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  1. Article ; Online: Towards Neural Charged Particle Tracking in Digital Tracking Calorimeters With Reinforcement Learning.

    Kortus, Tobias / Keidel, Ralf / Gauger, Nicolas R

    IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence

    2023  Volume 45, Issue 12, Page(s) 15820–15833

    Abstract: We propose a novel technique for reconstructing charged particles in digital tracking calorimeters using reinforcement learning aiming to benefit from the rapid progress and success of neural network architectures without the dependency on simulated or ... ...

    Abstract We propose a novel technique for reconstructing charged particles in digital tracking calorimeters using reinforcement learning aiming to benefit from the rapid progress and success of neural network architectures without the dependency on simulated or manually-labeled data. Here we optimize by trial-and-error a behavior policy acting as an approximation to the full combinatorial optimization problem, maximizing the physical plausibility of sampled trajectories. In modern processing pipelines used in high energy physics and related applications, tracking plays an essential role allowing to identify and follow charged particle trajectories traversing particle detectors. Due to the high multiplicity of charged particles and their physical interactions, randomly deflecting the particles, the reconstruction is a challenging undertaking, requiring fast, accurate and robust algorithms. Our approach works on graph-structured data, capturing track hypotheses through edge connections between particles in the detector layers. We demonstrate in a comprehensive study on simulated data for a particle detector used for proton computed tomography, the high potential as well as the competitiveness of our approach compared to a heuristic search algorithm and a model trained on ground truth. Finally, we point out limitations of our approach, guiding towards a robust foundation for further development of reinforcement learning based tracking.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1939-3539
    ISSN (online) 1939-3539
    DOI 10.1109/TPAMI.2023.3305027
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Automated Robust Interpretation of Intraoperative Electrophysiological Signals – A Bayesian Deep Learning Approach

    Kortus Tobias / Krüger Thilo / Gühring Gabriele / Lente Kornelius

    Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering, Vol 7, Iss 2, Pp 69-

    2021  Volume 72

    Abstract: Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is an essential tool during numerous surgical interventions to assess and monitor the functional integrity of neural structures at risk. A reliable signal interpretation is of importance to support ... ...

    Abstract Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is an essential tool during numerous surgical interventions to assess and monitor the functional integrity of neural structures at risk. A reliable signal interpretation is of importance to support medical staff by reducing manual evaluation. Deep learning (DL) techniques proved to be a robust tool for the analysis of neurophysiological data. The large amount of required manually labeled data as well as the lack of interpretability of the results however often limit the use of DL in medical scenarios. A possible way to tackle these obstacles is the utilization of Bayesian deep learning (BDL) methods. The modelling of uncertainties in the network parameters and the thereby possible quantification of predictive uncertainties allows both the identification of potential erroneous predictions as well as the targeted selection of informative signals in the context of active learning. To evaluate the applicability of BDL for the analysis of electrophysiological data as well as to increase the training efficiency by active learning, we implemented a multi-task Bayesian Convolutional Neural Network (BCNN) for the simultaneous classification of action potentials and the assessment of relevant signal characteristics (latency, maximum, minimum). We compare the results for electromyographical signals (EMG), containing in total approximately twelve thousand signals from 34 patients, with both a traditional non-Bayesian single-task and multi-task CNN. For all models, including the BCNN, we could achieve similar performances with detection rates over 97% accuracy. Further, we could improve training efficiency of the BCNN using pool-based active learning and therefore significantly reduce the required amount of manual labeling. The evaluated predictive uncertainties of the BCNN prove useful both for the efficient selection of informative signals in the context of active learning as well as the interpretation of the predictive posterior distribution and therefore trustworthiness ...
    Keywords electromyography ; intraoperative neuromonitoring ; bayesian deep learning ; convolutional neural networks ; pool-based active learning ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 006
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher De Gruyter
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Exploration of differentiability in a proton computed tomography simulation framework.

