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Article ; Online: Spillover of chalkbrood fungi to native solitary bee species from non‐native congeners

LeCroy, Kathryn A. / Krichilsky, Erin / Grab, Heather L. / Roulston, T’ai H. / Danforth, Bryan N.

Journal of Applied Ecology. 2023 June, v. 60, no. 6 p.1067-1076

2023

Abstract: Introduced, managed bees such as mason bees (genus Osmia) can confer significant pollination benefits to agricultural systems, but a risk of introducing non‐native species into new ecosystems is the co‐introduction of pathogens along with them. Pathogen ... ...

Abstract	Introduced, managed bees such as mason bees (genus Osmia) can confer significant pollination benefits to agricultural systems, but a risk of introducing non‐native species into new ecosystems is the co‐introduction of pathogens along with them. Pathogen spillover to wild, native bees may then drive native bee species declines. This study examined prevalence of the chalkbrood‐causing fungal genus Ascosphaera in the nests of both non‐native and native mason bee species. We conducted large‐scale trap‐nesting and pan‐trapping efforts across the Mid‐Atlantic United States with community scientists. Using molecular methods, nests were screened for all known Ascosphaera species in which genetic sequences have been published. After finding Ascosphaera species first described in Asia, we compared their local prevalence with the local abundance of mason bees from Asia. Lastly, we compared the prevalence of co‐introduced Ascosphaera species across sites with a variety of landcover profiles. Results indicate species originally described in Japan, Ascosphaera naganensis and Ascosphaera fusiformis, are now present in native Virginia mason bees, Osmia lignaria and Osmia georgica, with high prevalence of A. naganensis found in O. georgica. We also found that the declining native mason bee O. georgica experienced higher prevalence of non‐native Ascosphaera spp. at sites with larger numbers of non‐native O. cornifrons and O. taurus, perhaps indicating greater likelihood of spillover of these Ascosphaera species with greater sources of transmission. Lastly, when the proportion of agricultural landcover surrounding bee nests was high, there was greater prevalence of non‐native Ascosphaera in O. georgica compared to more natural landcover types. Synthesis and applications. Through community science programming, we documented species of Japanese chalkbrood fungi inside native mason bee nests in North America. Native mason bees encounter non‐native fungi more frequently with increasing abundance of non‐native mason bees. Agricultural landscapes may exacerbate spillover of non‐native fungi for native mason bees. Any use of non‐native bee species in agriculture should involve monitoring native bees for pathogens in the surrounding area for detection of spillover and species declines.
Keywords	Ascosphaera ; Japan ; Osmia lignaria ; applied ecology ; chalk brood ; fungi ; introduced species ; land cover ; mason bees ; pathogens ; pollination ; risk ; Virginia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-06
Size	p. 1067-1076.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	410405-5
ISSN	1365-2664 ; 0021-8901
ISSN (online)	1365-2664
ISSN	0021-8901
DOI	10.1111/1365-2664.14399
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Why Did the Bee Eat the Chicken? Symbiont Gain, Loss, and Retention in the Vulture Bee Microbiome.

Figueroa, Laura L / Maccaro, Jessica J / Krichilsky, Erin / Yanega, Douglas / McFrederick, Quinn S

mBio

2021 Volume 12, Issue 6, Page(s) e0231721

Abstract: Diet and gut microbiomes are intricately linked on both short and long timescales. Changes in diet can alter the microbiome, while microbes in turn allow hosts to access novel diets. Bees are wasps that switched to a vegetarian lifestyle, and the vast ... ...

