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Article ; Online: Uric acid levels in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine monotherapy.

Wysokiński, Adam / Kłoszewska, Iwona

2015 Volume 69, Issue 6, Page(s) 453–458

Abstract: Background: We tested the hypothesis that uric acid levels are higher in subjects with schizophrenia treated with clozapine than in healthy control and they correlate with anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests and results of bioimpedance ... ...

Abstract	Background: We tested the hypothesis that uric acid levels are higher in subjects with schizophrenia treated with clozapine than in healthy control and they correlate with anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests and results of bioimpedance analysis of body composition. Methods: Data for 24 subjects with schizophrenia treated with clozapine and 24 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers was analyzed. Results: There was no difference of fasting uric acid concentrations between clozapine and control groups (4.5 ± 1.4 vs. 4.3 ± 1.3 mg/dl, P = 0.87). Regarding the whole group, uric acid levels were significantly higher in men (5.2 ± 1.2 vs. 3.6 ± 0.9, P < 0.001). Uric acid levels correlated with weight (R = 0.58, P = 0.003), body mass index (BMI; R = 0.49, P = 0.01), abdominal circumference (R = 0.45, P = 0.03), waist circumference (R = 0.47, P = 0.02), waist-to-hip ratio (R = 0.42, P = 0.04), insulin (R = 0.50, P = 0.01), homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance 2 (HOMA2-IR; R = 0.49, P = 0.01), basal metabolic rate (R = 0.56, P = 0.004), lean body mass (R = 0.55, P = 0.005) and body water (R = 0.55, P = 0.005). There were no significant differences of uric acid levels for smoking status, impaired fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, obesity/overweight and dyslipidemia. Uric acid levels did not correlate with age, duration of clozapine treatment, clozapine dose, leg circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total body fat, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), homocysteine, corrected calcium, glucose and homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance 1 (HOMA1-IR). Conclusions: We did not find significant differences in blood uric acid levels between subjects with schizophrenia and controls. Association with weight, BMI, abdominal and waist circumferences, insulin levels and insulin resistance may support uric acid role as an important cardiovascular risk factor. Association with lean weight may explain why men have higher levels of uric acid than women.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Anthropometry ; Cardiovascular Diseases/blood ; Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced ; Case-Control Studies ; Clozapine/adverse effects ; Clozapine/therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin/blood ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Reference Values ; Risk Factors ; Schizophrenia/blood ; Schizophrenia/drug therapy ; Sex Factors ; Uric Acid/blood
Chemical Substances	Insulin ; Uric Acid (268B43MJ25) ; Clozapine (J60AR2IKIC)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Clinical Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1104974-1
ISSN	1502-4725 ; 0803-9488 ; 0029-1455
ISSN (online)	1502-4725
ISSN	0803-9488 ; 0029-1455
DOI	10.3109/08039488.2014.1002420
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Article ; Online: Blood serum levels of CART peptide in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine monotherapy.

Wysokiński, Adam / Kłoszewska, Iwona

Psychiatry research

2014 Volume 220, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 170–174

Abstract: CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) is an endogenous inhibitor of food intake. We compared fasting serum CART levels in subjects with schizophrenia on clozapine monotherapy (n=24) with sex- and age-matched healthy controls (n=24). CART ... ...

