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  1. Article ; Online: Gene Therapy of the Peripheral Nervous System: Celiac Ganglia.

    Hammond, Bradley / Kreulen, David L

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2016  Volume 1382, Page(s) 275–283

    Abstract: Gene therapy has played an integral role in advancing our understanding of the central nervous system. However, gene therapy techniques have yet to be widely utilized in the peripheral nervous system. Critical targets for gene therapy within the PNS are ... ...

    Abstract Gene therapy has played an integral role in advancing our understanding of the central nervous system. However, gene therapy techniques have yet to be widely utilized in the peripheral nervous system. Critical targets for gene therapy within the PNS are the neurons in sympathetic ganglia, which are the final pathway to end organs. Thus they are the most specific targets for organ-specific neuron modification. This presents challenges because neurons are not viscerotopically organized within the ganglia and therefore cannot be targeted by their location. However, organ-specific neurons have been identified in sympathetic ganglia of some species and this offers an opportunity for targeting and transducing neurons by way of their target. In fact, alterations in sympathetic neurons have had pathological effects, and transducing organ-specific sympathetic neurons offer an exciting opportunity to selectively modify sympathetic pathology. In this chapter, we describe a method to virally transduce the celiac ganglion (CG), a prevertebral sympathetic ganglion that innervates abdominal organs, with AAV serotypes 1 and 6; thereby, providing a potential avenue to modulate specific subsets of neurons within the celiac ganglion.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Dependovirus/genetics ; Ganglia, Sympathetic/pathology ; Ganglia, Sympathetic/virology ; Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism ; Injections ; Male ; Rats ; Transduction, Genetic
    Chemical Substances Green Fluorescent Proteins (147336-22-9)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3271-9_20
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  2. Article: Properties of the venous and arterial innervation in the mesentery.

    Kreulen, David L

    Journal of smooth muscle research = Nihon Heikatsukin Gakkai kikanshi

    2004  Volume 39, Issue 6, Page(s) 269–279

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; Humans ; Hypertension/metabolism ; Mesenteric Arteries/innervation ; Mesenteric Veins/innervation ; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Neuroeffector Junction/metabolism ; Neurons, Afferent/physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism ; Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Reflex/physiology ; Sympathetic Nervous System/physiology ; Symporters/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Neurotransmitter Agents ; Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; SLC6A2 protein, human ; Symporters
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-03-23
    Publishing country Japan
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 0916-8737
    ISSN 0916-8737
    DOI 10.1540/jsmr.39.269
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Role of cardiac sympathetic nerves in blood pressure regulation.

    Wehrwein, Erica A / Yoshimoto, Misa / Guzman, Pilar / Shah, Amit / Kreulen, David L / Osborn, John W

    Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical

    2014  Volume 183, Page(s) 30–35

    Abstract: Stellate ganglionectomy (SGx) was used to assess the contribution of cardiac sympathetic nerves to neurogenic hypertension in deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt treated rats. Experiments were conducted in two substrains of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats since ... ...