Abstract	Diet and gut microbiomes are intricately linked on both short and long timescales. Changes in diet can alter the microbiome, while microbes in turn allow hosts to access novel diets. Bees are wasps that switched to a vegetarian lifestyle, and the vast majority of bees feed on pollen and nectar. Some stingless bee species, however, also collect carrion, and a few have fully reverted to a necrophagous lifestyle, relying on carrion for protein and forgoing flower visitation altogether. These "vulture" bees belong to the corbiculate apid clade, which is known for its ancient association with a small group of core microbiome phylotypes. Here, we investigate the vulture bee microbiome, along with closely related facultatively necrophagous and obligately pollinivorous species, to understand how these diets interact with microbiome structure. Via deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and subsequent community analyses, we find that vulture bees have lost some core microbes, retained others, and entered into novel associations with acidophilic microbes found in the environment and on carrion. The abundance of acidophilic bacteria suggests that an acidic gut is important for vulture bee nutrition and health, as has been found in other carrion-feeding animals. Facultatively necrophagous bees have more variable microbiomes than strictly pollinivorous bees, suggesting that bee diet may interact with microbiomes on both short and long timescales. Further study of vulture bees promises to provide rich insights into the role of the microbiome in extreme diet switches.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Bacteria/classification ; Bacteria/genetics ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bees/classification ; Bees/microbiology ; Bees/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Chickens/parasitology ; Feeding Behavior ; Flowers/metabolism ; Flowers/parasitology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Symbiosis
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2557172-2
ISSN	2150-7511 ; 2161-2129
ISSN (online)	2150-7511
ISSN	2161-2129
DOI	10.1128/mBio.02317-21
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Landscape Composition and Fungicide Exposure Influence Host-Pathogen Dynamics in a Solitary Bee.

Krichilsky, Erin / Centrella, Mary / Eitzer, Brian / Danforth, Bryan / Poveda, Katja / Grab, Heather

Environmental entomology

2020 Volume 50, Issue 1, Page(s) 107–116

Abstract: Both ecosystem function and agricultural productivity depend on services provided by bees; these services are at risk from bee declines which have been linked to land use change, pesticide exposure, and pathogens. Although these stressors often co-occur ... ...

Abstract	Both ecosystem function and agricultural productivity depend on services provided by bees; these services are at risk from bee declines which have been linked to land use change, pesticide exposure, and pathogens. Although these stressors often co-occur in agroecosystems, a majority of pollinator health studies have focused on these factors in isolation, therefore limiting our ability to make informed policy and management decisions. Here, we investigate the combined impact of altered landscape composition and fungicide exposure on the prevalence of chalkbrood disease, caused by fungi in the genus Ascosphaera Olive and Spiltoir 1955 (Ascosphaeraceae: Onygenales), in the introduced solitary bee, Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski 1887) (Megachilidae: Hymenoptera). We used both field studies and laboratory assays to evaluate the potential for interactions between altered landscape composition, fungicide exposure, and Ascosphaera on O. cornifrons mortality. Chalkbrood incidence in larval O. cornifrons decreased with high open natural habitat cover, whereas Ascosphaera prevalence in adults decreased with high urban habitat cover. Conversely, high fungicide concentration and high forest cover increased chalkbrood incidence in larval O. cornifrons and decreased Ascosphaera incidence in adults. Our laboratory assay revealed an additive effect of fungicides and fungal pathogen exposure on the mortality of a common solitary bee. Additionally, we utilized phylogenetic methods and identified four species of Ascosphaera with O. cornifrons, both confirming previous reports and shedding light on new associates. Our findings highlight the impact of fungicides on bee health and underscore the importance of studying interactions among factors associated with bee decline.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bees/drug effects ; Bees/microbiology ; Ecosystem ; Fungi/pathogenicity ; Fungicides, Industrial/toxicity ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Larva ; Phylogeny
Chemical Substances	Fungicides, Industrial
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120799-4
ISSN	1938-2936 ; 0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
ISSN (online)	1938-2936
ISSN	0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
DOI	10.1093/ee/nvaa138
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Article: The first gynandromorph of the Neotropical bee Megaloptaamoena (Spinola, 1853) (Halictidae) with notes on its circadian rhythm

Krichilsky, Erin / Vega-Hidalgo, Álvaro / Hunter, Kate / Kingwell, Callum / Ritner, Chelsey / Wcislo, William / Smith, Adam

Journal of Hymenoptera research. 2020 Feb. 27, v. 75

2020

Abstract: Gynandromorphy is an anomaly that results in an organism phenotypically expressing both male and female characteristics. Here we describe the first gynandromorph of the bee species Megaloptaamoena (Spinola, 1853) (Halictidae, Augochlorini) and the second ...

