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Article: We’re Not Doing Enough Prescribed Fire in the Western United States to Mitigate Wildfire Risk

Kolden, Crystal A

Fire. 2019 May 29, v. 2, no. 2

2019

Abstract: Prescribed fire is one of the most widely advocated management practices for reducing wildfire hazard and has a long and rich tradition rooted in indigenous and local ecological knowledge. The scientific literature has repeatedly reported that prescribed ...

Abstract	Prescribed fire is one of the most widely advocated management practices for reducing wildfire hazard and has a long and rich tradition rooted in indigenous and local ecological knowledge. The scientific literature has repeatedly reported that prescribed fire is often the most effective means of achieving such goals by reducing fuels and wildfire hazard and restoring ecological function to fire-adapted ecosystems in the United States (US) following a century of fire exclusion. This has translated into calls from scientists and policy experts for more prescribed fire, particularly in the Western US, where fire activity has escalated in recent decades. The annual extent of prescribed burning in the Western US remained stable or decreased from 1998 to 2018, while 70% of all prescribed fire was completed primarily by non-federal entities in the Southeastern US. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was the only federal agency to substantially increase prescribed fire use, potentially associated with increased tribal self-governance. This suggests that the best available science is not being adopted into management practices, thereby further compounding the fire deficit in the Western US and the potential for more wildfire disasters.
Keywords	disasters ; ecological function ; ecosystems ; environmental knowledge ; fuels (fire ecology) ; issues and policy ; prescribed burning ; risk ; wildfires ; Southeastern United States ; Western United States
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0529
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ISSN	2571-6255
DOI	10.3390/fire2020030
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: A Socio-Ecological Approach to Mitigating Wildfire Vulnerability in the Wildland Urban Interface: A Case Study from the 2017 Thomas Fire

Kolden, Crystal A / Henson, Carol

Fire. 2019 Feb. 11, v. 2, no. 1

2019

Abstract: Wildfire disasters are one of the many consequences of increasing wildfire activities globally, and much effort has been made to identify strategies and actions for reducing human vulnerability to wildfire. While many individual homeowners and ... ...

Abstract	Wildfire disasters are one of the many consequences of increasing wildfire activities globally, and much effort has been made to identify strategies and actions for reducing human vulnerability to wildfire. While many individual homeowners and communities have enacted such strategies, the number subjected to a subsequent wildfire is considerably lower. Furthermore, there has been limited documentation on how mitigation strategies impact wildfire outcomes across the socio-ecological spectrum. Here we present a case report documenting wildfire vulnerability mitigation strategies undertaken by the community of Montecito, California, and how such strategies addressed exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. We utilize geospatial data, recorded interviews, and program documentation to synthesize how those strategies subsequently impacted the advance of the 2017 Thomas Fire on the community of Montecito under extreme fire danger conditions. Despite the extreme wind conditions and interviewee estimates of potentially hundreds of homes being consumed, only seven primary residences were destroyed by the Thomas Fire, and firefighters indicated that pre-fire mitigation activities played a clear, central role in the outcomes observed. This supports prior findings that community partnerships between agencies and citizens are critical for identifying and implementing place-based solutions to reducing wildfire vulnerability.
Keywords	case studies ; disasters ; fire fighters ; fire hazard ; homeowners ; interviews ; spatial data ; wildfires ; wildland-urban interface ; wind ; California
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0211
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ISSN	2571-6255
DOI	10.3390/fire2010009
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The state of wildfire and bushfire science: Temporal trends, research divisions and knowledge gaps

Haghani , Milad / Kuligowski , Erica / Rajabifard , Abbas / Kolden , Crystal A.

Safety Science. 2022 , v. 153

2022

Abstract: Along with the increase in the frequency of disastrous wildfires and bushfires around the world during the recent decades, scholarly research efforts have also intensified in this domain. This work investigates divisions and trends of the domain of ... ...

