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Book ; Online: Habitatmodellierung und Abschätzung der potenziellen Anzahl von Wolfsterritorien in Deutschland

Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie / Wenzler, Moritz / Gras, Pierre / Knauer, Felix

(BfN-Skripten ; 556)

2020

Institution	Deutschland / Bundesamt für Naturschutz
Author's details	Stephanie Kramer-Schadt, Moritz Wenzler, Pierre Gras, Felix Knauer ; BfN, Bundesamt für Naturschutz
Series title	BfN-Skripten ; 556 BfN-Skripten / Bundesamt für Naturschutz
Collection	BfN-Skripten / Bundesamt für Naturschutz
Language	German
Size	1 Online-Ressource (30 Seiten), Diagramme, Karten
Publisher	Bundesamt für Naturschutz
Publishing place	Bonn-Bad Godesberg
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	Diese Schriftenreihe wird unter den Bedingungen der Creative Commons Lizenz Namensnennung – keine Bearbeitung 4.0 International (CC BY - ND 4.0) zur Verfügung gestellt (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.de) ; Open Access
HBZ-ID	HT020471455
ISBN	9783896242945 ; 3896242946
DOI	10.19217/skr556
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Book ; Online: Habitatmodellierung und Abschätzung der potenziellen Anzahl von Wolfsterritorien in Deutschland

Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie / Wenzler, Moritz / Gras, Pierre / Knauer, Felix

(BfN-Skripten ; 556)

2020

Institution	Deutschland / Bundesamt für Naturschutz
Author's details	Stephanie Kramer-Schadt, Moritz Wenzler, Pierre Gras, Felix Knauer ; BfN, Bundesamt für Naturschutz
Series title	BfN-Skripten ; 556 BfN-Skripten / Bundesamt für Naturschutz
Collection	BfN-Skripten / Bundesamt für Naturschutz
Language	German
Size	1 Online-Ressource (30 Seiten), Diagramme, Karten
Publisher	Bundesamt für Naturschutz
Publishing place	Bonn-Bad Godesberg
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	Diese Schriftenreihe wird unter den Bedingungen der Creative Commons Lizenz Namensnennung – keine Bearbeitung 4.0 International (CC BY - ND 4.0) zur Verfügung gestellt (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.de) ; Open Access
HBZ-ID	HT020471455
ISBN	9783896242945 ; 3896242946
DOI	10.19217/skr556
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

Full text online

Order via subito

Inter-library loan at ZB MED

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Article: Seasonal Variation in Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Values of Bats Reflect Environmental Baselines

Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie

PLOS ONE, 10(2): e0117052

2015

Abstract: The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of animal tissues is commonly used to trace wildlife diets and analyze food chains. Changes in an animal's isotopic values over time are generally assumed to indicate diet shifts or, less frequently, ... ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (Berlin)
Abstract	The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of animal tissues is commonly used to trace wildlife diets and analyze food chains. Changes in an animal's isotopic values over time are generally assumed to indicate diet shifts or, less frequently, physiological changes. Although plant isotopic values are known to correlate with climatic seasonality, only a few studies restricted to aquatic environments have investigated whether temporal isotopic varia-tion in consumers may also reflect environmental baselines through trophic propagation. We modeled the monthly variation in carbon and nitrogen isotope values in whole blood of four insectivorous bat species occupying different foraging niches in southern Spain. We found a common pattern of isotopic variation independent of feeding habits, with an overall change as large as or larger than one trophic step. Physiological changes related to reproduction or to fat deposition prior to hibernation had no effect on isotopic variation, but juvenile bats had higher delta C-13 and delta N-15 values than adults. Aridity was the factor that best explained isotopic variation: bat blood became enriched in both C-13 and N-15 after hotter and/or drier periods. Our study is the first to show that consumers in terrestrial ecosystems reflect seasonal environmental dynamics in their isotope values. We highlight the danger of misinterpreting stable isotope data when not accounting for seasonal isotopic baselines in food web studies. Understanding how environmental seasonality is inte-grated in animals' isotope values will be crucial for developing reliable methods to use stable isotopes as dietary tracers.
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Transport Infrastructure Shapes Foraging Habitat in a Raptor Community

Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie

PLOS ONE, 10(3): e0118604

2015

Abstract: Transport infrastructure elements are widespread and increasing in size and length in many countries, with the subsequent alteration of landscapes and wildlife communities. Nonetheless, their effects on habitat selection by raptors are still poorly ... ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (Berlin)
Abstract	Transport infrastructure elements are widespread and increasing in size and length in many countries, with the subsequent alteration of landscapes and wildlife communities. Nonetheless, their effects on habitat selection by raptors are still poorly understood. In this paper, we analyzed raptors’ foraging habitat selection in response to conventional roads and high capacity motorways at the landscape scale, and compared their effects with those of other variables, such as habitat structure, food availability, and presence of potential interspecific competitors. We also analyzed whether the raptors’ response towards infrastructure depends on the spatial scale of observation, comparing the attraction or avoidance behavior of the species at the landscape scale with the response of individuals observed in the proximity of the infrastructure. Based on ecological hypotheses for foraging habitat selection, we built generalized linear mixed models, selected the best models according to Akaike Information Criterion and assessed variable importance by Akaike weights. At the community level, the traffic volume was the most relevant variable in the landscape for foraging habitat selection. Abundance, richness, and diversity values reached their maximum at medium traffic volumes and decreased at highest traffic volumes. Individual species showed different degrees of tolerance toward traffic, from higher abundance in areas with high traffic values to avoidance of it. Medium-sized opportunistic raptors increased their abundance near the traffic infrastructures, large scavenger raptors avoided areas with higher traffic values, and other species showed no direct response to traffic but to the presence of prey. Finally, our cross-scale analysis revealed that the effect of transport infrastructures on the behavior of some species might be detectable only at a broad scale. Also, food availability may attract raptor species to risky areas such as motorways.
Keywords	Eating habits ; Foraging ; Habitats ; Species interactions ; Roads ; Rabbits ; Raptors ; Transportation infrastructure
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Landscape and scale-dependent spatial niches of bats foraging above intensively used arable fields

Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie / Voigt, Christian

Ecological Processes, 6:24

2017

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Bats are threatened by agricultural intensification, and although bat ecology in agricultural landscapes is in the focus of current research, the effects of interacting spatiotemporal factors on species-specific bat activity above farmland ... ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (Berlin)
Abstract	INTRODUCTION: Bats are threatened by agricultural intensification, and although bat ecology in agricultural landscapes is in the focus of current research, the effects of interacting spatiotemporal factors on species-specific bat activity above farmland remain understudied. Our aim was to identify spatiotemporal factors and their interactions relevant for the activity of bat species above conventionally managed arable fields. METHODS: We repeatedly monitored relative bat activity above open arable fields in Germany using acoustic monitoring. We used site-related biotic and abiotic factors and landscape characteristics across five spatial scales, their combinations, and interactions to identify those factors which best explain variation in bat activity. RESULTS: Numerous interactions between landscape characteristics and the insect abundance affected bat activity above fields. For instance, Pipistrellus pipistrellus became more active with increasing insect abundance, but only above fields with a low proportion of woody vegetation cover in the surroundings. Additionally, the level of bat activity in summer depended on landscape characteristics. For example, the activity of Pipistrellus nathusii was relatively low in summer above fields that were surrounded by vegetation patches with a high degree of edge complexity (e.g., hedgerow). However, the activity remained at a relatively high level and did not differ between seasons above fields that were surrounded by vegetation patches with a low degree of edge complexity (e.g., roundly shaped forest patch). CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed that landscape characteristics and their interactions with insect abundance affected bat activity above conventionally managed fields and highlighted the opportunistic foraging behavior of bats. To improve the conditions for bats in agricultural landscapes, we recommend re-establishing landscape heterogeneity to protect aquatic habitats and to increase arthropod availability.
Keywords	Conservation ; Agriculture ; AgroScapeLabs ; Ecosystem service ; European bat species ; Landscape ; Multi-scale habitat modeling
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Circadian rhythms enable efficient resource selection in a human‐modified landscape

Fischer, Manuela / Gras, Pierre / Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie

Ecology and evolution, 9(13):7509-7527

2019

Abstract: Animals access resources such as food and shelter, and acquiring these resources has varying risks and benefits, depending on the suitability of the landscape. Some animals change their patterns of resource selection in space and time to optimize the ... ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (Berlin)
Abstract	Animals access resources such as food and shelter, and acquiring these resources has varying risks and benefits, depending on the suitability of the landscape. Some animals change their patterns of resource selection in space and time to optimize the trade‐off between risks and benefits. We examine the circadian variation in resource selection of swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) within a human‐modified landscape, an environment of varying suitability. We used GPS data from 48 swamp wallabies to compare the use of landscape features such as woodland and scrub, housing estates, farmland, coastal areas, wetlands, waterbodies, and roads to their availability using generalized linear mixed models. We investigated which features were selected by wallabies and determined whether the distance to different landscape features changed, depending on the time of the day. During the day, wallabies were more likely to be found within or near natural landscape features such as woodlands and scrub, wetlands, and coastal vegetation, while avoiding landscape features that may be perceived as more risky (roads, housing, waterbodies, and farmland), but those features were selected more at night. Finally, we mapped our results to predict habitat suitability for swamp wallabies in human‐modified landscapes. We showed that wallabies living in a human‐modified landscape selected different landscape features during day or night. Changing circadian patterns of resource selection might enhance the persistence of species in landscapes where resources are fragmented and disturbed.
Keywords	GPS‐telemetry ; correlated random walk ; habitat selection ; human disturbance ; macropod ; risks and benefits
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Modeling the emergence of migratory corridors and foraging hot spots of the green sea turtle