Abstract	Gynandromorphy is an anomaly that results in an organism phenotypically expressing both male and female characteristics. Here we describe the first gynandromorph of the bee species Megaloptaamoena (Spinola, 1853) (Halictidae, Augochlorini) and the second record of this anomaly within the genus Megalopta. Additionally, we analyzed the bee’s circadian rhythm, which has never before been quantified for a gynandromorph. The gynandromorph showed a deviant activity pattern; it was intermediate between that of the male and female M.amoena. Our results imply that the brains of bilateral gynandromorphs may have mixed sex-specific signaling. Based on four days of recording, the gynandromorph circadian rhythm was shifted earlier in the day relative to the male and female M.amoena, and it exhibited intensity similar to the female.
Keywords	Megalopta ; Neotropics ; bees ; circadian rhythm ; females ; gynandromorphs ; males ; research
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0227
Size	p. 97-108.
Publishing place	Pensoft Publishers
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2477175-2
ISSN	1314-2607 ; 1070-9428
ISSN (online)	1314-2607
ISSN	1070-9428
DOI	10.3897/jhr.75.47828
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Decline of native bees (Apidae: Euglossa) in a tropical forest of Panama

Vega-Hidalgo, Álvaro / Añino, Yostin / Krichilsky, Erin / Smith, Adam R / Santos-Murgas, Alonso / Gálvez, Dumas

Apidologie. 2020 Dec., v. 51, no. 6

2020

Abstract: We measured abundance, diversity, and richness of Euglossa bees (Euglossini, Apidae) in lowland semi-deciduous forest in Darién National Park, Panamá, during the wet and dry seasons in the canopy and understory for five consecutive years (2013 to 2017) ... ...

Abstract	We measured abundance, diversity, and richness of Euglossa bees (Euglossini, Apidae) in lowland semi-deciduous forest in Darién National Park, Panamá, during the wet and dry seasons in the canopy and understory for five consecutive years (2013 to 2017) using McPhail traps baited with eucalyptus oil. We found a precipitous decline in abundance and richness throughout the 5 years of our study. Alpha diversity also declined throughout the study. Abundance, species richness and alpha diversity were significantly higher in the dry than in the wet season. There were no significant differences in the diversity, richness, or abundance between the canopy and understory. Our data contrast sharply with previous long-term studies of euglossine bees which showed stable populations.
Keywords	Eucalyptus ; Euglossa ; canopy ; national parks ; oils ; species richness ; tropical forests ; understory ; wet season ; Panama
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-12
Size	p. 1038-1050.
Publishing place	Springer Paris
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	280429-3
ISSN	1297-9678 ; 0044-8435 ; 0365-5407
ISSN (online)	1297-9678
ISSN	0044-8435 ; 0365-5407
DOI	10.1007/s13592-020-00781-2
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of host preferences in the largest clade of brood parasitic bees (Apidae: Nomadinae)

Sless, Trevor J.L. / Branstetter, Michael G. / Gillung, Jessica P. / Krichilsky, Erin A. / Tobin, Kerrigan B. / Straka, Jakub / Rozen, Jerome G. / Freitas, Felipe V. / Martins, Aline C. / Bossert, Silas / Searle, Jeremy B. / Danforth, Bryan N.

Elsevier Inc. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 2022 Jan., v. 166

2022

Abstract: Brood parasites (also known as cleptoparasites) represent a substantial fraction of global bee diversity. Rather than constructing their own nests, these species instead invade those of host bees to lay their eggs. Larvae then hatch and consume the food ... ...