Abstract	Along with the increase in the frequency of disastrous wildfires and bushfires around the world during the recent decades, scholarly research efforts have also intensified in this domain. This work investigates divisions and trends of the domain of wildfire/bushfire research. Results show that this research domain has been growing exponentially. It is estimated that the field, as of 2021, it has grown to larger than 13,000 research items, with an excess of 1,200 new articles appearing every year. It also exhibits distinct characteristics of a multidisciplinary research domain. Analyses of the underlying studies reveal that the field is made up of five major divisions. These divisions embody research activities around (i) forest ecology and climate, (ii) fire detection and mapping technologies, (iii) community risk mitigation and planning, (iv) soil and water ecology, and (v) atmospheric science. Research into the sub-topics of reciprocal effects between climate change and fire activities, fire risk modelling/mapping (including burned area modelling), wildfire impact on organic matter, biomass burning, and human health impacts currently constitute trending areas of this field. Amongst these, the climate cluster showed an explosion of activities in 2020 while the human health cluster is identified as the most recent emerging topic of this domain. On the other hand, dimensions of wildfire research related to human behaviour—particularly issues of emergency training, risk perception and wildfire hazard education—seem to be notably underdeveloped in this field, making this one of its most apparent knowledge gaps. A scoping review of all reviews and meta-analysis of this field demonstrates that this sub-topic is also virtually non-existent on the research synthesis front. This meta-synthesis further reveals how a western, deductive view excludes socioecological and traditional knowledge of fire.
Keywords	biomass ; climate ; climate change ; fire detection ; forest ecology ; human health ; humans ; indigenous knowledge ; meta-analysis ; organic matter ; risk perception ; risk reduction ; soil ; wildfires
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-09
Publishing place	Elsevier BV
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1074634-1
ISSN	1879-1042 ; 0925-7535
ISSN (online)	1879-1042
ISSN	0925-7535
DOI	10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105797
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Death from hunger or thirst? Phloem death, rather than xylem hydraulic failure, as a driver of fire‐induced conifer mortality

Partelli‐Feltrin, Raquel / Smith, Alistair M. S. / Adams, Henry D. / Thompson, R. Alex / Kolden, Crystal A. / Yedinak, Kara M. / Johnson, Daniel M.

New Phytologist. 2023 Feb., v. 237, no. 4 p.1154-1163

2023

Abstract: Disruption of photosynthesis and carbon transport due to damage to the tree crown and stem cambial cells, respectively, can cause tree mortality. It has recently been proposed that fire‐induced dysfunction of xylem plays an important role in tree ... ...

Abstract	Disruption of photosynthesis and carbon transport due to damage to the tree crown and stem cambial cells, respectively, can cause tree mortality. It has recently been proposed that fire‐induced dysfunction of xylem plays an important role in tree mortality. Here, we simultaneously tested the impact of a lethal fire dose on nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and xylem hydraulics in Pinus ponderosa saplings. Saplings were burned with a known lethal fire dose. Nonstructural carbohydrates were assessed in needles, main stems, roots and whole plants, and xylem hydraulic conductivity was measured in the main stems up to 29 d postfire. Photosynthesis and whole plant NSCs declined postfire. Additionally, all burned saplings showed 100% phloem/cambium necrosis, and roots of burned saplings had reduced NSCs compared to unburned and defoliated saplings. We further show that, contrary to patterns observed with NSCs, water transport was unchanged by fire and there was no evidence of xylem deformation in saplings that experienced a lethal dose of heat from fire. We conclude that phloem and cambium mortality, and not hydraulic failure, were probably the causes of death in these saplings. These findings advance our understanding of the physiological response to fire‐induced injuries in conifer trees.
Keywords	Pinus ponderosa ; cambium ; carbon ; conifers ; death ; deformation ; fluid mechanics ; heat ; hunger ; lethal dose ; mortality ; necrosis ; phloem ; photosynthesis ; physiological response ; thirst ; tree crown ; tree mortality ; xylem ; xylem hydraulic conductivity
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-02
Size	p. 1154-1163.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/nph.18454
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Article ; Online: Modeling the impacts of wildfire on runoff and pollutant transport from coastal watersheds to the nearshore environment.