    Abstract Stellate ganglionectomy (SGx) was used to assess the contribution of cardiac sympathetic nerves to neurogenic hypertension in deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt treated rats. Experiments were conducted in two substrains of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats since previous studies reported bradycardia in Charles River-SD (CR-SD) rats and tachycardia in SASCO-SD (SA-SD) rats with DOCA treatment suggesting different underlying neural mechanisms. Uninephrectomized male rats underwent SGx or SHAM surgery and were instrumented for telemetric monitoring of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). After recovery, 0.9% saline solution and DOCA (50mg) were administered. Baseline MAP (Days 0-5 average) after SGx in CR-SD rats (96±2mmHg; n=7) was not significantly different (p=0.08) than CR-SD SHAM rats (103±3mmHg; n=9); however, there was a significantly lower HR during the baseline period (377±7 vs. 432±7bpm, p<0.05) in SGx rats. In SA-SD rats baseline MAP was not different between SGx and SHAM rats and HR was lower in SGx rats (428±8 vs. 371±5bpm, p<0.05). After DOCA treatment in both substrains, MAP and HR were elevated similarly in SHAM and SGx groups showing minimal impact in both groups of SGx on hypertension development. However, overall MAP in SA-SD SHAM rats reached a significantly higher level (155±10mmHg vs 135±5mmHg, p<0.05) than that observed in CR-SD SHAM rats demonstrating that the magnitude of hypertensive response to DOCA-salt treatment varies between substrains. In conclusion, removal of cardiac sympathetic nerves did not alter the development or maintenance of DOCA-salt hypertension in SD rats.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; Desoxycorticosterone ; Disease Models, Animal ; Ganglionectomy ; Heart/physiopathology ; Heart Rate/physiology ; Hypertension/physiopathology ; Male ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Species Specificity ; Stellate Ganglion/physiopathology ; Telemetry
    Chemical Substances Desoxycorticosterone (40GP35YQ49) ; Norepinephrine (X4W3ENH1CV)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-03-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2020105-9
    ISSN 1872-7484 ; 1566-0702
    ISSN (online) 1872-7484
    ISSN 1566-0702
    DOI 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.02.005
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  4. Article: Superoxide anion is elevated in sympathetic neurons in DOCA-salt hypertension via activation of NADPH oxidase.

    Dai, Xiaoling / Cao, Xian / Kreulen, David L

    American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

    2005  Volume 290, Issue 3, Page(s) H1019–26

    Abstract: Superoxide anion (O2-*) production is elevated in sympathetic ganglion neurons and in the vasculature of hypertensive animals; however, it is not known what enzymatic pathway(s) are responsible for O2-* production. To determine the pathway(s) of O2-* ... ...

    Abstract Superoxide anion (O2-*) production is elevated in sympathetic ganglion neurons and in the vasculature of hypertensive animals; however, it is not known what enzymatic pathway(s) are responsible for O2-* production. To determine the pathway(s) of O2-* production in sympathetic neurons, we examined the presence of mRNA of NADPH oxidase subunits in sympathetic ganglionic neurons and differentiated PC-12 cells. The mRNAs for NADPH oxidase subunits p47phox, p22phox, gp91phox, and NOX1 were present in sympathetic neurons and PC-12 cells, whereas the NOX4 homologue was present in sympathetic neurons but not PC-12 cells. Freshly dissociated celiac ganglion neurons from normal rats and PC-12 cells produced O2-* when treated with the PKC activator PMA; O2-* production increased by 317% and 254%, respectively. The PMA-evoked increases were reduced by pretreatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. These findings indicate that NADPH oxidase is the primary source of O2-* in sympathetic ganglion neurons. When celiac ganglia from hypertensive rats were incubated with apocynin, O2-* levels were reduced to the same levels as normotensive animals, indicating that NADPH oxidase activity accounted for the elevated O2-* levels in hypertensive animals. To test this latter finding, we compared NADPH oxidase activity in extracts of prevertebral sympathetic ganglia of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats and sham-operated rats. NADPH oxidase activities were 49.9% and 78.6% higher in sympathetic ganglia of DOCA rats compared with normotensive controls when using beta-NADH and beta-NADPH as substrates, respectively. Thus elevated O2-* levels in hypertension may be a result of the increased activity of NADPH oxidase in postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Desoxycorticosterone ; Enzyme Activation ; Ganglia, Sympathetic/metabolism ; Hypertension/chemically induced ; Hypertension/metabolism ; Male ; NADPH Oxidases/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxides/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Superoxides (11062-77-4) ; Desoxycorticosterone (40GP35YQ49) ; NADPH Oxidases (EC 1.6.3.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-10-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 603838-4
    ISSN 1522-1539 ; 0363-6135
    ISSN (online) 1522-1539
    ISSN 0363-6135
    DOI 10.1152/ajpheart.00052.2005
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  5. Article ; Online: Differential regulation of NADPH oxidase in sympathetic and sensory Ganglia in deoxycorticosterone acetate salt hypertension.

    Cao, Xian / Dai, Xiaoling / Parker, Lindsay M / Kreulen, David L

    Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)

    2007  Volume 50, Issue 4, Page(s) 663–671

    Abstract: We demonstrated recently that superoxide anion levels are elevated in prevertebral sympathetic ganglia of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats and that this superoxide anion is generated by reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide ... ...