Abstract	Brood parasites (also known as cleptoparasites) represent a substantial fraction of global bee diversity. Rather than constructing their own nests, these species instead invade those of host bees to lay their eggs. Larvae then hatch and consume the food provisions intended for the host’s offspring. While this life history strategy has evolved numerous times across the phylogeny of bees, the oldest and most speciose parasitic clade is the subfamily Nomadinae (Apidae). However, the phylogenetic relationships among brood parasitic apids both within and outside the Nomadinae have not been fully resolved. Here, we present new findings on the phylogeny of this diverse group of brood parasites based on ultraconserved element (UCE) sequence data and extensive taxon sampling with 114 nomadine species representing all tribes. We suggest a broader definition of the subfamily Nomadinae to describe a clade that includes almost all parasitic members of the family Apidae. The tribe Melectini forms the sister group to all other Nomadinae, while the remainder of the subfamily is composed of two sister clades: a “nomadine line” representing the former Nomadinae sensu stricto, and an “ericrocidine line” that unites several mostly Neotropical lineages. We find the tribe Osirini Handlirsch to be polyphyletic, and divide it into three lineages, including the newly described Parepeolini trib. nov. In addition to our taxonomic findings, we use our phylogeny to explore the evolution of different modes of parasitism, detecting two independent transitions from closed-cell to open-cell parasitism. Finally, we examine how nomadine host-parasite associations have evolved over time. In support of Emery’s rule, which suggests close relationships between hosts and parasites, we confirm that the earliest nomadines were parasites of their close free-living relatives within the family Apidae, but that over time their host range broadened to include more distantly related hosts spanning the diversity of bees. This expanded breadth of host taxa may also be associated with the transition to open-cell parasitism.
Keywords	Apidae ; Neotropics ; bees ; host range ; life history ; parasitism ; polyphyly ; progeny
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-01
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	33610-5
ISSN	1095-9513 ; 1055-7903
ISSN (online)	1095-9513
ISSN	1055-7903
DOI	10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107326
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Article ; Online: Phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of host preferences in the largest clade of brood parasitic bees (Apidae: Nomadinae).

Sless, Trevor J L / Branstetter, Michael G / Gillung, Jessica P / Krichilsky, Erin A / Tobin, Kerrigan B / Straka, Jakub / Rozen, Jerome G / Freitas, Felipe V / Martins, Aline C / Bossert, Silas / Searle, Jeremy B / Danforth, Bryan N

Molecular phylogenetics and evolution

2021 Volume 166, Page(s) 107326

Abstract	Brood parasites (also known as cleptoparasites) represent a substantial fraction of global bee diversity. Rather than constructing their own nests, these species instead invade those of host bees to lay their eggs. Larvae then hatch and consume the food provisions intended for the host's offspring. While this life history strategy has evolved numerous times across the phylogeny of bees, the oldest and most speciose parasitic clade is the subfamily Nomadinae (Apidae). However, the phylogenetic relationships among brood parasitic apids both within and outside the Nomadinae have not been fully resolved. Here, we present new findings on the phylogeny of this diverse group of brood parasites based on ultraconserved element (UCE) sequence data and extensive taxon sampling with 114 nomadine species representing all tribes. We suggest a broader definition of the subfamily Nomadinae to describe a clade that includes almost all parasitic members of the family Apidae. The tribe Melectini forms the sister group to all other Nomadinae, while the remainder of the subfamily is composed of two sister clades: a "nomadine line" representing the former Nomadinae sensu stricto, and an "ericrocidine line" that unites several mostly Neotropical lineages. We find the tribe Osirini Handlirsch to be polyphyletic, and divide it into three lineages, including the newly described Parepeolini trib. nov. In addition to our taxonomic findings, we use our phylogeny to explore the evolution of different modes of parasitism, detecting two independent transitions from closed-cell to open-cell parasitism. Finally, we examine how nomadine host-parasite associations have evolved over time. In support of Emery's rule, which suggests close relationships between hosts and parasites, we confirm that the earliest nomadines were parasites of their close free-living relatives within the family Apidae, but that over time their host range broadened to include more distantly related hosts spanning the diversity of bees. This expanded breadth of host taxa may also be associated with the transition to open-cell parasitism.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bees/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics ; Parasites ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	33610-5
ISSN	1095-9513 ; 1055-7903
ISSN (online)	1095-9513
ISSN	1055-7903
DOI	10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107326
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Article ; Online: Opportunities and challenges in Asian bee research and conservation