Morrison, Katherine D / Kolden, Crystal A

Journal of environmental management

2015 Volume 151, Page(s) 113–123

Abstract: Wildfire is a common disturbance that can significantly alter vegetation in watersheds and affect the rate of sediment and nutrient transport to adjacent nearshore oceanic environments. Changes in runoff resulting from heterogeneous wildfire effects are ... ...

Abstract	Wildfire is a common disturbance that can significantly alter vegetation in watersheds and affect the rate of sediment and nutrient transport to adjacent nearshore oceanic environments. Changes in runoff resulting from heterogeneous wildfire effects are not well-understood due to both limitations in the field measurement of runoff and temporally-limited spatial data available to parameterize runoff models. We apply replicable, scalable methods for modeling wildfire impacts on sediment and nonpoint source pollutant export into the nearshore environment, and assess relationships between wildfire severity and runoff. Nonpoint source pollutants were modeled using a GIS-based empirical deterministic model parameterized with multi-year land cover data to quantify fire-induced increases in transport to the nearshore environment. Results indicate post-fire concentration increases in phosphorus by 161 percent, sediments by 350 percent and total suspended solids (TSS) by 53 percent above pre-fire years. Higher wildfire severity was associated with the greater increase in exports of pollutants and sediment to the nearshore environment, primarily resulting from the conversion of forest and shrubland to grassland. This suggests that increasing wildfire severity with climate change will increase potential negative impacts to adjacent marine ecosystems. The approach used is replicable and can be utilized to assess the effects of other types of land cover change at landscape scales. It also provides a planning and prioritization framework for management activities associated with wildfire, including suppression, thinning, and post-fire rehabilitation, allowing for quantification of potential negative impacts to the nearshore environment in coastal basins.
MeSH term(s)	Ecosystem ; Fires ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; Water Movements ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-03-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	184882-3
ISSN	1095-8630 ; 0301-4797
ISSN (online)	1095-8630
ISSN	0301-4797
DOI	10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.12.025
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Death from hunger or thirst? Phloem death, rather than xylem hydraulic failure, as a driver of fire-induced conifer mortality.

Partelli-Feltrin, Raquel / Smith, Alistair M S / Adams, Henry D / Thompson, R Alex / Kolden, Crystal A / Yedinak, Kara M / Johnson, Daniel M

The New phytologist

2022 Volume 237, Issue 4, Page(s) 1154–1163

Abstract: Disruption of photosynthesis and carbon transport due to damage to the tree crown and stem cambial cells, respectively, can cause tree mortality. It has recently been proposed that fire-induced dysfunction of xylem plays an important role in tree ... ...

Abstract	Disruption of photosynthesis and carbon transport due to damage to the tree crown and stem cambial cells, respectively, can cause tree mortality. It has recently been proposed that fire-induced dysfunction of xylem plays an important role in tree mortality. Here, we simultaneously tested the impact of a lethal fire dose on nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and xylem hydraulics in Pinus ponderosa saplings. Saplings were burned with a known lethal fire dose. Nonstructural carbohydrates were assessed in needles, main stems, roots and whole plants, and xylem hydraulic conductivity was measured in the main stems up to 29 d postfire. Photosynthesis and whole plant NSCs declined postfire. Additionally, all burned saplings showed 100% phloem/cambium necrosis, and roots of burned saplings had reduced NSCs compared to unburned and defoliated saplings. We further show that, contrary to patterns observed with NSCs, water transport was unchanged by fire and there was no evidence of xylem deformation in saplings that experienced a lethal dose of heat from fire. We conclude that phloem and cambium mortality, and not hydraulic failure, were probably the causes of death in these saplings. These findings advance our understanding of the physiological response to fire-induced injuries in conifer trees.
MeSH term(s)	Hunger ; Thirst ; Phloem ; Carbohydrates ; Xylem/physiology ; Trees/physiology ; Water ; Plant Stems
Chemical Substances	Carbohydrates ; Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/nph.18454
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Short- and long-term effects of fire on stem hydraulics in Pinus ponderosa saplings.