    Abstract We demonstrated recently that superoxide anion levels are elevated in prevertebral sympathetic ganglia of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats and that this superoxide anion is generated by reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. In this study we compared the reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase enzyme system of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and sympathetic celiac ganglion (CG) and its regulation in hypertension. The reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity of ganglion extracts was measured using fluorescence spectrometry of dihydroethidine; the activity in hypertensive dorsal root ganglion was 34% lower than in normotensive DRG. In contrast, activity was 79% higher in hypertensive CG than normotensive CG. mRNA for the oxidase subunits NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, p47(phox), and p22(phox) were present in both CG and DRG; mRNA for NOX4 was significantly higher in CG than in DRG. The levels of mRNA and protein expression of the membrane-bound catalytic subunit p22(phox) and of the regulatory subunits p47(phox) and Rac-1 were measured in CG and DRG in normotensive and hypertensive rats. p22(phox) mRNA and protein expression was greater in CG of hypertensive rats but not in DRG. Compared with normotensive controls, p47(phox) mRNA and protein, as well as Rac-1 protein, were significantly decreased in hypertensive DRG but not in CG. Immunohistochemical staining of p47(phox) showed translocation from cytoplasm to membrane in hypertensive CG but not in hypertensive DRG. This suggests that reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation in sympathetic neurons and sensory neurons is regulated in opposite directions in hypertension. This differential regulation may contribute to unbalanced vasomotor control and enhanced vasoconstriction in the splanchnic circulation.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; Desoxycorticosterone ; Ganglia, Sensory/enzymology ; Ganglia, Sensory/physiology ; Ganglia, Sympathetic/enzymology ; Ganglia, Sympathetic/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Hypertension/chemically induced ; Hypertension/enzymology ; Hypertension/physiopathology ; NADPH Oxidases/genetics ; NADPH Oxidases/metabolism ; Neurons, Afferent/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress/physiology ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Protein Subunits/genetics ; Protein Subunits/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Dahl ; Superoxides/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Protein Subunits ; RNA, Messenger ; Superoxides (11062-77-4) ; Desoxycorticosterone (40GP35YQ49) ; NADPH Oxidases (EC 1.6.3.-) ; Cyba protein, rat (EC 1.6.3.1) ; neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (EC 1.6.3.1) ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-08-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 423736-5
    ISSN 1524-4563 ; 0194-911X ; 0362-4323
    ISSN (online) 1524-4563
    ISSN 0194-911X ; 0362-4323
    DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.089748
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  6. Article ; Online: Regional changes in cardiac and stellate ganglion norepinephrine transporter in DOCA-salt hypertension.

    Wehrwein, Erica A / Novotny, Martin / Swain, Greg M / Parker, Lindsay M / Esfahanian, Mohammad / Spitsbergen, John M / Habecker, Beth A / Kreulen, David L

    Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical

    2013  Volume 179, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 99–107

    Abstract: Uptake of norepinephrine via the neuronal norepinephrine transporter is reduced in the heart during deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt hypertension. We hypothesized that this was due to reduced norepinephrine transporter mRNA and/or protein expression in ... ...

