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  1. Article: SWI/SNF-deficient tumors of the central nervous system: An update.

    Hasselblatt, Martin / Kool, Marcel / Frühwald, Michael C

    Clinical neuropathology

    2023  Volume 43, Issue 1, Page(s) 2–9

    Abstract: Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a highly malignant tumor of the central nervous system characterized by biallelic inactivation of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex members SMARCB1/INI1 or (rarely) SMARCA4/BRG1. Most high-grade central ... ...

    Abstract Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a highly malignant tumor of the central nervous system characterized by biallelic inactivation of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex members SMARCB1/INI1 or (rarely) SMARCA4/BRG1. Most high-grade central nervous system lesions showing loss of nuclear SMARCB1 or SMARCA4 protein expression can indeed be categorized as AT/RT. However, some high-grade lesions have been identified, whose clinical and/or molecular features justify separation from AT/RT. Furthermore, other recently described tumor types such as desmoplastic myxoid tumor, SMARCB1-mutant, and low-grade diffusely infiltrative tumor, SMARCB1-mutant, may even manifest as low-grade lesions. Here, we review recent developments in the definition of the molecular landscape of AT/RT and give an update on other rare high- and low-grade SWI/SNF-deficient central nervous system tumors.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; SMARCB1 Protein/genetics ; Rhabdoid Tumor/genetics ; Rhabdoid Tumor/pathology ; Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial ; Central Nervous System/pathology ; DNA Helicases/genetics ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics
    Chemical Substances SMARCB1 Protein ; SMARCA4 protein, human (EC 3.6.1.-) ; DNA Helicases (EC 3.6.4.-) ; Nuclear Proteins ; Transcription Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-16
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 603167-5
    ISSN 0722-5091
    ISSN 0722-5091
    DOI 10.5414/NP301594
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: The oncogenic fusion landscape in pediatric CNS neoplasms.

    Roosen, Mieke / Odé, Zelda / Bunt, Jens / Kool, Marcel

    Acta neuropathologica

    2022  Volume 143, Issue 4, Page(s) 427–451

    Abstract: Pediatric neoplasms in the central nervous system (CNS) are the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Recent developments in molecular analyses have greatly contributed to a more accurate diagnosis and risk stratification of CNS tumors. ... ...

    Abstract Pediatric neoplasms in the central nervous system (CNS) are the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Recent developments in molecular analyses have greatly contributed to a more accurate diagnosis and risk stratification of CNS tumors. Additionally, sequencing studies have identified various, often entity specific, tumor-driving events. In contrast to adult tumors, which often harbor multiple mutated oncogenic drivers, the number of mutated genes in pediatric cancers is much lower and many tumors can have a single oncogenic driver. Moreover, in children, much more than in adults, fusion proteins play an important role in driving tumorigenesis, and many different fusions have been identified as potential driver events in pediatric CNS neoplasms. However, a comprehensive overview of all the different reported oncogenic fusion proteins in pediatric CNS neoplasms is still lacking. A better understanding of the fusion proteins detected in these tumors and of the molecular mechanisms how these proteins drive tumorigenesis, could improve diagnosis and further benefit translational research into targeted therapies necessary to treat these distinct entities. In this review, we discuss the different oncogenic fusions reported in pediatric CNS neoplasms and their structure to create an overview of the variety of oncogenic fusion proteins to date, the tumor entities they occur in and their proposed mode of action.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Carcinogenesis ; Central Nervous System Neoplasms/genetics ; Child ; Humans ; Oncogene Fusion/genetics ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
    Chemical Substances Oncogene Proteins, Fusion
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-15
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1079-0
    ISSN 1432-0533 ; 0001-6322
    ISSN (online) 1432-0533
    ISSN 0001-6322
    DOI 10.1007/s00401-022-02405-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Book ; Thesis: Baculovirus DNA replication

    Kool, Marcel

    1994  

    Author's details Marcel Kool
    Keywords Baculoviren ; DNS ; Replikation
    Subject Autoreduplikation ; Reduplikation ; DNS-Replikation ; RNS-Replikation ; DNA-Replikation ; RNA-Replikation ; Desoxyribonucleinsäure ; DNA ; DNA-Molekül ; Desoxyribonukleinsäure ; Baculoviridae
    Size 200 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Book ; Thesis
    Thesis / German Habilitation thesis Wageningen, Landbouwuniv., Diss., 1994
    Note Zsfassung in niederländ. Sprache
    HBZ-ID HT006343077
    ISBN 90-5485-262-3 ; 978-90-5485-262-9
    Database Catalogue ZB MED Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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  4. Article ; Online: EZHIP: a new piece of the puzzle towards understanding pediatric posterior fossa ependymoma.