    Aehle, Max / Alme, Johan / Gábor Barnaföldi, Gergely / Blühdorn, Johannes / Bodova, Tea / Borshchov, Vyacheslav / van den Brink, Anthony / Eikeland, Viljar / Feofilov, Gregory / Garth, Christoph / Gauger, Nicolas R / Grøttvik, Ola / Helstrup, Håvard / Igolkin, Sergey / Keidel, Ralf / Kobdaj, Chinorat / Kortus, Tobias / Kusch, Lisa / Leonhardt, Viktor /
    Mehendale, Shruti / Ningappa Mulawade, Raju / Harald Odland, Odd / O'Neill, George / Papp, Gábor / Peitzmann, Thomas / Pettersen, Helge Egil Seime / Piersimoni, Pierluigi / Pochampalli, Rohit / Protsenko, Maksym / Rauch, Max / Ur Rehman, Attiq / Richter, Matthias / Röhrich, Dieter / Sagebaum, Max / Santana, Joshua / Schilling, Alexander / Seco, Joao / Songmoolnak, Arnon / Sudár, Ákos / Tambave, Ganesh / Tymchuk, Ihor / Ullaland, Kjetil / Varga-Kofarago, Monika / Volz, Lennart / Wagner, Boris / Wendzel, Steffen / Wiebel, Alexander / Xiao, RenZheng / Yang, Shiming / Zillien, Sebastian

    Physics in medicine and biology

    2023  Volume 68, Issue 24

    Abstract: Objective. ...

    Abstract Objective.
    MeSH term(s) Computer Simulation ; Protons ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods ; Software ; Algorithms ; Monte Carlo Method
    Chemical Substances Protons
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 208857-5
    ISSN 1361-6560 ; 0031-9155
    ISSN (online) 1361-6560
    ISSN 0031-9155
    DOI 10.1088/1361-6560/ad0bdd
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Uncertainty-aware spot rejection rate as quality metric for proton therapy using a digital tracking calorimeter.

    Schilling, Alexander / Aehle, Max / Alme, Johan / Barnaföldi, Gergely Gábor / Bodova, Tea / Borshchov, Vyacheslav / van den Brink, Anthony / Eikeland, Viljar / Feofilov, Gregory / Garth, Christoph / Gauger, Nicolas R / Grøttvik, Ola / Helstrup, Håvard / Igolkin, Sergey / Keidel, Ralf / Kobdaj, Chinorat / Kortus, Tobias / Leonhardt, Viktor / Mehendale, Shruti /
    Ningappa Mulawade, Raju / Harald Odland, Odd / O'Neill, George / Papp, Gábor / Peitzmann, Thomas / Pettersen, Helge Egil Seime / Piersimoni, Pierluigi / Protsenko, Maksym / Rauch, Max / Ur Rehman, Attiq / Richter, Matthias / Röhrich, Dieter / Santana, Joshua / Seco, Joao / Songmoolnak, Arnon / Sudár, Ákos / Tambave, Ganesh / Tymchuk, Ihor / Ullaland, Kjetil / Varga-Kofarago, Monika / Volz, Lennart / Wagner, Boris / Wendzel, Steffen / Wiebel, Alexander / Xiao, RenZheng / Yang, Shiming / Zillien, Sebastian

    Physics in medicine and biology

    2023  Volume 68, Issue 19

    Abstract: Objective. ...

    Abstract Objective.
    MeSH term(s) Proton Therapy ; Uncertainty ; Protons ; Machine Learning ; Neural Networks, Computer
    Chemical Substances Protons
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 208857-5
    ISSN 1361-6560 ; 0031-9155
    ISSN (online) 1361-6560
    ISSN 0031-9155
    DOI 10.1088/1361-6560/acf5c2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Investigating particle track topology for range telescopes in particle radiography using convolutional neural networks.

    Pettersen, Helge Egil Seime / Aehle, Max / Alme, Johan / Barnaföldi, Gergely Gábor / Borshchov, Vyacheslav / van den Brink, Anthony / Chaar, Mamdouh / Eikeland, Viljar / Feofilov, Grigory / Garth, Christoph / Gauger, Nicolas R / Genov, Georgi / Grøttvik, Ola / Helstrup, Håvard / Igolkin, Sergey / Keidel, Ralf / Kobdaj, Chinorat / Kortus, Tobias / Leonhardt, Viktor /
    Mehendale, Shruti / Mulawade, Raju Ningappa / Odland, Odd Harald / Papp, Gábor / Peitzmann, Thomas / Piersimoni, Pierluigi / Protsenko, Maksym / Rehman, Attiq Ur / Richter, Matthias / Santana, Joshua / Schilling, Alexander / Seco, Joao / Songmoolnak, Arnon / Sølie, Jarle Rambo / Tambave, Ganesh / Tymchuk, Ihor / Ullaland, Kjetil / Varga-Kofarago, Monika / Volz, Lennart / Wagner, Boris / Wendzel, Steffen / Wiebel, Alexander / Xiao, RenZheng / Yang, Shiming / Yokoyama, Hiroki / Zillien, Sebastian / Röhrich, Dieter

    Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden)

    2021  Volume 60, Issue 11, Page(s) 1413–1418

    Abstract: Background: Proton computed tomography (pCT) and radiography (pRad) are proposed modalities for improved treatment plan accuracy and : Material and methods: The CNN was trained by simulation and reconstruction of tens of millions of proton and helium ...

