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  1. Article: A journey to and through injury epidemiology.

    Kraus, Jess F

    Injury epidemiology

    2014  Volume 1, Issue 1, Page(s) 3

    Abstract: This brief commentary describes key events in the development of Dr. Jess Kraus's professional career in injury epidemiology from the 1950s to the 2000s. It highlights the interactions with Dr. William Haddon Jr. and other researchers that were ... ...

    Abstract This brief commentary describes key events in the development of Dr. Jess Kraus's professional career in injury epidemiology from the 1950s to the 2000s. It highlights the interactions with Dr. William Haddon Jr. and other researchers that were instrumental to his contributions to the field of injury epidemiology.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-03-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 2764253-7
    ISSN 2197-1714
    ISSN 2197-1714
    DOI 10.1186/2197-1714-1-3
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  2. Article: Falls from a balcony while intoxicated: a new injury trend among young adults?

    Schaffer, Kathryn B / Schwendig, Gary / Nasrallah, Fady / Wang, Jiayan / Kraus, Jess F

    Injury epidemiology

    2019  Volume 6, Page(s) 4

    Abstract: Background: Unintentional falls from heights, including balconies, result in life threatening traumatic injury. Alcohol, when combined with environmental factors and poor judgement, can potentially lead to fatal outcomes. One trauma center's registry ... ...

    Abstract Background: Unintentional falls from heights, including balconies, result in life threatening traumatic injury. Alcohol, when combined with environmental factors and poor judgement, can potentially lead to fatal outcomes. One trauma center's registry identified a group of young adults falling from balconies and we investigated the role of alcohol.
    Methods: Hospital trauma service admissions from 2010 through 2017 were reviewed for unintentional falls from heights. Suicide attempts and unintentional falls off ladders or roofs were excluded. Data were obtained from trauma registry and medical record review, as well as social work service interviews.
    Results: Falls from heights comprised 4.8% of injuries treated at our trauma center during the eight-year study period with 98.5% admitted. Of patients admitted because of falls, 10.3% (55/532) were from a balcony. The majority of this group of patients was male and 19-29 years old (67%). Of patients with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) determination, 62% had a positive BAC upon hospital admission with an average of 0.20 g/dL among those 34 patients. No gender differences were evident for alcohol use. Seven of the eight patients under the legal drinking age of 21 years were a subgroup with high alcohol use as compared with patients 21 years and older (
    Conclusions: Falls from balconies among young adults occur in our area yet the true frequency of these events remain unknown. Occurrence was most common among underage drinkers. Generalization is difficult with this small sample, yet high risk behaviors and environmental factors were evident. It is imperative that educational programs focus on this population with collaborative prevention efforts focused on the dangers of, and increased risk of injury associated with the balcony environment.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2764253-7
    ISSN 2197-1714
    ISSN 2197-1714
    DOI 10.1186/s40621-019-0181-3
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  3. Article ; Online: A review of risk factors and patterns of motorcycle injuries.

    Lin, Mau-Roung / Kraus, Jess F

    Accident; analysis and prevention

    2009  Volume 41, Issue 4, Page(s) 710–722

    Abstract: Per vehicle mile traveled, motorcycle riders have a 34-fold higher risk of death in a crash than people driving other types of motor vehicles. While lower-extremity injuries most commonly occur in all motorcycle crashes, head injuries are most frequent ... ...