    Jenseit, Anne / Camgöz, Aylin / Pfister, Stefan M / Kool, Marcel

    Acta neuropathologica

    2021  Volume 143, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–13

    Abstract: Ependymomas (EPN) are tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) that can arise in the supratentorial brain (ST-EPN), hindbrain or posterior fossa (PF-EPN) or anywhere in the spinal cord (SP-EPN), both in children and adults. Molecular profiling studies ... ...

    Abstract Ependymomas (EPN) are tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) that can arise in the supratentorial brain (ST-EPN), hindbrain or posterior fossa (PF-EPN) or anywhere in the spinal cord (SP-EPN), both in children and adults. Molecular profiling studies have identified distinct groups and subtypes in each of these anatomical compartments. In this review, we give an overview on recent findings and new insights what is driving PFA ependymomas, which is the most common group. PFA ependymomas are characterized by a young median age at diagnosis, an overall balanced genome and a bad clinical outcome (56% 10-year overall survival). Sequencing studies revealed no fusion genes or other highly recurrently mutated genes, suggesting that the disease is epigenetically driven. Indeed, recent findings have shown that the characteristic global loss of the repressive histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) mark in PFA ependymoma is caused by aberrant expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog inhibitory protein (EZHIP) or in rare cases by H3K27M mutations, which both inhibit EZH2 thereby preventing the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) from spreading H3K27me3. We present the current status of the ongoing work on EZHIP and its essential role in the epigenetic disturbance of PFA biology. Comparisons to the oncohistone H3K27M and its role in diffuse midline glioma (DMG) are drawn, highlighting similarities but also differences between the tumor entities and underlying mechanisms. A strong focus is to point out missing information and to present directions of further research that may result in new and improved therapies for PFA ependymoma patients.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Ependymoma/genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Infratentorial Neoplasms/genetics ; Male ; Oncogene Proteins/genetics
    Chemical Substances EZHIP protein, human ; Oncogene Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-11
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1079-0
    ISSN 1432-0533 ; 0001-6322
    ISSN (online) 1432-0533
    ISSN 0001-6322
    DOI 10.1007/s00401-021-02382-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Differential response of SHH-expressing adult medulloblastomas to the sonic hedgehog inhibitor vismodegib: whole-genome analysis.

    Lou, Emil / Nelson, Andrew C / Kool, Marcel

    Cancer biology & therapy

    2019  Volume 20, Issue 11, Page(s) 1398–1402

    Abstract: Medulloblastoma is an aggressive primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the cerebellum that is more common in children than in adults. In the past decade, advances in understanding the molecular drivers of medulloblastoma have identified four molecular ... ...

    Abstract Medulloblastoma is an aggressive primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the cerebellum that is more common in children than in adults. In the past decade, advances in understanding the molecular drivers of medulloblastoma have identified four molecular subgroups defined by experimental gene expression profiles: the WNT pathway, sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway, and subgroups 3 and 4 (non-SHH/WNT).  Medulloblastoma of adults belong primarily to the SHH category. Vismodegib, an SHH-pathway inhibitor, FDA-approved in 2012 for treatment of basal cell carcinoma, has been used successfully in the setting of chemorefractory medulloblastoma, but not as a first-line therapy. In 2016, we reported a case of an adult patient with a sustained response of an unresectable multifocal form of adult medulloblastoma to vismodegib. Molecular analysis in that case revealed mutations in
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anilides/administration & dosage ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/pathology ; DNA Methylation/drug effects ; DNA Methylation/genetics ; Genome, Human/drug effects ; Hedgehog Proteins/genetics ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Medulloblastoma/diagnostic imaging ; Medulloblastoma/drug therapy ; Medulloblastoma/genetics ; Medulloblastoma/pathology ; Middle Aged ; Mutation/drug effects ; Pyridines/administration & dosage ; Wnt Signaling Pathway/drug effects
    Chemical Substances Anilides ; Hedgehog Proteins ; HhAntag691 ; Pyridines ; SHH protein, human
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-08-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2146305-0
    ISSN 1555-8576 ; 1538-4047
    ISSN (online) 1555-8576
    ISSN 1538-4047
    DOI 10.1080/15384047.2019.1647057
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Defining the molecular features of radiation-induced glioma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Whitehouse, Jacqueline P / Howlett, Meegan / Federico, Aniello / Kool, Marcel / Endersby, Raelene / Gottardo, Nicholas G

    Neuro-oncology advances

    2021  Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s) vdab109

    Abstract: Background: Cranial radiation therapy is essential in treating many pediatric cancers, especially brain tumors; however, its use comes with the risk of developing second malignancies. Cranial radiation-induced gliomas (RIGs) are aggressive high-grade ... ...