    Abstract Uptake of norepinephrine via the neuronal norepinephrine transporter is reduced in the heart during deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt hypertension. We hypothesized that this was due to reduced norepinephrine transporter mRNA and/or protein expression in the stellate ganglia and heart. After 4 weeks of DOCA-salt treatment there was no change in norepinephrine transporter mRNA in either the right or the left stellate ganglia from hypertensive rats (n=5-7, p>0.05). Norepinephrine transporter immunoreactivity in the left stellate ganglion was significantly increased (n=4, p<0.05) while the right stellate ganglion was unchanged (n=4, p>0.05). Whole heart norepinephrine content was significantly reduced in DOCA rats consistent with reduced uptake function; however, when norepinephrine was assessed by chamber, a significant decrease was noted only in the right atrium and right ventricle (n=6, p<0.05). Cardiac norepinephrine transport binding by chamber revealed that it was only reduced in the left atrium (n=5-7, p>0.05). Therefore, 1) contrary to our hypothesis reduced reuptake in the hypertensive heart is not exclusively due to an overall reduction in norepinephrine transporter mRNA or protein in the stellate ganglion or heart, and 2) norepinephrine transporter regulation occurs regionally in the heart and stellate ganglion in the hypertensive rat heart.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Desoxycorticosterone Acetate/toxicity ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Heart/physiology ; Hypertension/chemically induced ; Hypertension/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Mineralocorticoids/toxicity ; Myocardium/metabolism ; Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/biosynthesis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/toxicity ; Stellate Ganglion/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Mineralocorticoids ; Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; Desoxycorticosterone Acetate (6E0A168OB8)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-08-31
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2020105-9
    ISSN 1872-7484 ; 1566-0702
    ISSN (online) 1872-7484
    ISSN 1566-0702
    DOI 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.08.070
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  7. Article: Activation of ETB receptors increases superoxide levels in sympathetic ganglia in vivo.

    Lau, Yanny E / Galligan, James J / Kreulen, David L / Fink, Gregory D

    American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology

    2005  Volume 290, Issue 1, Page(s) R90–5

    Abstract: Dai and colleagues (Dai X, Galligan JJ, Watts SW, Fink GD, and Kreulen DL. Hypertension 43: 1048-1054, 2004) found that endothelin (ET) stimulated O2- production in sympathetic ganglion neurons in vitro by activating ET(B) receptors. The objective of the ...

    Abstract Dai and colleagues (Dai X, Galligan JJ, Watts SW, Fink GD, and Kreulen DL. Hypertension 43: 1048-1054, 2004) found that endothelin (ET) stimulated O2- production in sympathetic ganglion neurons in vitro by activating ET(B) receptors. The objective of the present study was to determine whether activation of ET(B) receptors in vivo elevates O2- levels in sympathetic ganglia. Because ET(B) receptor activation increases blood pressure, we also sought to determine whether alteration in O2- levels was a direct effect of ET(B) receptor activation on sympathetic ganglia or an indirect consequence of hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intravenous infusions of either the specific ET(B) receptor agonist sarafotoxin 6c (S6c; 5 pmol.kg(-1).min(-1)) or isotonic saline at 0.01 ml/min (control) for 120 min. To measure O2- levels, we removed the inferior mesenteric ganglion immediately after infusion and stained it with dihydroethidine (DHE). Mean arterial pressure increased 26.6 +/- 1.7 mmHg in the S6c-treated rats and 3.65 +/- 6 mmHg in control rats. Measurements of average pixel intensity revealed that the DHE fluorescence in ganglionic neurons and surrounding glial cells were 96.7% and 160% greater in S6c-treated than in control rats, respectively. To evaluate the effect of elevated blood pressure on O2- production, a separate group of rats received phenylephrine (PE; 10 mug.kg(-1).min(-1) iv) for 2 h. MAP increased 31 +/- 1.2 mmHg in PE-infused rats. The DHE fluorescence intensity in ganglia of PE-infused rats was significantly greater than that of control rats, 137.7% in neurons and 104.6% in glia but significantly lower than in ganglia from S6c rats. We conclude that ET(B) receptor activation in vivo significantly enhances O2- levels in sympathetic ganglia, due to both pressor effects and direct stimulation of ET(B) receptors in ganglion cells.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Blood Pressure/drug effects ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; Endothelin-1/metabolism ; Ganglia, Sympathetic/metabolism ; Male ; Phenylephrine ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, Endothelin A/metabolism ; Receptor, Endothelin B/metabolism ; Superoxides/metabolism ; Viper Venoms
    Chemical Substances Endothelin-1 ; Receptor, Endothelin A ; Receptor, Endothelin B ; Viper Venoms ; sarafotoxins s6 ; Superoxides (11062-77-4) ; Phenylephrine (1WS297W6MV)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-09-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 603839-6
    ISSN 1522-1490 ; 0363-6119
    ISSN (online) 1522-1490
    ISSN 0363-6119
    DOI 10.1152/ajpregu.00505.2005
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  8. Article: Effect of stellate ganglionectomy on basal cardiovascular function and responses to beta1-adrenoceptor blockade in the rat.