    Abstract Per vehicle mile traveled, motorcycle riders have a 34-fold higher risk of death in a crash than people driving other types of motor vehicles. While lower-extremity injuries most commonly occur in all motorcycle crashes, head injuries are most frequent in fatal crashes. Helmets and helmet use laws have been shown to be effective in reducing head injuries and deaths from motorcycle crashes. Alcohol is the major contributing factor to fatal crashes. Enforcement of legal limits on the blood alcohol concentration is effective in reducing motorcycle deaths, while some alcohol-related interventions such as a minimal legal drinking age, increased alcohol excise taxes, and responsible beverage service specifically for motorcycle riders have not been examined. Other modifiable protective or risk factors comprise inexperience and driver training, conspicuity and daytime headlight laws, motorcycle licensure and ownership, riding speed, and risk-taking behaviors. Features of motorcycle use and potentially effective prevention programs for motorcycle crash injuries in developing countries are discussed. Finally, recommendations for future motorcycle-injury research are made.
    MeSH term(s) Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology ; Craniocerebral Trauma/prevention & control ; Developing Countries/statistics & numerical data ; Head Protective Devices ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Motorcycles/statistics & numerical data ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Taiwan ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 210223-7
    ISSN 1879-2057 ; 0001-4575
    ISSN (online) 1879-2057
    ISSN 0001-4575
    DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.010
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  4. Article ; Online: Methodological issues in motorcycle injury epidemiology.

    Lin, Mau-Roung / Kraus, Jess F

    Accident; analysis and prevention

    2008  Volume 40, Issue 5, Page(s) 1653–1660

    Abstract: Motorcycle riders are over 30 times more likely than car occupants to die in a traffic crash. While this fact is well known, specific issues of methodology in epidemiological motorcycle-injury research have been rarely researched. To facilitate more- ... ...

    Abstract Motorcycle riders are over 30 times more likely than car occupants to die in a traffic crash. While this fact is well known, specific issues of methodology in epidemiological motorcycle-injury research have been rarely researched. To facilitate more-valid research on motorcycle injuries, this article evaluates the current state of our knowledge on how we measure the population at risk of injury, completeness of case finding and identification, validity of crash/injury data sources, and completeness of information on important exposures such as alcohol consumption, helmet status, crash severity, and crash speeds, as well as problems of existing injury severity scales and statistical analyses for correlated injury data.
    MeSH term(s) Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data ; Alcohol Drinking ; Death Certificates ; Documentation ; Head Protective Devices ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Medical Records ; Motorcycles/statistics & numerical data ; Police ; Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 210223-7
    ISSN 1879-2057 ; 0001-4575
    ISSN (online) 1879-2057
    ISSN 0001-4575
    DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2008.05.005
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  5. Article ; Online: Sustained outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury: results of a five-emergency department longitudinal study.

    Kraus, Jess F / Hsu, Paul / Schafer, Kathryn / Afifi, A A

    Brain injury

    2014  Volume 28, Issue 10, Page(s) 1248–1256

    Abstract: Objective: To report on the occurrence of sustained outcomes including post-concussion symptoms, health services used and indicators of social disruption following a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI).: Research design: A dual cohort comparing MTBI ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To report on the occurrence of sustained outcomes including post-concussion symptoms, health services used and indicators of social disruption following a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI).
    Research design: A dual cohort comparing MTBI Emergency Department (ED) patients and a comparison group of non-head injured ED patients.
    Methods and procedures: The outcomes measures employed were the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) and indicators of health services used and social disruption all recorded at the ED and at 3 and 6 months post-ED discharge. 'Sustained' meant a positive response to these measures at 3 and 6 months.
    Main outcomes and results: Reasonable follow-up success was achieved at 3 and 6 months and the cohorts were alike on all demographic descriptors. RPQ average score and symptom occurrence were far more frequent among MTBI patients than for the comparison cohort from 3 to 6 months. The use of health services and indicators of social disruption were also more frequent among MTBI post-discharge patients.
    Conclusions: These findings argue that some with an MTBI suffer real complaints and they are sustained from 3 to at least 6 months. More effort should be given toward specificity of these symptoms from those reported by members of the comparison group.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain Concussion/diagnosis ; Brain Concussion/physiopathology ; Brain Concussion/psychology ; Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Health Resources/utilization ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Malingering/epidemiology ; Malingering/psychology ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Patient Discharge/statistics & numerical data ; Patient Outcome Assessment ; Post-Concussion Syndrome/diagnosis ; Post-Concussion Syndrome/physiopathology ; Post-Concussion Syndrome/psychology ; Recovery of Function ; Recurrence ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
    ZDB-ID 639115-1
    ISSN 1362-301X ; 0269-9052
    ISSN (online) 1362-301X
    ISSN 0269-9052
    DOI 10.3109/02699052.2014.916420
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  6. Article ; Online: Epidemiological and clinical features of an older high-risk population of skateboarders.