Warrit, Natapot / Sinu, Palatty Allesh / Mu, Junpeng / Belavadi, Vasuki / Brockmann, Axel / Buchori, Damayanti / Dorey, James B. / Hughes, Alice / Krishnan, Smitha / Ngo, Hien T. / Priawandiputra, Windra / Zhu, Chao-Dong / Abrol, Dharam / Bawa, Kamal / Bhatta, Chet / Borges, Renee M. / Bossert, Silas / Cervancia, Cleofas / Ascher, John /

Chesters, Douglas / Chinh, Phung Huu / Devkota, Kedar / Duc, Hanh Pham / Ferrari, Rafael / Garibaldi, Lucas / Ge, Jin / Ghosh, Dibyajyoti / Huang, Dunyuan / Jung, Chuleui / Klein, Alexandra-Maria / Koch, Jonathan Berenguer Uhuad / Krichilsky, Erin / Kunte, Krushnamegh / Ling, Tial C. / Liu, Shanlin / Liu, Xiuwei / Soh, Zestin W.W. / Williams, Paul / Chatthanabun, Nontawat / Nidup, Tshering / Niu, ZeQing / Nur-Zati, A. Mustafa / Olsson, Shannon B. / Otis, Gard W. / Ouyang, Fang / Peng, Yan-Qiong / Luo, Arong / Proshchalykin, Maxim / Raffiudin, Rika / Rameshkumar, Anandhan / Ren, Zongxin / Suruliraj, Azhagarraja / Sane, Sanjay / Shi, Xiaoyu / Basu, Parthib / Smith, Deborah R. / Luo, Shiqi / Somananthan, Hema / Sritongchuay, Tuanjit / Stewart, Alyssa B. / Sun, Cheng / Tang, Min / Thanoosing, Chawatat / Tscharntke, Teja / Vereecken, Nico / Wang, Su / Wayo, Kanuengnit / Wongsiri, Siriwat / Zhou, Xin / Xie, Zhenghua / Zhang, Dan / Zou, Yi / Zu, Pengjuan / Orr, Michael

Biological Conservation

2023

Abstract: The challenges of bee research in Asia are unique and severe, reflecting different cultures, landscapes, and faunas. Strategies and frameworks developed in North America or Europe may not prove applicable. Virtually none of these species have been ... ...

Abstract	The challenges of bee research in Asia are unique and severe, reflecting different cultures, landscapes, and faunas. Strategies and frameworks developed in North America or Europe may not prove applicable. Virtually none of these species have been assessed by the IUCN and there is a paucity of public data on even the basics of bee distribution. If we do not know the species present, their distribution and threats, we cannot protect them, but our knowledge base is vanishingly small in Asia compared to the rest of the world. To better understand and meet these challenges, this perspective conveys the ideas accumulated over hundreds of years of cumulative study of Asian bees by the authors, including academic, governmental, and other researchers from 13 Asian countries and beyond. We outline the special circumstances of Asian bee research and the current state of affairs, highlight the importance of highly social species as flagships for the lesser-known solitary bees, the dire need for further research for food security, and identify target research areas in need of further study. Finally, we outline a framework via which we will catalyze future research in the region, especially via governmental and other partnerships necessary to effectively conserve species.
Keywords	pollination ; pollinators ; apidae ; biodiversity ; nature conservation ; research
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-17T14:41:13Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Publishing country	fr
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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