as the control group. After completing the administration period, the reversibility of the medication was evaluated for another 7 weeks (observation phase). The treatment effects were assessed by clinical examination; ultrasound examination of the testes, including one-dimensional grayscale analysis, blood testosterone levels, analysis of semen parameters and libido. At the end of the observation period, the animals were castrated and the testicles were examined histologically.
    Results: Altrenogest treatment had no significant effect on the physical development of the goats, the sonographic appearance of the testes, the gray values measured in the ultrasound images, or the blood testosterone levels. The effects of treatment on the testicular and semen parameters varied widely in the experimental animals; the testicle volume was significantly lower and the number of pathologically altered sperm in the ejaculate was significantly higher in treated animals.
    Conclusion: These findings indicate that daily altrenogest administration at a dose of 0.088 mg/kg does not reliably suppress gonadal function in the goat.
    MeSH term(s) Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Contraceptive Agents, Male/administration & dosage ; Contraceptive Agents, Male/pharmacology ; Goats ; Male ; Semen Analysis/veterinary ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Testis/diagnostic imaging ; Testis/drug effects ; Testosterone/blood ; Trenbolone Acetate/administration & dosage ; Trenbolone Acetate/analogs & derivatives ; Trenbolone Acetate/pharmacology
    Chemical Substances Contraceptive Agents, Male ; altrenogest (2U0X0JA2NB) ; Testosterone (3XMK78S47O) ; Trenbolone Acetate (RUD5Y4SV0S)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1746-6148
    ISSN (online) 1746-6148
    DOI 10.1186/s12917-021-02845-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Book ; Online: Meta Learning Backpropagation And Improving It

    Kirsch, Louis / Schmidhuber, Jürgen

    2020  

    Abstract: Many concepts have been proposed for meta learning with neural networks (NNs), e.g., NNs that learn to reprogram fast weights, Hebbian plasticity, learned learning rules, and meta recurrent NNs. Our Variable Shared Meta Learning (VSML) unifies the above ... ...

    Abstract Many concepts have been proposed for meta learning with neural networks (NNs), e.g., NNs that learn to reprogram fast weights, Hebbian plasticity, learned learning rules, and meta recurrent NNs. Our Variable Shared Meta Learning (VSML) unifies the above and demonstrates that simple weight-sharing and sparsity in an NN is sufficient to express powerful learning algorithms (LAs) in a reusable fashion. A simple implementation of VSML where the weights of a neural network are replaced by tiny LSTMs allows for implementing the backpropagation LA solely by running in forward-mode. It can even meta learn new LAs that differ from online backpropagation and generalize to datasets outside of the meta training distribution without explicit gradient calculation. Introspection reveals that our meta learned LAs learn through fast association in a way that is qualitatively different from gradient descent.

    Comment: Updated to the NeurIPS 2021 camera ready; fixed typo in eq 4
    Keywords Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing ; Statistics - Machine Learning
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2020-12-29
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article: Research misconduct.

    Kirsch, L

    PDA journal of pharmaceutical science and technology

    2001  Volume 55, Issue 4, Page(s) 205–206

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Scientific Misconduct
    Language English
    Publishing date 2001-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ISSN 1079-7440
    ISSN 1079-7440
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Power to the people?

    Kirsch, L

    PDA journal of pharmaceutical science and technology

    2001  Volume 55, Issue 5, Page(s) 261–262

    MeSH term(s) Databases, Factual ; Information Services/legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2001-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ISSN 1079-7440
    ISSN 1079-7440
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Financing Policy Considerations From Texas to Optimize Care for Children With Medical Complexity.

    Kirsch, Lisa / Berhane, Rahel / Sharp, Kendall / Alexander, Mari-Ann / Santa, Sherry / Rosenbloom, Adam H / Benschoter, Maureen / Fitton, Steve / Magee, Carisa / Laurel, Ardas

    Pediatrics

    2024  Volume 153, Issue Suppl 1

    Abstract: Texas has a tremendous opportunity and momentum to build a more effective system of care for children with medical complexity (CMC) and their families. This is evidenced by growing collaboration among many committed partners since implementation of the ... ...

    Abstract Texas has a tremendous opportunity and momentum to build a more effective system of care for children with medical complexity (CMC) and their families. This is evidenced by growing collaboration among many committed partners since implementation of the Medicaid STAR Kids managed care program in 2016 and Texas' participation in a US Health Resources and Services Administration-funded, 10-state Collaborative Improvement and Innovation Network to Advance Care for CMC from 2017 to 2022. Texas has several comprehensive health homes for CMC that position the state to serve as a national model of integrated, family-centered care for CMC and ensure high-quality care to an exceedingly vulnerable population. Further, Texas' elected leaders demonstrated their interest in system innovation in 2019 and 2021 by enacting state legislation to explore alternative care models and conduct a health home pilot for CMC. Much more must be done to sustain the work underway and bring the promise of care transformation to reality. To this point, we recommend that care planning and coordination be delegated to provider-led, integrated health homes for CMC with alternative payment structures that appropriately reimburse and align incentives with optimal care delivery. To realize the policy aspirations of an effective system of care for CMC, regulatory oversight, payment models, and outcome measures need to be improved to align with the vision articulated in Texas legislation and agency guidance. Although each state's Medicaid program is different, we believe each state can take away policy lessons from those learned by Texas.
    MeSH term(s) United States ; Child ; Humans ; Texas ; Learning ; Managed Care Programs ; Medicaid ; Policy
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 207677-9
    ISSN 1098-4275 ; 0031-4005
    ISSN (online) 1098-4275
    ISSN 0031-4005
    DOI 10.1542/peds.2023-063424H
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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