    Yoshimoto, Misa / Wehrwein, Erica A / Novotny, Martin / Swain, Greg M / Kreulen, David L / Osborn, John W

    American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

    2008  Volume 295, Issue 6, Page(s) H2447–54

    Abstract: Cardiac sympathetic nerve activity is an important short-term controller of cardiac function and arterial pressure. Studies also suggest that long-term increases in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity may contribute to hypertension, coronary artery ... ...

    Abstract Cardiac sympathetic nerve activity is an important short-term controller of cardiac function and arterial pressure. Studies also suggest that long-term increases in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity may contribute to hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cardiac remodeling in heart failure. However, our understanding of the role of cardiac sympathetic nerves in chronic models of cardiovascular disease has been limited by inadequate experimental approaches. The present study was conducted to develop a surgical method to surgically denervate the sympathetic nerves of the rat heart for long-term cardiovascular studies. We characterized the effect of cardiac sympathetic denervation on basal levels of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) and the responses to a chronic administration of atenolol, a beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist. Rats were instrumented with telemetry transmitters for continuous recording of MAP and HR. After a 4-day baseline period, the rats were subjected to bilateral stellate ganglionectomy (SGX; n=9) or sham surgery (Sham; n=8). Seven days following SGX or Sham, the rats were administered atenolol for 5 days, followed by a 7-day recovery period. Following a transient decrease, SGX had no effect on basal MAP but decreased HR compared with baseline and Sham rats. Five days of atenolol treatment decreased MAP similarly in SGX and Sham rats. Atenolol resulted in a marked bradycardia in Sham rats but had a neglible effects on HR in SGX rats. The measurement of the content of cardiac catecholamines in all cardiac chambers at the end of the study verified a successful sympathetic denervation. This study confirms that bilateral SGX is a useful method to study the contribution of cardiac sympathetic nerves on the regulation of cardiac function. Moreover, these results suggest that cardiac sympathetic nerves are relatively unimportant in maintaining the basal level of MAP or the depressor response to atenolol in conscious, unrestrained rats.
    MeSH term(s) Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists ; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology ; Animals ; Atenolol/pharmacology ; Blood Pressure/drug effects ; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory ; Body Weight ; Catecholamines/metabolism ; Drinking ; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory ; Ganglionectomy ; Heart/innervation ; Heart Rate/drug effects ; Male ; Myocardium/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Stellate Ganglion/surgery ; Sympathetic Nervous System/drug effects ; Sympathetic Nervous System/metabolism ; Telemetry ; Time Factors
    Chemical Substances Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists ; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ; Catecholamines ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 ; Serotonin (333DO1RDJY) ; Atenolol (50VV3VW0TI)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-10-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 603838-4
    ISSN 1522-1539 ; 0363-6135
    ISSN (online) 1522-1539
    ISSN 0363-6135
    DOI 10.1152/ajpheart.00958.2008
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  9. Article: Determination of endogenous norepinephrine levels in different chambers of the rat heart by capillary electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection.

    Novotny, Martin / Quaiserová-Mocko, Veronika / Wehrwein, Erica A / Kreulen, David L / Swain, Greg M

    Journal of neuroscience methods

    2007  Volume 163, Issue 1, Page(s) 52–59

    Abstract: Capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection (CE-EC) was used to determine the regional distribution of norepinephrine (NE) in the hearts of sympathetically innervated (control) and chemically sympathectomized rats. Key features of ... ...