Dalleau, Mayeul / Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie / Grimm, Volker

Ecology and evolution, 9(18):10317-10342

2019

Abstract: Environmental factors shape the spatial distribution and dynamics of populations. Understanding how these factors interact with movement behavior is critical for efficient conservation, in particular for migratory species. Adult female green sea turtles, ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (Berlin)
Abstract	Environmental factors shape the spatial distribution and dynamics of populations. Understanding how these factors interact with movement behavior is critical for efficient conservation, in particular for migratory species. Adult female green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, migrate between foraging and nesting sites that are generally separated by thousands of kilometers. As an emblematic endangered species, green turtles have been intensively studied, with a focus on nesting, migration, and foraging. Nevertheless, few attempts integrated these behaviors and their trade‐offs by considering the spatial configurations of foraging and nesting grounds as well as environmental heterogeneity like oceanic currents and food distribution. We developed an individual‐based model to investigate the impact of local environmental conditions on emerging migratory corridors and reproductive output and to thereby identify conservation priority sites. The model integrates movement, nesting, and foraging behavior. Despite being largely conceptual, the model captured realistic movement patterns which confirm field studies. The spatial distribution of migratory corridors and foraging hot spots was mostly constrained by features of the regional landscape, such as nesting site locations, distribution of feeding patches, and oceanic currents. These constraints also explained the mixing patterns in regional forager communities. By implementing alternative decision strategies of the turtles, we found that foraging site fidelity and nesting investment, two characteristics of green turtles' biology, are favorable strategies under unpredictable environmental conditions affecting their habitats. Based on our results, we propose specific guidelines for the regional conservation of green turtles as well as future research suggestions advancing spatial ecology of sea turtles. Being implemented in an easy to learn open‐source software, our model can coevolve with the collection and analysis of new data on energy budget and movement into a generic tool for sea turtle research and conservation. Our modeling approach could also be useful for supporting the conservation of other migratory marine animals.
Keywords	connectivity ; corridors ; individual‐based model ; movement ; migration ; sea turtle
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Distributions of mammals in Southeast Asia: The role of the legacy of climate and species body mass

Radchuk, Viktoriia / Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie / Fickel, Joerns / Wilting, Andreas

Journal of biogeography, 46(10):2350-2362

2019

Abstract: AIM: Current species distributions are shaped by present and past biotic and abiotic factors. Here, we assessed whether abiotic factors (habitat availability) in combination with past connectivity and a biotic factor (body mass) can explain the unique ... ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (Berlin)
Abstract	AIM: Current species distributions are shaped by present and past biotic and abiotic factors. Here, we assessed whether abiotic factors (habitat availability) in combination with past connectivity and a biotic factor (body mass) can explain the unique distribution pattern of Southeast Asian mammals, which are separated by the enigmatic biogeographic transition zone, the Isthmus of Kra (IoK), for which no strong geophysical barrier exists. LOCATION: Southeast Asia. TAXON: Mammals. METHODS: We projected habitat suitability for 125 mammal species using climate data for the present period and for two historic periods: mid‐Holocene (6 ka) and last glacial maximum (LGM 21 ka). Next, we employed a phylogenetic linear model to assess how present species distributions were affected by the suitability of areas in these different periods, habitat connectivity during LGM and species body mass. RESULTS: Our results show that cooler climate during LGM provided suitable habitat south of IoK for species presently distributed north of IoK (in mainland Indochina). However, the potentially suitable habitat for these Indochinese species did not stretch very far southwards onto the exposed Sunda Shelf. Instead, we found that the emerged landmasses connecting Borneo and Sumatra provided suitable habitat for forest dependent Sundaic species. We show that for species whose current distribution ranges are mainly located in Indochina, the area of the distribution range that is located south of IoK is explained by the suitability of habitat in the past and present in combination with the species body mass. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that a strong geophysical barrier may not be necessary for maintaining a biogeographic transition zone for mammals, but that instead a combination of abiotic and biotic factors may suffice.
Keywords	Isthmus of Kra ; PanTHERIA ; habitat suitability ; least-cost path ; species distribution model ; phylogenetic regression
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Wild inside: Urban wild boar select natural, not anthropogenic food resources