Partelli-Feltrin, Raquel / Smith, Alistair M S / Adams, Henry D / Kolden, Crystal A / Johnson, Daniel M

Plant, cell & environment

2020 Volume 44, Issue 3, Page(s) 696–705

Abstract: Understanding tree physiological responses to fire is needed to accurately model post-fire carbon processes and inform management decisions. Given trees can die immediately or at extended time periods after fire, we combined two experiments to assess the ...

Abstract	Understanding tree physiological responses to fire is needed to accurately model post-fire carbon processes and inform management decisions. Given trees can die immediately or at extended time periods after fire, we combined two experiments to assess the short- (one-day) and long-term (21-months) fire effects on Pinus ponderosa sapling water transport. Native percentage loss of conductivity (nPLC), vulnerability to cavitation and xylem anatomy were assessed in unburned and burned saplings at lethal and non-lethal fire intensities. Fire did not cause any impact on nPLC and xylem cell wall structure in either experiment. However, surviving saplings evaluated 21-months post-fire were more vulnerable to cavitation. Our anatomical analysis in the long-term experiment showed that new xylem growth adjacent to fire scars had irregular-shaped tracheids and many parenchyma cells. Given conduit cell wall deformation was not observed in the long-term experiment, we suggest that the irregularity of newly grown xylem cells nearby fire wounds may be responsible for decreasing resistance to embolism in burned plants. Our findings suggest that hydraulic failure is not the main short-term physiological driver of mortality for Pinus ponderosa saplings. However, the decrease in embolism resistance in fire-wounded saplings could contribute to sapling mortality in the years following fire.
MeSH term(s)	Fires ; Pinus ponderosa/metabolism ; Pinus ponderosa/physiology ; Plant Stems/physiology ; Seedlings/growth & development ; Seedlings/metabolism ; Seedlings/physiology ; Water/metabolism ; Xylem/metabolism ; Xylem/physiology ; Xylem/ultrastructure
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	391893-2
ISSN	1365-3040 ; 0140-7791
ISSN (online)	1365-3040
ISSN	0140-7791
DOI	10.1111/pce.13881
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Biomimicry can help humans to coexist sustainably with fire.

Smith, Alistair M S / Kolden, Crystal A / Bowman, David M J S

Nature ecology & evolution

2018 Volume 2, Issue 12, Page(s) 1827–1829

MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Biological ; Ecosystem ; Fires ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2397-334X
ISSN (online)	2397-334X
DOI	10.1038/s41559-018-0712-2
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Mapping Wildfire Burn Severity in the Arctic Tundra from Downsampled MODIS Data

Kolden, Crystal A / Rogan John

Arctic, antarctic, and alpine research. 2013 Feb., v. 45, no. 1

2013

Abstract: Wildfires are historically infrequent in the arctic tundra, but are projected to increase with climate warming. Fire effects on tundra ecosystems are poorly understood and difficult to quantify in a remote region where a short growing season severely ... ...

Abstract	Wildfires are historically infrequent in the arctic tundra, but are projected to increase with climate warming. Fire effects on tundra ecosystems are poorly understood and difficult to quantify in a remote region where a short growing season severely limits ground data collection. Remote sensing has been widely utilized to characterize wildfire regimes, but primarily from the Landsat sensor, which has limited data acquisition in the Arctic. Here, coarse-resolution remotely sensed data are assessed as a means to quantify wildfire burn severity of the 2007 Anaktuvuk River Fire in Alaska, the largest tundra wildfire ever recorded on Alaska's North Slope. Data from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and downsampled Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were processed to spectral indices and correlated to observed metrics of surface, subsurface, and comprehensive burn severity. Spectral indices were strongly correlated to surface severity (maximum R2 = 0.88) and slightly less strongly correlated to substrate severity. Downsampled MODIS data showed a decrease in severity one year post-fire, corroborating rapid vegetation regeneration observed on the burned site. These results indicate that widely-used spectral indices and downsampled coarse-resolution data provide a reasonable supplement to often-limited ground data collection for analysis and long-term monitoring of wildfire effects in arctic ecosystems.
Keywords	data collection ; ecosystems ; global warming ; growing season ; image analysis ; Landsat ; moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ; monitoring ; remote sensing ; rivers ; thematic maps ; topographic slope ; tundra ; wildfires ; Alaska ; Arctic region
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-02
Size	p. 64-76.
Publishing place	Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2045941-5
ISSN	1938-4246 ; 1523-0430
ISSN (online)	1938-4246
ISSN	1523-0430
DOI	10.1657%2F1938-4246-45.1.64
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Determination of burn severity models ranging from regional to national scales for the conterminous United States