    Abstract Background: Cranial radiation therapy is essential in treating many pediatric cancers, especially brain tumors; however, its use comes with the risk of developing second malignancies. Cranial radiation-induced gliomas (RIGs) are aggressive high-grade tumors with a dismal prognosis, for which no standard therapy exists. A definitive molecular signature for RIGs has not yet been established. We sought to address this gap by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of the molecular features of cranial RIGs.
    Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles and case reports that described molecular analyses of cranial radiation-induced high-grade gliomas were identified and evaluated, and data extracted for collation.
    Results: Of 1727 records identified, 31 were eligible, containing 102 unique RIGs with molecular data. The most frequent genetic alterations in RIGs included
    Conclusions: This comprehensive analysis highlights the major molecular features of RIGs, demonstrates their molecular distinction from many other astrocytomas and gliomas, and reveals potential genetic drivers and therapeutic targets for this currently fatal disease.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 3009682-0
    ISSN 2632-2498 ; 2632-2498
    ISSN (online) 2632-2498
    ISSN 2632-2498
    DOI 10.1093/noajnl/vdab109
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Enhanced Survival of High-Risk Medulloblastoma-Bearing Mice after Multimodal Treatment with Radiotherapy, Decitabine, and Abacavir.

    Gringmuth, Marieke / Walther, Jenny / Greiser, Sebastian / Toussaint, Magali / Schwalm, Benjamin / Kool, Marcel / Kortmann, Rolf-Dieter / Glasow, Annegret / Patties, Ina

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2022  Volume 23, Issue 7

    Abstract: Children with high-risk SHH/ ...

    Abstract Children with high-risk SHH/
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cerebellar Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Cerebellar Neoplasms/genetics ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Decitabine ; Dideoxynucleosides ; Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Ki-67 Antigen/genetics ; Medulloblastoma/drug therapy ; Medulloblastoma/genetics ; Mice
    Chemical Substances Dideoxynucleosides ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Ki-67 Antigen ; Decitabine (776B62CQ27) ; abacavir (WR2TIP26VS)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-30
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms23073815
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Rare embryonal and sarcomatous central nervous system tumours: State-of-the art and future directions.

    Gojo, Johannes / Kjaersgaard, Mimi / Zezschwitz, Barbara V / Capper, David / Tietze, Anna / Kool, Marcel / Haberler, Christine / Pizer, Barry / Hoff, Katja V

    European journal of medical genetics

    2022  Volume 66, Issue 1, Page(s) 104660

    Abstract: The introduction of molecular methods into the diagnostics of central nervous system (CNS) tumours and the subsequent deciphering of their molecular heterogeneity has resulted in a significant impact on paediatric neurooncology. Particularly in the field ...

    Abstract The introduction of molecular methods into the diagnostics of central nervous system (CNS) tumours and the subsequent deciphering of their molecular heterogeneity has resulted in a significant impact on paediatric neurooncology. Particularly in the field of rare embryonal and sarcomatous CNS tumours, novel tumour types have been delineated and introduced in the recent 5th edition of the WHO classification of CNS tumours. The rarity and novelty of these tumour types result in diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Apart from distinct histopathological and molecular features, these tumour types exhibit characteristic clinical properties and require different therapeutic approaches for optimal patient management. However, based on the limited availability of clinical data, current therapeutic recommendations have to be based on data from small, predominantly retrospective patient cohorts. Within this article, we provide guidance for diagnostic work-up and clinical management of rare CNS embryonal tumours ('embryonal tumour with multi-layered rosettes', ETMR; 'CNS neuroblastoma, FOXR2-activated', CNS NB-FOXR2; 'CNS tumour with BCOR-ITD, CNS BCOR-ITD) and rare CNS sarcomatous tumours ('primary intracranial sarcoma, DICER1-mutant', CNS DICER1; 'CIC-rearranged sarcoma', CNS CIC). By emphasizing the significant consequences on patient management in paediatric CNS tumours, we want to encourage wide implementation of comprehensive molecular diagnostics and stress the importance for joint international efforts to further collect and study these rare tumour types.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-07
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2184135-4
    ISSN 1878-0849 ; 1769-7212
    ISSN (online) 1878-0849
    ISSN 1769-7212
    DOI 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104660
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: ETMR: a tumor entity in its infancy.