    Abstract Capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection (CE-EC) was used to determine the regional distribution of norepinephrine (NE) in the hearts of sympathetically innervated (control) and chemically sympathectomized rats. Key features of the method are (i) the sample preparation and clean-up step that involved the application of off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) with a 95% NE recovery and (ii) the use of a diamond microelectrode for detection. NE was quantified in the left and right ventricle, the ventricular septum, and the left and right atrium. The NE concentration in the atria was three to five times higher than in the ventricles and ventricular septum of control rats. Basal NE levels in the left and right ventricle and the ventricular septum were reduced to below the detection limit (0.034 microg/g tissue) in tissues treated with the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), while only a moderate reduction was observed in the left and right atrium. Importantly, the diamond microelectrode provided low and stable background current and low peak-to-peak noise <or=0.65 pA at a detection potential of +0.86 V versus Ag/AgCl. A reproducible electrode response was observed for multiple injections of tissue homogenates with minimal response attenuation due to electrode fouling.<br />
    MeSH term(s) Adrenergic Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrochemistry/methods ; Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods ; Heart Atria/drug effects ; Heart Atria/metabolism ; Heart Atria/radiation effects ; Heart Septum/drug effects ; Heart Septum/metabolism ; Heart Septum/radiation effects ; Heart Ventricles/drug effects ; Heart Ventricles/metabolism ; Heart Ventricles/radiation effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ion-Selective Electrodes ; Male ; Myocardium/cytology ; Myocardium/metabolism ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; Oxidopamine/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
    Chemical Substances Adrenergic Agents ; Oxidopamine (8HW4YBZ748) ; Norepinephrine (X4W3ENH1CV)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-06-15
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 282721-9
    ISSN 1872-678X ; 0165-0270
    ISSN (online) 1872-678X
    ISSN 0165-0270
    DOI 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.02.008
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  10. Article: Atorvastatin protects against cerebral infarction via inhibition of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in ischemic stroke.

    Hong, Hua / Zeng, Jin-Sheng / Kreulen, David L / Kaufman, David I / Chen, Alex F

    American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

    2006  Volume 291, Issue 5, Page(s) H2210–5

    Abstract: Statins have recently been shown to exert neuronal protection in ischemic stroke. Reactive oxygen species, specifically superoxide formed during the early phase of reperfusion, augment neuronal injury. NADPH oxidase is a key enzyme for superoxide ... ...

    Abstract Statins have recently been shown to exert neuronal protection in ischemic stroke. Reactive oxygen species, specifically superoxide formed during the early phase of reperfusion, augment neuronal injury. NADPH oxidase is a key enzyme for superoxide production. The present study tested the hypothesis that atorvastatin protects against cerebral infarction via inhibition of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in transient focal ischemia. Transient focal ischemia was created in halothane-anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Atorvastatin (Lipitor, 10 mg/kg sc) was administered three times before MCAO. Infarct volume was measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. NADPH oxidase enzymatic activity and superoxide levels were quantified in the ischemic core and penumbral regions by lucigenin (5 microM)-enhanced chemiluminescence. Expression of NADPH oxidase membrane subunit gp91(phox) and membrane-translocated subunit p47(phox) and small GTPase Rac-1 was analyzed by Western blot. NADPH oxidase activity and superoxide levels increased after reperfusion and peaked within 2 h of reperfusion in the penumbra, but not in the ischemic core, in MCAO rats. Atorvastatin pretreatment prevented these increases, blunted expression of membrane subunit gp91(phox), and prevented translocation of cytoplasmic subunit p47(phox) to the membrane in the penumbra 2 h after reperfusion. Consequently, cerebral infarct volume was significantly reduced in atorvastatin-treated compared with nontreated MCAO rats 24 h after reperfusion. These results indicate that atorvastatin protects against cerebral infarction via inhibition of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in transient focal ischemia.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Atorvastatin ; Cerebral Infarction/etiology ; Cerebral Infarction/metabolism ; Cerebral Infarction/prevention & control ; Disease Models, Animal ; Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology ; Male ; NADPH Oxidases/analysis ; NADPH Oxidases/genetics ; NADPH Oxidases/metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism ; Pyrroles/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxides/analysis ; Superoxides/antagonists & inhibitors ; Time Factors
    Chemical Substances Heptanoic Acids ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Pyrroles ; Superoxides (11062-77-4) ; Atorvastatin (A0JWA85V8F) ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II (EC 1.14.13.39) ; NADPH Oxidases (EC 1.6.3.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-06-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 603838-4
    ISSN 1522-1539 ; 0363-6135
    ISSN (online) 1522-1539
    ISSN 0363-6135
    DOI 10.1152/ajpheart.01270.2005
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