Abstract	CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) is an endogenous inhibitor of food intake. We compared fasting serum CART levels in subjects with schizophrenia on clozapine monotherapy (n=24) with sex- and age-matched healthy controls (n=24). CART levels were higher in the clozapine group (262.76±359.91 vs. 90.40±169.90 pg/mL). CART levels were higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome compared to subjects without metabolic syndrome in the clozapine group (415.63±416.93 vs. 122.62±237.17 pg/mL, n=12 and 12, respectively) and in the whole study group (377.73±401.09 vs. 88.58±172.35 pg/mL, n=16 and 32, respectively). In the control group CART levels were higher in subjects with total body fat lower than the target maximum compared to subjects with total body fat below the target maximum (121.71±154.91 vs. 66.32±182.96 pg/mL, n=14 and 10, respectively). CART levels did not correlate with age, weight, BMI, abdominal, waist and hip circumferences, WHR, blood pressure, laboratory tests, clozapine dose, antipsychotic or clozapine treatment duration, body composition, and markers of insulin resistance in the study group. Further studies are required to confirm whether increased levels of circulating CART are compensatory in response to treatment-induced weight gain and abdominal obesity or a primary feature of schizophrenia.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology ; Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use ; Body Composition/drug effects ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Clozapine/pharmacology ; Clozapine/therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome/blood ; Metabolic Syndrome/complications ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/blood ; Schizophrenia/blood ; Schizophrenia/complications ; Schizophrenia/drug therapy ; Weight Gain/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Antipsychotic Agents ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein ; Clozapine (J60AR2IKIC)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-12-15
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	445361-x
ISSN	1872-7123 ; 1872-7506 ; 0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
ISSN (online)	1872-7123 ; 1872-7506
ISSN	0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
DOI	10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.017
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Article ; Online: Level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in patients with acute schizophrenia, unipolar depression or bipolar disorder.

Wysokiński, Adam / Kłoszewska, Iwona

Neurochemical research

2014 Volume 39, Issue 7, Page(s) 1245–1253

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate differences in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level in patients with acute schizophrenia, unipolar depression, bipolar depression and bipolar mania. Serum level of TSH was measured in 1,685 Caucasian patients (1, ...

Abstract	The aim of this study is to investigate differences in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level in patients with acute schizophrenia, unipolar depression, bipolar depression and bipolar mania. Serum level of TSH was measured in 1,685 Caucasian patients (1,064 women, 63.1%; mean age 46.4). Mean serum TSH concentration was: schizophrenia (n = 769) 1.71 μIU/mL, unipolar depression (n = 651) 1.63 μIU/mL, bipolar disorder (n = 264) 1.86 μIU/mL, bipolar depression (n = 203) 2.00 μIU/mL, bipolar mania (n = 61) 1.38 μIU/mL (H = 11.58, p = 0.009). Depending on the normal range used, the overall rate of being above or below the normal range was 7.9-22.3% for schizophrenia, 13.9-26.0% for unipolar depression, 10.8-27.6% for bipolar disorder, 12.2-28.5% for bipolar depression, and 11.4-24.5% for bipolar mania. We have also found differences in TSH levels between the age groups (≤20, >20 years and ≤40, >40 years and ≤60 years and >60 years). TSH level was negatively correlated with age (r = -0.23, p < 0.001). Weak correlations with age have been found in the schizophrenia (r = -0.21, p < 0.001), unipolar depression (r = -0.23, p < 0.001), bipolar depression (r = -0.25, p = 0.002) and bipolar disorder (r = -0.21, p = 0.005) groups. Our results confirm that there may be a higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions in patients with mood disorders (both unipolar and bipolar) and that these two diagnostic groups differ in terms of direction and frequency of thyroid dysfunctions.
MeSH term(s)	Acute Disease ; Adult ; Aged ; Biomarkers/blood ; Bipolar Disorder/blood ; Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depressive Disorder/blood ; Depressive Disorder/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Schizophrenia/blood ; Schizophrenia/diagnosis ; Thyrotropin/blood ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Thyrotropin (9002-71-5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-04-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Pragmatic Clinical Trial
ZDB-ID	199335-5
ISSN	1573-6903 ; 0364-3190
ISSN (online)	1573-6903
ISSN	0364-3190
DOI	10.1007/s11064-014-1305-3
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Article ; Online: Homocysteine levels in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine monotherapy.