    Tominaga, Gail T / Schaffer, Kathryn B / Dandan, Imad S / Kraus, Jess F

    Injury

    2013  Volume 44, Issue 5, Page(s) 645–649

    Abstract: Background: Skateboard injuries have been described in the media and scientific journals as a problem prevalent among children and adolescents. Skateboarding popularity has continued to grow since the 1970s with ridership increasing to include all age ... ...

    Abstract Background: Skateboard injuries have been described in the media and scientific journals as a problem prevalent among children and adolescents. Skateboarding popularity has continued to grow since the 1970s with ridership increasing to include all age groups. Recently, surgeons at one trauma centre at an urban hospital noted an increase in the number of older skateboarders with life-threatening injuries. We hypothesise that the clinical and epidemiological features of skateboard-related injuries from one trauma centre (TC) will be different from injured skateboarders identified in the U.S. National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). We also sought to identify factors related to poor outcomes in the TC and NTDB patient groups.
    Methods: Two injured skateboarder patient groups were identified and compared using proportional morbidity odds ratios (PMORs) and multivariable methods to estimate differences among factors common to both groups of patients. Clinical and demographic features were evaluated for hospital admitted patients injured whilst riding a skateboard. Chi-square tests, PMORs and logistic regression were used to determine outcome differences between patients in both groups.
    Results: Patients in the TC group were on average older, with higher Injury Severity Scores (ISS), more head injuries requiring neurosurgical intervention, longer ICU and hospital stays, and injured more frequently on local streets than patients in the NTDB series. Poor outcomes in the TC group were related to moderate or severe head injuries and presence of a head/face injury. For NTDB patients, a GCS of <13, a head/face injury and an ISS of 25+ were related to poor outcomes.
    Conclusions: From our Trauma Centre we describe an older injured skateboarding population, clinically and epidemiologically different from injured patients identified in the NTDB as well as those described in the literature. The greater severity of injury, including traumatic brain injury, has direct implications for preventive and educational measures and the planning of emergency surgical response.
    MeSH term(s) Accidental Falls/prevention & control ; Accidental Falls/statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Athletic Injuries/epidemiology ; Athletic Injuries/prevention & control ; Athletic Injuries/therapy ; Craniocerebral Trauma/epidemiology ; Craniocerebral Trauma/prevention & control ; Craniocerebral Trauma/therapy ; Female ; Fractures, Bone/epidemiology ; Fractures, Bone/prevention & control ; Fractures, Bone/therapy ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Head Protective Devices/utilization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Injury Severity Score ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Maxillofacial Injuries/epidemiology ; Maxillofacial Injuries/prevention & control ; Maxillofacial Injuries/therapy ; Middle Aged ; Skating/injuries ; United States/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-05
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 218778-4
    ISSN 1879-0267 ; 0020-1383
    ISSN (online) 1879-0267
    ISSN 0020-1383
    DOI 10.1016/j.injury.2012.01.022
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  7. Article ; Online: Head injuries in hospital-admitted adolescents and adults with skateboard-related trauma.