Picotte, Joshua J. / Cansler, C. Alina / Kolden, Crystal A. / Lutz, James A. / Key, Carl / Benson, Nathan C. / Robertson, Kevin M.

Elsevier Inc. Remote sensing of environment. 2021 Sept. 15, v. 263

2021

Abstract: Identifying meaningful measures of ecological change over large areas is dependent on the quantification of robust relationships between ecological metrics and remote sensing products. Over the past several decades, ground observations of wildfire and ... ...

Abstract	Identifying meaningful measures of ecological change over large areas is dependent on the quantification of robust relationships between ecological metrics and remote sensing products. Over the past several decades, ground observations of wildfire and prescribed fire severity have been acquired across hundreds of wildland fires in the United States, primarily utilizing the Composite Burn Index (CBI) plot protocol. These observations have been coupled to spaceborne passive spectral reflectance indices (e.g. Landsat-derived variations of the Normalized Burn Ratio [NBR]) to produce regression models describing their relationship. Here we develop regression models by vegetation type for multiple vegetation classification systems representing a range of spatial scales, and a decision tree framework for evaluating these regression models. Our overall goals were to determine which scale of ecological classifications provided the best estimate of burn severity from Landsat data and how to choose the best regression model. We aggregated a total of 6280 CBI plots for 234 wildland fires that burned between 1994 and 2017 and produced Landsat-derived NBR and differenced NBR (dNBR) values for each plot. We then calculated best fit linear or higher order regression equations between CBI and NBR/dNBR for each landcover classification system from smallest to largest scale: LANDFIRE Biophysical Settings (BPS), National Vegetation Classification macrogroup (NVC) landcover classifications, Omernick III, II, and I ecoregions, LANDFIRE Fire Regime Groups (FRG), and the entire conterminous United States (CONUS) dataset. The CONUS regression model goodness of fit was moderate (R² = 0.55, P < 0.001) for dNBR and poor (R² = 0.30, P < 0.001) for NBR. Within landcover classifications, CBI was better fit by dNBR than NBR. Finer scale regional regression models including BPS (dNBR R2¯ = 0.56 and 0.00–0.83 R² range; NBR R2¯ = 0.43 and 0.00–0.82 R² range) and NVC (dNBR R2¯ = 0.55 and 0.15–0.78 R² range; NBR R2¯ = 0.41 and 0.00–0.79 R² range) were on average the same or better than the CONUS models for dNBR and NBR, with the strongest fit models exhibiting R² ≥ 0.70, whereas larger scale regional models R2¯ ranged from 0.28 to 0.5. However, variation in accuracy among landcover types indicate that dNBR and NBR regression models could be used to effectively estimate CBI for future fires in certain regions, while for other regions models may require additional field observations or alternative spectral transformations. Our decision tree schema can be used to help users determine which scale is likely to produce the most accurate results using our models. The CBI regression models developed here, paired with the decision tree, provide users with a simple method to estimate burn severity in units of CBI for any fire within CONUS with moderate to high levels of confidence and provide a template for further development of models with new data going forward.
Keywords	Landsat ; burn severity ; data collection ; decision support systems ; environment ; fire regime ; fire severity ; land cover ; prescribed burning ; reflectance ; regression analysis ; vegetation types ; wildfires ; wildland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0915
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	431483-9
ISSN	0034-4257
ISSN	0034-4257
DOI	10.1016/j.rse.2021.112569
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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