Wysokiński, Adam / Kłoszewska, Iwona

Neurochemical research

2013 Volume 38, Issue 10, Page(s) 2056–2062

Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that homocysteine levels are higher in blood of schizophrenic subjects on clozapine monotherapy than in healthy controls and they correlate with anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests and results of bioimpedance analysis ... ...

Abstract	We tested the hypothesis that homocysteine levels are higher in blood of schizophrenic subjects on clozapine monotherapy than in healthy controls and they correlate with anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests and results of bioimpedance analysis of body composition. Data for 24 subjects with schizophrenia treated with clozapine and 24 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers was analyzed. Regarding the whole group, homocysteine levels were significantly higher in men (17.0 ± 3.4 vs. 12.1 ± 4.0 μmol/L, p = 0.009). Homocysteine levels correlated with waist circumference (R = 0.58, p = 0.003), waist-to-hip ratio (R = 0.57, p = 0.003), basal metabolic rate (R = 0.48, p = 0.01), lean body mass [kg] (R = 0.53, p = 0.008), body water [L] (R = 0.53, p = 0.008) and triglycerides (R = 0.57, p = 0.003). There were no significant differences of homocysteine levels for impaired fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, obesity/overweight, and dyslipidemia. Homocysteine levels did not correlate with age, treatment duration, clozapine dose, weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, total body fat, cholesterol, high density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, uric acid, calcium, glucose, insulin, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance 1, and homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance 2. We did not find significant differences in blood homocysteine levels between subjects with schizophrenia and controls. Association with waist circumference may support homocysteine role as an important cardiovascular risk factor. Association with lean weight may explain why men have higher levels of homocysteine than women.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Body Composition ; Clozapine/therapeutic use ; Female ; Healthy Volunteers ; Homocysteine/blood ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Schizophrenia/blood ; Schizophrenia/drug therapy ; Waist Circumference
Chemical Substances	Homocysteine (0LVT1QZ0BA) ; Clozapine (J60AR2IKIC)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-07-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	199335-5
ISSN	1573-6903 ; 0364-3190
ISSN (online)	1573-6903
ISSN	0364-3190
DOI	10.1007/s11064-013-1113-1
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Article: Inhibitory acetylocholinesterazy--nie tylko w chorobie Alzheimera.

Kłoszewska, Iwona

Psychiatria polska

2003 Volume 36, Issue 6 Suppl, Page(s) 133–141

Abstract: Based on a literature review, the application of Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, IAchE (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantanine) in the treatment of various illnesses which have cholinergic system disability and dementia in their course--(dementia with ... ...

Title translation	Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors--beyond Alzheimer's disease.
Abstract	Based on a literature review, the application of Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, IAchE (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantanine) in the treatment of various illnesses which have cholinergic system disability and dementia in their course--(dementia with Lewy bodies, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Down Syndrome), delirium symptoms (e.g. Korsakoff psychosis), hyperkinesis, attention and memory disorders--is presented. Promising results in the treatment of late dyskinesias, in schizophrenia with impaired cognitive function, as well as in the additional treatment of various psychotic states are noted. It should be stressed that in Poland, the IAchE have been approved only in the treatment of slight to moderate dementia in the course of Alzheimer's disease.
MeSH term(s)	Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy ; Carbamates/therapeutic use ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Dementia/drug therapy ; Down Syndrome/drug therapy ; Dyskinesias/drug therapy ; Galantamine/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Indans/therapeutic use ; Korsakoff Syndrome/drug therapy ; Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy ; Parkinson Disease/drug therapy ; Phenylcarbamates ; Piperidines/therapeutic use ; Rivastigmine ; Schizophrenia/drug therapy
Chemical Substances	Carbamates ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Indans ; Phenylcarbamates ; Piperidines ; Galantamine (0D3Q044KCA) ; donepezil (8SSC91326P) ; Rivastigmine (PKI06M3IW0)
Language	Polish
Publishing date	2003-02-15
Publishing country	Poland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	415518-x
ISSN	0033-2674
ISSN	0033-2674
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Article ; Online: Levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, HDL and glucose in patients with schizophrenia, unipolar depression and bipolar disorder.

