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Article ; Online: Impact of More Intense Smoking Parameters and Flavor Variety on Toxicant Levels in Emissions of a Heated Tobacco Product.

Davigo, Michele / Klerx, Walther N M / van Schooten, Frederik-Jan / Opperhuizen, Antoon / Remels, Alexander H V / Talhout, Reinskje

Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco

2023 Volume 26, Issue 5, Page(s) 571–579

Abstract: Introduction: IQOS HEETS are promoted as reduced-risk alternatives to cigarettes. Although some studies have investigated the chemical composition of HEETS emissions, little is known on whether toxicant levels in such emissions are affected by different ...

Abstract	Introduction: IQOS HEETS are promoted as reduced-risk alternatives to cigarettes. Although some studies have investigated the chemical composition of HEETS emissions, little is known on whether toxicant levels in such emissions are affected by different puffing parameters and flavor varieties. This has important implications when assessing actual human exposure, since IQOS users develop a specific and personalized puffing behavior and may use different HEETS variants. Methods: This study measured the levels of nicotine, total particulate matter, carbonyl compounds, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in the emissions of nine differently flavored HEETS and two cigarettes (1R6F and Marlboro Red, MR). Emissions from Yellow HEETS, 1R6F, and MR were collected using the World Health Organization Intense smoking regime and four more intense smoking regimes. Results: Yellow HEETS aerosol contained lower levels of toxicants compared to 1R6F and MR smoke. More intense smoking regimes increased carbonyl release in cigarette smoke, whereas only higher puff frequency led to lower levels of toxicants in Yellow HEETS aerosol. Some HEETS varieties exhibited higher levels of formaldehyde and TSNAs in their aerosols compared to Yellow HEETS. Conclusions: Puff frequency was identified as the only smoking parameter that significantly lowered the release of almost all toxicants in Yellow HEETS, whereas a combination of higher puff volume and puff duration led to increased levels of some carbonyls. Differences in toxicant levels between various commercially available HEETS have important implications when assessing their health impact, as their consumption might induce different toxicant exposure and health effects. Implications: HEETS release about half as much nicotine and substantially lower levels of toxicants compared to cigarettes. Literature data showed that puffing intensity is increased in cigarette smokers switching to HEETS, maybe in reaction to these lower nicotine levels. Our results show a differential impact of increased puff frequency, puff duration, and puff volume in the release of toxicants from HEETS. Thus, industry-independent studies on puff topography are critical to make choices for the most relevant puffing regime for heated tobacco product regulation. Regulators should consider evaluating the health impact of multiple HEETS varieties, as the tobacco filler composition significantly affects the release of certain toxicants.
MeSH term(s)	Tobacco Products/analysis ; Flavoring Agents/analysis ; Humans ; Nicotine/analysis ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Nitrosamines/analysis ; Nicotiana/chemistry ; Aerosols/analysis ; Smoke/analysis ; Smoking
Chemical Substances	Flavoring Agents ; Nicotine (6M3C89ZY6R) ; Particulate Matter ; Nitrosamines ; Aerosols ; Smoke
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1452315-2
ISSN	1469-994X ; 1462-2203
ISSN (online)	1469-994X
ISSN	1462-2203
DOI	10.1093/ntr/ntad238
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Improving the Analysis of E-Cigarette Emissions: Detecting Human "Dry Puff" Conditions in a Laboratory as Validated by a Panel of Experienced Vapers.

Visser, Wouter F / Krüsemann, Erna J Z / Klerx, Walther N M / Boer, Karin / Weibolt, Naomi / Talhout, Reinskje