    Tominaga, Gail T / Schaffer, Kathryn B / Dandan, Imad S / Coufal, Frank J / Kraus, Jess F

    Brain injury

    2015  Volume 29, Issue 9, Page(s) 1044–1050

    Abstract: Objective: To provide new information on properties of skateboarders who were hospital admitted with head injuries with details of the injuries including region of head impact.: Methods: Hospital records of patients aged 15 and older with a ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To provide new information on properties of skateboarders who were hospital admitted with head injuries with details of the injuries including region of head impact.
    Methods: Hospital records of patients aged 15 and older with a skateboard injury admitted to one Level II Trauma Centre during a 10-year period were reviewed. Data on demographic, exposure, severity, diagnostic and clinical factors for patients with head injury (HI) and without HI (N-HI) were compared analytically.
    Results: While there were no differences for patients with HI and N-HI by age, gender, mechanism of injury or alcohol use, patients with HI were more severely injured. Although significantly more head impacts occurred to the occipital region of the head, haematomas and/or contusions were much more likely to occur in the frontal region of the brain. Acute neurosurgical intervention was needed in 14% of HI skateboarders.
    Conclusion: Skateboarding is not an innocuous recreational activity, with head injury present in 75% of patients who were hospital-admitted. Pre-hospital treatment protocols should be aware of this growing injured population. Falls while on a skateboard lead to impacts to the back of head with a contra-coup brain injury resulting in severe and sometimes fatal outcomes. The very low prevalence of helmet use among skateboarders with head injuries indicates that greater efforts should be directed toward incentives for their use.
    MeSH term(s) Accidental Falls/statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Craniocerebral Trauma/epidemiology ; Female ; Head Protective Devices ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Skating/injuries ; Skating/statistics & numerical data ; Trauma Centers/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639115-1
    ISSN 1362-301X ; 0269-9052
    ISSN (online) 1362-301X
    ISSN 0269-9052
    DOI 10.3109/02699052.2014.989404
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  8. Article ; Online: Trauma resource designation: an innovative approach to improving trauma system overtriage.

    Tominaga, Gail T / Dandan, Imad S / Schaffer, Kathryn B / Nasrallah, Fady / Gawlik R N, Melanie / Kraus, Jess F

    Trauma surgery & acute care open

    2017  Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) e000102

    Abstract: Background: Effective triage of injured patients is often a balancing act for trauma systems. As healthcare reimbursements continue to decline,: Methods: Patients at one Level II Trauma Center (TC) over seven months were studied. Patients not meeting ...

    Abstract Background: Effective triage of injured patients is often a balancing act for trauma systems. As healthcare reimbursements continue to decline,
    Methods: Patients at one Level II Trauma Center (TC) over seven months were studied. Patients not meeting American College of Surgeons criteria for TA were assigned as TR and transported to a designated TC for expedited emergency department (ED) evaluation. Such patients were immediately assessed by a trauma nurse, ED nurse, and board-certified ED physician. Diagnostic studies were ordered, and the trauma surgeon (TS) was consulted as needed. Demographics, injury mechanism, time to physician evaluation, time to CT scan, time to disposition, hospital length of stay (LOS), and in-hospital mortality were analyzed.
    Results: Fifty-two of the 318 TR patients were admitted by the TS and were similar to TA patients (N=684) with regard to gender, mean Injury Severity Score, mean LOS and in-hospital mortality, but were older (60.4 vs 47.2 years, p<0.0001) and often involved in a fall injury (52% vs 35%, p=0.0170). TR patients had increased door to physician evaluation times (11.5 vs 0.4 minutes, p<0.0001) and increased door to CT times (76.2 vs 25.9 minutes, p<0.0001). Of the 313 TR patients, 52 incurred charges totaling US$253 708 compared with US$1 041 612 if patients had been classified as TA.
    Conclusions: Designating patients as TR prehospital with expedited evaluation by an ED physician and early TS consultation resulted in reduced use of resources and lower hospital charges without increase in LOS, time to disposition or in-hospital mortality.
    Level of evidence: Level II.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2397-5776
    ISSN (online) 2397-5776
    DOI 10.1136/tsaco-2017-000102
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  9. Article: Acculturation and reported intimate partner violence among Latinas in Los Angeles.

    Garcia, Lorena / Hurwitz, Eric L / Kraus, Jess F

    Journal of interpersonal violence

    2005  Volume 20, Issue 5, Page(s) 569–590

    Abstract: This study sought to understand the relationship between acculturation and reporting intimate partner violence (IPV) among Latinas. A cross-sectional interviewer-administered survey was conducted at public health care clinics throughout Los Angeles ... ...