Wysokiński, Adam / Strzelecki, Dominik / Kłoszewska, Iwona

Diabetes & metabolic syndrome

2015 Volume 9, Issue 3, Page(s) 168–176

Abstract: Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate differences in triglycerides (TGA), cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL and glucose (FPG) levels in patients with acute schizophrenia, unipolar depression, bipolar depression and bipolar mania.: Results: Results ... ...

Abstract	Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate differences in triglycerides (TGA), cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL and glucose (FPG) levels in patients with acute schizophrenia, unipolar depression, bipolar depression and bipolar mania. Results: Results for 2305 Caucasian patients were included in the study (1377 women, 59.7%; mean age 45.6). Mean TGA level was: schizophrenia: 139.9±90.6 mg/dL, unipolar depression: 125.4±70.8 mg/dL, bipolar disorder: 141.1±81.9 mg/dL, bipolar depression: 147.7±82.8 mg/dL mg/dL, bipolar mania: 120.2±76.1 mg/dL, inter-group differences were significant (p<0.001). Mean TC level was: schizophrenia: 188.5±40.4 mg/dL, unipolar depression: 198.8±50.7 mg/dL, bipolar disorder: 194.4±48.3 mg/dL, bipolar depression: 198.9±48.8 mg/dL, bipolar mania: 180.1±43.8 mg/dL, inter-group differences were significant (p<0.001). Mean HDL level was: schizophrenia: 45.3±13.9 mg/dL, unipolar depression: 48.1±14.8 mg/dL, bipolar disorder: 45.4±15.3 mg/dL, bipolar depression: 45.1±15.4 mg/dL, bipolar mania: 46.4±15.1 mg/dL, inter-group differences were significant (p<0.001). Mean LDL level was: schizophrenia: 115.4±34.7 mg/dL, unipolar depression: 125.7±44.1 mg/dL, bipolar disorder: 120.9±42.1 mg/dL, bipolar depression: 124.5±43.1 mg/dL, bipolar mania: 109.3±36.9 mg/dL, inter-group differences were significant (p<0.001). Mean FPG level was: schizophrenia: 95.9±24.9 mg/dL, unipolar depression: 94.8±22.9 mg/dL, bipolar disorder: 97.2±24.4 mg/dL, bipolar depression: 98.3±25.3 mg/dL, bipolar mania: 93.9±21.1 mg/dL, inter-group differences were not significant (p=0.08). Odds ratios for glucose and lipids abnormalities, correlations with age, sex distribution in diagnostic groups for normal ranges of glucose and lipids, differences in glucose and lipids levels between the age groups were also calculated. Conclusions: Our results confirm that there is a high prevalence of lipid and glucose abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders (both unipolar and bipolar). However, we have demonstrated that these diagnostic groups differ in terms of types and frequency of these metabolic dysfunctions. Women and patients aged 40+ are at particularly high risk.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Bipolar Disorder/blood ; Blood Glucose ; Cholesterol/blood ; Cholesterol, HDL/blood ; Cholesterol, LDL/blood ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depressive Disorder/blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Diseases/complications ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Schizophrenia/blood ; Schizophrenia/complications ; Triglycerides/blood
Chemical Substances	Blood Glucose ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Triglycerides ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2273766-2
ISSN	1878-0334 ; 1871-4021
ISSN (online)	1878-0334
ISSN	1871-4021
DOI	10.1016/j.dsx.2015.04.004
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Article ; Online: Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with schizophrenia, unipolar depression and bipolar disorder.