    Lambo, Sander / von Hoff, Katja / Korshunov, Andrey / Pfister, Stefan M / Kool, Marcel

    Acta neuropathologica

    2020  Volume 140, Issue 3, Page(s) 249–266

    Abstract: Embryonal tumor with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR) is a relatively rare but typically deadly type of brain tumor that occurs mostly in infants. Since the discovery of the characteristic chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC) amplification a decade ago, the ... ...

    Abstract Embryonal tumor with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR) is a relatively rare but typically deadly type of brain tumor that occurs mostly in infants. Since the discovery of the characteristic chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC) amplification a decade ago, the methods for diagnosing this entity have improved and many new insights in the molecular landscape of ETMRs have been acquired. All ETMRs, despite their highly heterogeneous histology, are characterized by specific high expression of the RNA-binding protein LIN28A, which is, therefore, often used as a diagnostic marker for these tumors. ETMRs have few recurrent genetic aberrations, mainly affecting the miRNA pathway and including amplification of C19MC (embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered) and mutually exclusive biallelic DICER1 mutations of which the first hit is typically inherited through the germline (embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, DICER1-altered). Identification of downstream pathways affected by the deregulated miRNA machinery has led to several proposed potential therapeutical vulnerabilities including targeting the WNT, SHH, or mTOR pathways, MYCN or chromosomal instability. However, despite those findings, treatment outcomes have only marginally improved, since the initial description of this tumor entity. Many patients do not survive longer than a year after diagnosis and the 5-year overall survival rate is still lower than 30%. Thus, there is an urgent need to translate the new insights in ETMR biology into more effective treatments. Here, we present an overview of clinical and molecular characteristics of ETMRs and the current progress on potential targeted therapies.
    MeSH term(s) Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics ; Brain Neoplasms/genetics ; Brain Neoplasms/pathology ; Gene Expression Profiling/methods ; Humans ; Infant ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/genetics ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/pathology ; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive/diagnosis ; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive/genetics ; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive/pathology
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers, Tumor ; MicroRNAs
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-29
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1079-0
    ISSN 1432-0533 ; 0001-6322
    ISSN (online) 1432-0533
    ISSN 0001-6322
    DOI 10.1007/s00401-020-02182-2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: The Site of Origin of Medulloblastoma: Surgical Observations Correlated to Molecular Groups.

    Ciobanu-Caraus, Olga / Czech, Thomas / Peyrl, Andreas / Haberler, Christine / Kasprian, Gregor / Furtner, Julia / Kool, Marcel / Sill, Martin / Frischer, Josa M / Cho, Anna / Slavc, Irene / Rössler, Karl / Gojo, Johannes / Dorfer, Christian

    Cancers

    2023  Volume 15, Issue 19

    Abstract: Developmental gene expression data from medulloblastoma (MB) suggest that WNT-MB originates from the region of the embryonic lower rhombic lip (LRL), whereas SHH-MB and non-WNT/non-SHH MB arise from cerebellar precursor matrix regions. This study aimed ... ...

    Abstract Developmental gene expression data from medulloblastoma (MB) suggest that WNT-MB originates from the region of the embryonic lower rhombic lip (LRL), whereas SHH-MB and non-WNT/non-SHH MB arise from cerebellar precursor matrix regions. This study aimed to analyze detailed intraoperative data with regard to the site of origin (STO) and compare these findings with the hypothesized regions of origin associated with the molecular group. A review of the institutional database identified 58 out of 72 pediatric patients who were operated for an MB at our department between 1996 and 2020 that had a detailed operative report and a surgical video as well as clinical and genetic classification data available for analysis. The STO was assessed based on intraoperative findings. Using the intraoperatively defined STO, "correct" prediction of molecular groups was feasible in 20% of WNT-MB, 60% of SHH-MB and 71% of non-WNT/non-SHH MB. The positive predictive values of the neurosurgical inspection to detect the molecular group were 0.21 (95% CI 0.08-0.48) for WNT-MB, 0.86 (95% CI 0.49-0.97) for SHH-MB and 0.73 (95% CI 0.57-0.85) for non-WNT/non-SHH MB. The present study demonstrated a limited predictive value of the intraoperatively observed STO for the prediction of the molecular group of MB.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-07
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2527080-1
    ISSN 2072-6694
    ISSN 2072-6694
    DOI 10.3390/cancers15194877
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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