Gras, Pierre / Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie / Ortmann, Sylvia

PLOS ONE, 12(4):e0175127

2017

Abstract: Most wildlife species are urban avoiders, but some became urban utilizers and dwellers successfully living in cities. Often, they are assumed to be attracted into urban areas by easily accessible and highly energetic anthropogenic food sources. We ... ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (Berlin)
Abstract	Most wildlife species are urban avoiders, but some became urban utilizers and dwellers successfully living in cities. Often, they are assumed to be attracted into urban areas by easily accessible and highly energetic anthropogenic food sources. We macroscopically analysed stomachs of 247 wild boar (Sus scrofa, hereafter WB) from urban areas of Berlin and from the surrounding rural areas. From the stomach contents we determined as predictors of food quality modulus of fineness (MOF,), percentage of acid insoluble ash (AIA) and macronutrients such as amount of energy and percentage of protein, fat, fibre and starch. We run linear mixed models to test: (1) differences in the proportion of landscape variables, (2) differences of nutrients consumed in urban vs. rural WB and (3) the impact of landscape variables on gathered nutrients. We found only few cases of anthropogenic food in the qualitative macroscopic analysis. We categorized the WB into five stomach content categories but found no significant difference in the frequency of those categories between urban and rural WB. The amount of energy was higher in stomachs of urban WB than in rural WB. The analysis of landscape variables revealed that the energy of urban WB increased with increasing percentage of sealing, while an increased human density resulted in poor food quality for urban and rural WB. Although the percentage of protein decreased in areas with a high percentage of coniferous forests, the food quality increased. High percentage of grassland decreased the percentage of consumed fat and starch and increased the percentage of fibre, while a high percentage of agricultural areas increased the percentage of consumed starch. Anthropogenic food such as garbage might serve as fallback food when access to natural resources is limited. We infer that urban WB forage abundant, natural resources in urban areas. Urban WB might use anthropogenic resources (e.g. garbage) if those are easier to exploit and more abundant than natural resources. This study shows that access to natural resources still is mandatory and drives the amount of protein, starch, fat or fibre in wild boar stomachs in urban as well as rural environments.
Keywords	Agriculture ; Grasslands ; Food ; Forests ; Fats ; Starches ; Stomach ; Urban areas
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Landscape Structures Affect Risk of Canine Distemper in Urban Wildlife

Gras, Pierre / Marescot, Lucile / Benhaiem, Sarah / Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6:136

2018

Abstract: Urbanization rapidly changes landscape structure worldwide, thereby enlarging the human-wildlife interface. The emerging urban structures should have a key influence on the spread and distribution of wildlife diseases such as canine distemper, by shaping ...

Institution	Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (Berlin)
Abstract	Urbanization rapidly changes landscape structure worldwide, thereby enlarging the human-wildlife interface. The emerging urban structures should have a key influence on the spread and distribution of wildlife diseases such as canine distemper, by shaping density, distribution and movements of wildlife. However, little is known about the role of urban structures as proxies for disease prevalence. To guide management, especially in densely populated cities, assessing the role of landscape structures in hampering or promoting disease prevalence is thus of paramount importance. Between 2008 and 2013, two epidemic waves of canine distemper hit the urban red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population of Berlin, Germany. The directly transmitted canine distemper virus (CDV) causes a virulent disease infecting a range of mammals with high host mortality, particularly in juveniles. We extracted information about CDV serological state (seropositive or seronegative), sex and age for 778 urban fox carcasses collected by the state laboratory Berlin Brandenburg. To assess the impact of urban landscape structure heterogeneity (e.g., richness) and shares of green and gray infrastructures at different spatial resolutions (areal of 28 ha, 78 ha, 314 ha) on seroprevalence we used Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Models with binomial distributions. Our results indicated that predictors derived at a 28 ha resolution were most informative for describing landscape structure effects (AUC = 0.92). The probability to be seropositive decreased by 66% (0.6 to 0.2) with an increasing share of gray infrastructure (40 to 80%), suggesting that urbanization might hamper CDV spread in urban areas, owing to a decrease in host density (e.g., less foxes or raccoons) or an absence of wildlife movement corridors in strongly urbanized areas. However, less strongly transformed patches such as close-to-nature areas in direct proximity to water bodies were identified as high risk areas for CDV transmission. Therefore, surveillance and disease control actions targeting urban wildlife or human-wildlife interactions should focus on such areas. The possible underlying mechanisms explaining the prevalence distribution may be increased isolation, the absence of alternative hosts or an abiotic environment, all impairing the ability of CDV to persist without a host.
Keywords	CDV ; Berlin ; canine distemper ; disease ; landscape structures ; red fox Vulpes vulpes ; richness ; urban wildlife
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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