Wysokiński, Adam / Margulska, Aleksandra / Strzelecki, Dominik / Kłoszewska, Iwona

Nordic journal of psychiatry

2015 Volume 69, Issue 5, Page(s) 346–353

Abstract: Objective: C-reactive protein (CRP) is the major acute-phase plasma protein. Studies show that patients with various mental disorders have elevated levels of CRP. The aim of the study was to determine differences in CRP serum level in patients with ... ...

Abstract	Objective: C-reactive protein (CRP) is the major acute-phase plasma protein. Studies show that patients with various mental disorders have elevated levels of CRP. The aim of the study was to determine differences in CRP serum level in patients with acute schizophrenia, unipolar depression, bipolar depression and bipolar mania. Method: Serum level of CRP was measured in 950 Caucasian inpatients (589 women, 62.0%; mean age 50.3 years). Results: Mean concentration of CRP in study groups was: schizophrenia (n = 485) 5.30 mg/l, unipolar depression (n = 319) 5.61 mg/l, bipolar disorder (n = 146) 4.65 mg/l, bipolar depression (n = 114) 3.82 mg/l and bipolar mania (n = 32) 7.36 mg/l. There was no difference for CRP levels between patients with schizophrenia, unipolar depression, bipolar depression and bipolar mania (P = 0.58). The overall rate of being above the high level of CRP (set at 3.0 mg/l) was 35.7% for schizophrenia, 38.6% for unipolar depression, 40.4% for bipolar disorder, 40.4% for bipolar depression and 40.6% for bipolar mania. There were no significant differences in the risk of having high level of CRP between the clinical groups. The rate of patients being above high level was higher in women. We also found that in whole study group CRP level was positively correlated with age (P = 0.002). Conclusions: Although there is no statistically significant difference in CRP serum level between patients with schizophrenia, unipolar depression, bipolar depression and bipolar mania, our results show that more than one-third (37.4%) of all subjects had CRP level > 3 mg/l, which is the cut-off point for high cardiovascular risk.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Bipolar Disorder/blood ; C-Reactive Protein/metabolism ; Depressive Disorder, Major/blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Schizophrenia/blood ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	C-Reactive Protein (9007-41-4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1104974-1
ISSN	1502-4725 ; 0803-9488 ; 0029-1455
ISSN (online)	1502-4725
ISSN	0803-9488 ; 0029-1455
DOI	10.3109/08039488.2014.984755
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Article ; Online: Mechanisms of the anorexia of aging-a review.

Wysokiński, Adam / Sobów, Tomasz / Kłoszewska, Iwona / Kostka, Tomasz

Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)

2015 Volume 37, Issue 4, Page(s) 9821

Abstract: Many, even healthy, older people fail to adequately regulate food intake and experience loss of weight. Aging-associated changes in the regulation of appetite and the lack of hunger have been termed as the anorexia of aging. The etiology of the anorexia ... ...

Abstract	Many, even healthy, older people fail to adequately regulate food intake and experience loss of weight. Aging-associated changes in the regulation of appetite and the lack of hunger have been termed as the anorexia of aging. The etiology of the anorexia of aging is multi-factorial and includes a combination of physiological changes associated with aging (decline in smell and taste, reduced central and peripheral drive to eat, delayed gastric emptying), pathological conditions (depression, dementia, somatic diseases, medications and iatrogenic interventions, oral-health status), and social factors (poverty, loneliness). However, exact mechanisms of the anorexia of aging remain to be elucidated. Many neurobiological mechanisms may be secondary to age-related changes in body composition and not associated with anorexia per se. Therefore, further studies on pathophysiological mechanisms of the anorexia of aging should employ accurate measurement of body fat and lean mass. The anorexia of aging is associated with protein-energy malnutrition, sarcopenia, frailty, functional deterioration, morbidity, and mortality. Since this symptom can lead to dramatic consequences, early identification and effective interventions are needed. One of the most important goals in the geriatric care is to optimize nutritional status of the elderly.
MeSH term(s)	Aging/pathology ; Aging/physiology ; Aging/psychology ; Anorexia/etiology ; Appetite ; Eating ; Gastrointestinal Absorption ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	423714-6
ISSN	1574-4647 ; 0161-9152
ISSN (online)	1574-4647
ISSN	0161-9152
DOI	10.1007/s11357-015-9821-x
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Article ; Online: Is cortisol the key to the pathogenesis of delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery?