International journal of environmental research and public health

2021 Volume 18, Issue 21

Abstract: Introduction: E-cigarette product regulation requires accurate analyses of emissions. User behavior, including device power setting selection, should be mimicked closely when generating e-cigarette emissions in a laboratory. Excessively high power ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: E-cigarette product regulation requires accurate analyses of emissions. User behavior, including device power setting selection, should be mimicked closely when generating e-cigarette emissions in a laboratory. Excessively high power settings result in an adverse burnt off-taste, called "dry puff flavor". This should be avoided because it results in an overestimation of toxicant levels (especially certain carbonyls). This study presents a human volunteer-validated approach to detect excessively high e-cigarette power settings by HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection) carbonyl analysis. Methods: Thirteen experienced e-cigarette users evaluated whether the "dry puff flavor" was present at different power settings (10 W-25 W), recording their assessment on a 100-unit visual analog scale (VAS). They assessed e-cigarettes equipped with 1.2 Ω or 1.6 Ω coils containing menthol, vanilla or fruit-flavored e-liquids. In a machine-vaping experiment, emissions from the same liquid/coil/power setting combinations were subjected to HPLC-DAD analysis of dinitrophenol hydrazine (DNPH)-derivatized carbonyls, such as lactaldehyde and formaldehyde. A simple algorithm, based on the cutoff values for each marker, was applied to relate the dry puff flavor (as assessed by the human volunteers) to the laboratory measurements. Results: Eleven carbonyl compounds were found to agree with the human assessments. Based on the amounts of these compounds in the emissions, the dry-puff flavor did match at all combinations of e-liquids and coils examined. Dry-puff flavor was observed at different power levels with the different liquids tested. Conclusions: The described method can detect dry puff conditions and is therefore a useful tool to ensure user-relevant conditions in laboratory analyses of e-cigarette emissions. Implications: This study improves the chemical analysis of e-cigarette emissions. It offers a method to select an appropriate (i.e., user-relevant) power setting for e-cigarettes, which is a critical parameter for emission analysis and therefore important for regulatory purposes and risk assessments. Compared to the approach of using human volunteers to select appropriate power settings for different products by taste, the described method is cheaper, faster, more practical and more ethical.
MeSH term(s)	Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Laboratories ; Smokers ; Vaping
Chemical Substances	Formaldehyde (1HG84L3525)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph182111520
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Variations in cigarette brand characteristics: can consumers tell the difference?

Pennings, Jeroen L A / Ferris Wayne, Geoffrey / Klerx, Walther N M / Pauwels, Charlotte G G M / Talhout, Reinskje

Tobacco control

2021 Volume 32, Issue 4, Page(s) 467–472

Abstract: Objectives: Sensory experience is an important determinant of smoking initiation, brand choice and harm perception, but little is known about how cigarette design shapes sensory experience. This study reports which variations in tobacco blend and design ...

Abstract	Objectives: Sensory experience is an important determinant of smoking initiation, brand choice and harm perception, but little is known about how cigarette design shapes sensory experience. This study reports which variations in tobacco blend and design characteristics available on the market are likely to be perceived as different by consumers. Methods: Truth Tobacco Industry Documents was reviewed for studies showing noticeable sensory differences resulting from variations in tobacco blend and design characteristics. These differences were compared with tobacco product data as available in the Dutch section of the European Common Entry Gate (EU-CEG) system on 30 April 2020. Results: Industry documents identified discrimination thresholds for ventilation, pressure drop, tobacco weight, filter length, and tar and nicotine levels in smoke while evidence for other design characteristics was less conclusive. In the 103 different cigarette varieties in the EU-CEG database, five main types of cigarettes could be identified by principal component analysis, differing in (combinations of) design characteristics. The most significant differences between brand varieties were tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide emissions and associated parameters filter ventilation, filter length, cigarette length and tobacco weight. Conclusions: While some clusters of brand varieties provided a noticeably different product for consumers, in many cases design differences within these clusters did not exceed the expected discrimination threshold. This indicates that many products on the market are not discernibly different for consumers, and that proliferation of brand varieties has a non-sensory purpose, such as marketing. Policy makers should consider limiting available brand varieties and regulating design characteristics to reduce product appeal.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Nicotine/analysis ; Tobacco Products ; Smoking ; Nicotiana ; Tobacco Industry
Chemical Substances	Nicotine (6M3C89ZY6R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1146554-2
ISSN	1468-3318 ; 0964-4563
ISSN (online)	1468-3318
ISSN	0964-4563
DOI	10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056856
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Aldehyde and Volatile Organic Compound Yields in Commercial Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Are Mutually Related and Depend on the Sugar and Humectant Content in Tobacco.

Pennings, Jeroen L A / Cremers, Johannes W J M / Becker, Mark J A / Klerx, Walther N M / Talhout, Reinskje

Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco

2019 Volume 22, Issue 10, Page(s) 1748–1756

Abstract: Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco control recognizes the need for tobacco product regulation. In line with that, the WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) proposed to regulate nine ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco control recognizes the need for tobacco product regulation. In line with that, the WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) proposed to regulate nine toxicants in mainstream cigarette smoke, including aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbon monoxide (CO). We analyzed their relations in 50 commercially available cigarette brands, using two different smoking regimes, and their dependence on sugar and humectant concentrations in tobacco filler. Methods: We measured sugar and humectant in tobacco filler and aldehydes, VOCs, and tar, nicotine, and CO (TNCO) in mainstream smoke. The general statistics, correlations between emission yields, and correlations between contents and emissions yields were determined for these data. Results: For aldehydes, several significant correlations were found with precursor ingredients in unburnt tobacco when smoked with the Intense regime, most prominently for formaldehyde with sucrose, glucose, total sugars, and glycerol. For VOCs, 2,5-dimethylfuran significantly correlates with several sugars under both International Standards Organization (ISO) and Intense smoking conditions. A correlation network visualization shows connectivity between a sugar cluster, an ISO cluster, and an Intense cluster, with Intense formaldehyde as a central highest connected hub. Conclusions: Our multivariate analysis showed several strong connections between the compounds determined. The toxicants proposed by WHO, in particular, formaldehyde, can be used to monitor yields of other toxicants under Intense conditions. Emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and 2,5-dimethylfuran may decrease when sugar and humectants contents are lowered in tobacco filler. Implications: Our findings suggest that the aldehydes and VOCs proposed by TobReg are a representative selection for smoke component market monitoring purposes. In particular, formaldehyde yields may be useful to monitor emissions of other toxicants under Intense conditions. Since the most and strongest correlations were observed with the Intense regime, policymakers are advised to prescribe this regime for regulatory purposes. Policymakers should also consider sugars and humectants contents as targets for future tobacco product regulations, with the additional advantage that consumer acceptance of cigarette smoke is proportional to their concentrations in the tobacco blend.
MeSH term(s)	Aldehydes/analysis ; Carbon Monoxide/analysis ; Formaldehyde/analysis ; Hazardous Substances/analysis ; Humans ; Hygroscopic Agents/analysis ; Sugars/analysis ; Tobacco Products/analysis ; Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis
Chemical Substances	Aldehydes ; Hazardous Substances ; Hygroscopic Agents ; Sugars ; Volatile Organic Compounds ; Formaldehyde (1HG84L3525) ; Carbon Monoxide (7U1EE4V452)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1452315-2
ISSN	1469-994X ; 1462-2203
ISSN (online)	1469-994X
ISSN	1462-2203
DOI	10.1093/ntr/ntz203
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Zs.A 5789: Show issues

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bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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Article ; Online: Improving the analysis of e-cigarette emissions

Visser, Wouter F. / Krüsemann, Erna J.Z. / Klerx, Walther N.M. / Boer, Karin / Weibolt, Naomi / Talhout, Reinskje

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Detecting human “dry puff” conditions in a laboratory as validated by a panel of experienced vapers

2021 Volume 18, Issue 21

Abstract	Introduction: E-cigarette product regulation requires accurate analyses of emissions. User behavior, including device power setting selection, should be mimicked closely when generating e-cigarette emissions in a laboratory. Excessively high power settings result in an adverse burnt off-taste, called “dry puff flavor”. This should be avoided because it results in an overestimation of toxicant levels (especially certain carbonyls). This study presents a human volunteer-validated approach to detect excessively high e-cigarette power settings by HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography—diode array detection) carbonyl analysis. Methods: Thirteen experienced e-cigarette users evaluated whether the “dry puff flavor” was present at different power settings (10 W–25 W), recording their assessment on a 100-unit visual analog scale (VAS). They assessed e-cigarettes equipped with 1.2 Ω or 1.6 Ω coils containing menthol, vanilla or fruit-flavored e-liquids. In a machine-vaping experiment, emissions from the same liquid/coil/power setting combinations were subjected to HPLC-DAD analysis of dinitrophenol hydrazine (DNPH)-derivatized carbonyls, such as lactaldehyde and formaldehyde. A simple algorithm, based on the cutoff values for each marker, was applied to relate the dry puff flavor (as assessed by the human volunteers) to the laboratory measurements. Results: Eleven carbonyl compounds were found to agree with the human assessments. Based on the amounts of these compounds in the emissions, the dry-puff flavor did match at all combinations of e-liquids and coils examined. Dry-puff flavor was observed at different power levels with the different liquids tested. Conclusions: The described method can detect dry puff conditions and is therefore a useful tool to ensure user-relevant conditions in laboratory analyses of e-cigarette emissions. Implications: This study improves the chemical analysis of e-cigarette emissions. It offers a method to select an appropriate (i.e., user-relevant) power setting for e-cigarettes, ...
Keywords	Chemical analysis ; Dry puff ; E-cigarette ; Emissions
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Cigarette Filter Ventilation and Smoking Protocol Influence Aldehyde Smoke Yields.

Pauwels, Charlotte G G M / Klerx, Walther N M / Pennings, Jeroen L A / Boots, Agnes W / van Schooten, Frederik J / Opperhuizen, Antoon / Talhout, Reinskje

Chemical research in toxicology

2018 Volume 31, Issue 6, Page(s) 462–471

Abstract: The WHO study group on tobacco product regulation (TobReg) advised regulating and lowering toxicant levels in cigarette smoke. Aldehydes are one of the chemical classes on the TobReg smoke toxicants priority list. To provide insight in factors ... ...