    Abstract This study sought to understand the relationship between acculturation and reporting intimate partner violence (IPV) among Latinas. A cross-sectional interviewer-administered survey was conducted at public health care clinics throughout Los Angeles County. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of acculturation on reporting IPV. An increasing trend of reporting IPV was observed among Latinas who were more acculturated (chi-square = 41.02, p = .0006). Highly acculturated Latinas were more likely to report IPV compared with least acculturated Latinas (prevalence odds ration = 2.18, 95% confidence level = 0.98, 4.89) and moderately acculturated Latinas were more likely to report IPV compared with least acculturated Latinas (prevalence odds ration = 1.29, 95% confidence level = 0.69, 2.43). Culturally competent IPV prevention programs may be the key to significantly reducing the number of women exposed to this serious public health problem.
    MeSH term(s) Acculturation ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Battered Women/psychology ; Battered Women/statistics & numerical data ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Hispanic Americans/psychology ; Hispanic Americans/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Los Angeles/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Spouse Abuse/ethnology ; Spouse Abuse/statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Women's Health/ethnology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2028900-5
    ISSN 1552-6518 ; 0886-2605
    ISSN (online) 1552-6518
    ISSN 0886-2605
    DOI 10.1177/0886260504271582
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  10. Article ; Online: Steering wheel deformity and serious thoracic or abdominal injury among drivers and passengers involved in motor vehicle crashes.

    Newgard, Craig D / Lewis, Roger J / Kraus, Jess F

    Annals of emergency medicine

    2005  Volume 45, Issue 1, Page(s) 43–50

    Abstract: Study objective: We assess the relationship between steering wheel deformity and serious thoracic or abdominal injury among drivers and front seat passengers involved in motor vehicle crashes, while adjusting for important crash factors.: Methods: ... ...

    Abstract Study objective: We assess the relationship between steering wheel deformity and serious thoracic or abdominal injury among drivers and front seat passengers involved in motor vehicle crashes, while adjusting for important crash factors.
    Methods: This was a national population-based cohort of adults involved in motor vehicle crashes from 1995 to 2002 and included in the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System database. Participants were front seat occupants aged 16 years or older involved in motor vehicle crashes with collision. Outcome measure was serious thoracic or abdominal injury, defined as an Abbreviated Injury Scale score greater than or equal to 3 in these body regions.
    Results: There were 42,860 persons involved in motor vehicle crashes and seated in the driver or front passenger seat whose data were available for analysis. Five hundred fifty-four (1.3%) persons had serious thoracic injuries, and 169 (0.4%) persons had serious abdominal injuries. In multivariable logistic regression models that adjusted for important crash factors and the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System sampling design, increasing steering wheel deformity was associated with serious thoracic injury in drivers (odds ratio [OR] for each 5-cm increase in steering wheel deformity 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04 to 1.59) and front seat passengers (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.49). Increasing steering wheel deformity was associated with serious abdominal injury in front seat passengers (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.89) but not in drivers (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.15).
    Conclusion: Steering wheel deformity is an independent predictor of serious thoracic injury in drivers and front seat passengers and is associated with serious abdominal injury among front seat passengers. For these occupants, the risk of these injuries increases incrementally with increasing steering wheel deformity.
    MeSH term(s) Abbreviated Injury Scale ; Abdominal Injuries/epidemiology ; Abdominal Injuries/etiology ; Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Air Bags ; Automobiles ; Cohort Studies ; Equipment Failure ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Retrospective Studies ; Seat Belts ; Thoracic Injuries/epidemiology ; Thoracic Injuries/etiology ; United States/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 603080-4
    ISSN 1097-6760 ; 0196-0644
    ISSN (online) 1097-6760
    ISSN 0196-0644
    DOI 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.09.011
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