Kazmierski, Jakub / Kloszewska, Iwona

Critical care (London, England)

2011 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 102

Abstract: Postoperative delirium is a serious complication of cardiac surgery. However, the pathophysiology of this mental syndrome is largely unknown. Recent findings suggest an association between elevated level of cortisol and postoperative delirium. Further ... ...

Abstract	Postoperative delirium is a serious complication of cardiac surgery. However, the pathophysiology of this mental syndrome is largely unknown. Recent findings suggest an association between elevated level of cortisol and postoperative delirium. Further studies should investigate the mechanisms responsible for excessive perioperative cortisol secretion.
MeSH term(s)	Coronary Artery Bypass/adverse effects ; Delirium/blood ; Delirium/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/blood ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/blood ; Postoperative Complications/psychology
Chemical Substances	Hydrocortisone (WI4X0X7BPJ)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-01-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2041406-7
ISSN	1466-609X ; 1364-8535
ISSN (online)	1466-609X
ISSN	1364-8535
DOI	10.1186/cc9372
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Article ; Online: Serum levels of AgRP protein in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine monotherapy.

Wysokiński, Adam / Kaźmierski, Jakub / Kłoszewska, Iwona

Metabolic brain disease

2014 Volume 30, Issue 2, Page(s) 529–535

Abstract: Aim: Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) is one of the hypothalamic hormones that works by increasing appetite and decreasing metabolism, thus leading to weight gain. The aim of the study was to find out if AgRP level in subjects with schizophrenia on ... ...

Abstract	Aim: Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) is one of the hypothalamic hormones that works by increasing appetite and decreasing metabolism, thus leading to weight gain. The aim of the study was to find out if AgRP level in subjects with schizophrenia on clozapine monotherapy is higher compared with healthy controls. Methodology: We determined fasting serum AgRP levels in 24 subjects with schizophrenia on clozapine monotherapy and 24 healthy, age- and sex-matched controls. Biochemical and anthropometric measurements were combined with body composition analysis. Results: There was no difference for AgRP levels between patients taking clozapine and control group (15.00±8.65 vs. 15.33±6.82 pg/mL, p =0.37). We found negative correlations between AgRP levels and total body fat (r =-0.34 and -0.48 in the whole study group and clozapine group, respectively) and positive correlations with lean body mass (r =0.38 and 0.49 in the whole study group and clozapine group, respectively), body water (r =0.34 and 0.49 in the whole study group and clozapine group, respectively) and basal metabolic rate (r =0.42 both in the clozapine and control groups). There were no correlations with age, height, weight, body mass index, fat mass index, abdominal, waist or hip circumferences, waist-hip ratio, blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, uric acid, glucose, insulin, clozapine dose or treatment duration, duration of treatment with antipsychotics and markers for insulin resistance. Conclusion: We cannot conclude that treatment with clozapine is associated with increased level of AgRP. We did not find previously described differences in AgRP levels between obese and non-obese subjects or associations between AgRP and various metabolic parameters.
MeSH term(s)	Adiposity/drug effects ; Adult ; Agouti-Related Protein/blood ; Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use ; Body Composition/drug effects ; Body Fat Distribution ; Body Water/drug effects ; Clozapine/therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Schizophrenia/blood ; Schizophrenia/drug therapy
Chemical Substances	AGRP protein, human ; Agouti-Related Protein ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Clozapine (J60AR2IKIC)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-07-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632824-6
ISSN	1573-7365 ; 0885-7490
ISSN (online)	1573-7365
ISSN	0885-7490
DOI	10.1007/s11011-014-9592-6
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