    Abstract Background: Proton computed tomography (pCT) and radiography (pRad) are proposed modalities for improved treatment plan accuracy and
    Material and methods: The CNN was trained by simulation and reconstruction of tens of millions of proton and helium tracks. The CNN filter was then compared to simple energy loss threshold methods using the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve (AUROC), and by comparing the image quality and Water Equivalent Path Length (WEPL) error of proton and helium radiographs filtered with the same methods.
    Results: The CNN method led to a considerable improvement of the AUROC, from 74.3% to 97.5% with protons and from 94.2% to 99.5% with helium. The CNN filtering reduced the WEPL error in the helium radiograph from 1.03 mm to 0.93 mm while no improvement was seen in the CNN filtered pRads.
    Conclusion: The CNN improved the filtering of proton and helium tracks. Only in the helium radiograph did this lead to improved image quality.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Monte Carlo Method ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Radiography ; Telescopes
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 896449-x
    ISSN 1651-226X ; 0349-652X ; 0284-186X ; 1100-1704
    ISSN (online) 1651-226X
    ISSN 0349-652X ; 0284-186X ; 1100-1704
    DOI 10.1080/0284186X.2021.1949037
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Book ; Online: Exploration of Differentiability in a Proton Computed Tomography Simulation Framework

    Aehle, Max / Alme, Johan / Barnaföldi, Gergely Gábor / Blühdorn, Johannes / Bodova, Tea / Borshchov, Vyacheslav / Brink, Anthony van den / Eikeland, Viljar / Feofilov, Gregory / Garth, Christoph / Gauger, Nicolas R. / Grøttvik, Ola / Helstrup, Håvard / Igolkin, Sergey / Keidel, Ralf / Kobdaj, Chinorat / Kortus, Tobias / Kusch, Lisa / Leonhardt, Viktor /
    Mehendale, Shruti / Mulawade, Raju Ningappa / Odland, Odd Harald / O'Neill, George / Papp, Gábor / Peitzmann, Thomas / Pettersen, Helge Egil Seime / Piersimoni, Pierluigi / Pochampalli, Rohit / Protsenko, Maksym / Rauch, Max / Rehman, Attiq Ur / Richter, Matthias / Röhrich, Dieter / Sagebaum, Max / Santana, Joshua / Schilling, Alexander / Seco, Joao / Songmoolnak, Arnon / Sudár, Ákos / Tambave, Ganesh / Tymchuk, Ihor / Ullaland, Kjetil / Varga-Kofarago, Monika / Volz, Lennart / Wagner, Boris / Wendzel, Steffen / Wiebel, Alexander / Xiao, RenZheng / Yang, Shiming / Zillien, Sebastian

    2022  

    Abstract: Objective. Algorithmic differentiation (AD) can be a useful technique to numerically optimize design and algorithmic parameters by, and quantify uncertainties in, computer simulations. However, the effectiveness of AD depends on how "well-linearizable" ... ...

    Abstract Objective. Algorithmic differentiation (AD) can be a useful technique to numerically optimize design and algorithmic parameters by, and quantify uncertainties in, computer simulations. However, the effectiveness of AD depends on how "well-linearizable" the software is. In this study, we assess how promising derivative information of a typical proton computed tomography (pCT) scan computer simulation is for the aforementioned applications. Approach. This study is mainly based on numerical experiments, in which we repeatedly evaluate three representative computational steps with perturbed input values. We support our observations with a review of the algorithmic steps and arithmetic operations performed by the software, using debugging techniques. Main results. The model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) subprocedure (at the end of the software pipeline) and the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation (at the beginning) were piecewise differentiable. Jumps in the MBIR function arose from the discrete computation of the set of voxels intersected by a proton path. Jumps in the MC function likely arose from changes in the control flow that affect the amount of consumed random numbers. The tracking algorithm solves an inherently non-differentiable problem. Significance. The MC and MBIR codes are ready for the integration of AD, and further research on surrogate models for the tracking subprocedure is necessary.

    Comment: 27 pages, 11 figures
    Keywords Physics - Medical Physics ; Computer Science - Mathematical Software
    Subject code 000
    Publishing date 2022-02-11
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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