Abstract	The WHO study group on tobacco product regulation (TobReg) advised regulating and lowering toxicant levels in cigarette smoke. Aldehydes are one of the chemical classes on the TobReg smoke toxicants priority list. To provide insight in factors determining aldehyde yields, the levels of 12 aldehydes in mainstream cigarette smoke of 11 Dutch brands were quantified. Variations in smoking behavior and cigarette design affecting human exposure to aldehydes were studied by using four different machine testing protocols. Machine smoking was based on the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and Health Canada Intense (HCI) regime, both with and without taping the filter vents. The 11 cigarette brands differed in (i) design and blend characteristics; (ii) tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (TNCO) levels; (iii) popularity; and (iv) manufacturer. Cigarette smoke was trapped on a Cambridge filter pad and carboxen cartridge. After being dissolved in methanol/CS
MeSH term(s)	Aldehydes/analysis ; Carbon Monoxide/analysis ; Nicotine/analysis ; Smoke/analysis ; Smoking ; Tars/analysis ; Nicotiana ; Tobacco Products ; Ventilation
Chemical Substances	Aldehydes ; Smoke ; Tars ; Nicotine (6M3C89ZY6R) ; Carbon Monoxide (7U1EE4V452)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639353-6
ISSN	1520-5010 ; 0893-228X
ISSN (online)	1520-5010
ISSN	0893-228X
DOI	10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00342
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Zs.A 2320: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Smoking-Associated Exposure of Human Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Aldehydes: Impact on Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Mitochondrial Content and Function.

Tulen, Christy B M / Duistermaat, Evert / Cremers, Johannes W J M / Klerx, Walther N M / Fokkens, Paul H B / Weibolt, Naömi / Kloosterboer, Nico / Dentener, Mieke A / Gremmer, Eric R / Jessen, Phyllis J J / Koene, Evi J C / Maas, Lou / Opperhuizen, Antoon / van Schooten, Frederik-Jan / Staal, Yvonne C M / Remels, Alexander H V

Cells

2022 Volume 11, Issue 21

Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating lung disease primarily caused by exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). During the pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco, reactive aldehydes such as acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde are ... ...

Abstract	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating lung disease primarily caused by exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). During the pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco, reactive aldehydes such as acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde are formed, which are known to be involved in respiratory toxicity. Although CS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of COPD, the role of aldehydes therein is incompletely understood. To investigate this, we used a physiologically relevant in vitro exposure model of differentiated human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) exposed to CS (one cigarette) or a mixture of acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde (at relevant concentrations of one cigarette) or air, in a continuous flow system using a puff-like exposure protocol. Exposure of PBEC to CS resulted in elevated IL-8 cytokine and mRNA levels, increased abundance of constituents associated with autophagy, decreased protein levels of molecules associated with the mitophagy machinery, and alterations in the abundance of regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, decreased transcript levels of basal epithelial cell marker
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aldehydes/metabolism ; Acrolein/toxicity ; Acrolein/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism ; Acetaldehyde/toxicity ; Acetaldehyde/metabolism ; Nicotiana ; Formaldehyde ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Smoking
Chemical Substances	Aldehydes ; Acrolein (7864XYD3JJ) ; Acetaldehyde (GO1N1ZPR3B) ; Formaldehyde (1HG84L3525) ; RNA, Messenger
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2661518-6
ISSN	2073-4409 ; 2073-4409
ISSN (online)	2073-4409
ISSN	2073-4409
DOI	10.3390/cells11213481
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Impact of More Intense Smoking Parameters and Flavor Variety on Toxicant Levels in Emissions of a Heated Tobacco Product.

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Article ; Online: Improving the Analysis of E-Cigarette Emissions: Detecting Human "Dry Puff" Conditions in a Laboratory as Validated by a Panel of Experienced Vapers.

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Article ; Online: Variations in cigarette brand characteristics: can consumers tell the difference?

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Article ; Online: Aldehyde and Volatile Organic Compound Yields in Commercial Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Are Mutually Related and Depend on the Sugar and Humectant Content in Tobacco.

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Article ; Online: Improving the analysis of e-cigarette emissions

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Article ; Online: Cigarette Filter Ventilation and Smoking Protocol Influence Aldehyde Smoke Yields.

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Article ; Online: Smoking-Associated Exposure of Human Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Aldehydes: Impact on Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Mitochondrial Content and Function.

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