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Article ; Online: The role of right supra-marginal gyrus and secondary somatosensory cortex in age-related differences in human emotional egocentricity.

Riva, Federica / Lenger, Melanie / Kronbichler, Martin / Lamm, Claus / Silani, Giorgia

2022 Volume 112, Page(s) 102–110

Abstract: Emotional egocentric bias (EEB) occurs when, due to a partial failure in self-other distinction, empathy for another's emotion is influenced by our own emotional state. Recent studies have revealed a higher EEB in children, adolescents and older adults ... ...

Abstract	Emotional egocentric bias (EEB) occurs when, due to a partial failure in self-other distinction, empathy for another's emotion is influenced by our own emotional state. Recent studies have revealed a higher EEB in children, adolescents and older adults compared to young adults, but the neural correlates of this finding are largely unknown. We asked female participants (N = 95) from three different age groups (adolescents, young and older adults) to perform a well-validated EEB task in an MRI scanner. We assessed task-based changes in activity and effective connectivity as well as morphometric changes in regions of interest to pinpoint functional and structural age-related differences. Results revealed higher EEB in older compared to young adults and adolescents. Connectivity between right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG) and somatosensory cortices acted as a partial mediator between age and EEB. The findings suggest that an intact connectivity of rSMG, rather than its regional activity, with sensory-perceptual brain areas is crucial for overcoming egocentric biases of empathic judgments.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Aged ; Brain ; Brain Mapping ; Egocentrism ; Emotions ; Empathy ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Somatosensory Cortex/diagnostic imaging
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	604505-4
ISSN	1558-1497 ; 0197-4580
ISSN (online)	1558-1497
ISSN	0197-4580
DOI	10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.01.002
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Article ; Online: Ageing as risk factor for tinnitus and its complex interplay with hearing loss-evidence from online and NHANES data.

Reisinger, Lisa / Schmidt, Fabian / Benz, Kaja / Vignali, Lorenzo / Roesch, Sebastian / Kronbichler, Martin / Weisz, Nathan

BMC medicine

2023 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 283

Abstract: Background: Tinnitus affects 10 to 15% of the population, but its underlying causes are not yet fully understood. Hearing loss has been established as the most important risk factor. Ageing is also known to accompany increased prevalence; however, the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Tinnitus affects 10 to 15% of the population, but its underlying causes are not yet fully understood. Hearing loss has been established as the most important risk factor. Ageing is also known to accompany increased prevalence; however, the risk is normally seen in context with (age-related) hearing loss. Whether ageing per se is a risk factor has not yet been established. We specifically focused on the effect of ageing and the relationship between age, hearing loss, and tinnitus. Methods: We used two samples for our analyses. The first, exploratory analyses comprised 2249 Austrian individuals. The second included data from 16,008 people, drawn from a publicly available dataset (NHANES). We used logistic regressions to investigate the effect of age on tinnitus. Results: In both samples, ageing per se was found to be a significant predictor of tinnitus. In the more decisive NHANES sample, there was an additional interaction effect between age and hearing loss. Odds ratio analyses show that per unit increase of hearing loss, the odds of reporting tinnitus is higher in older people (1.06 vs 1.03). Conclusions: Expanding previous findings of hearing loss as the main risk factor for tinnitus, we established ageing as a risk factor in its own right. Underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and this work calls for urgent research efforts to link biological ageing processes, hearing loss, and tinnitus. We therefore suggest a novel working hypothesis that integrates these aspects from an ageing brain viewpoint.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; Tinnitus/epidemiology ; Tinnitus/etiology ; Nutrition Surveys ; Hearing Loss/epidemiology ; Aging ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2131669-7
ISSN	1741-7015 ; 1741-7015
ISSN (online)	1741-7015
ISSN	1741-7015
DOI	10.1186/s12916-023-02998-1
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Article ; Online: Age-related differences in interference control in the context of a finger-lifting task: an fMRI study.

Riva, Federica / Pronizius, Ekaterina / Lenger, Melanie / Kronbichler, Martin / Silani, Giorgia / Lamm, Claus

Social cognitive and affective neuroscience

2023 Volume 18, Issue 1

Abstract: Humans tend to automatically imitate others and their actions while also being able to control such imitative tendencies. Interference control, necessary to suppress own imitative tendencies, develops rapidly in childhood and adolescence, plateaus in ... ...

Abstract	Humans tend to automatically imitate others and their actions while also being able to control such imitative tendencies. Interference control, necessary to suppress own imitative tendencies, develops rapidly in childhood and adolescence, plateaus in adulthood and slowly declines with advancing age. It remains to be shown though which neural processes underpin these differences across the lifespan. In a cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance imaging study with three age groups (adolescents (ADs) 14-17 years, young adults (YAs) 21-31, older adults (OAs) 56-76, N = 91 healthy female participants), we investigated the behavioral and neural correlates of interference control in the context of automatic imitation using the finger-lifting task. ADs showed the most efficient interference control, while no significant differences emerged between YAs and OAs, despite OAs showing longer reaction times. On the neural level, all age groups showed engagement of the right temporoparietal junction, right supramarginal gyrus and bilateral insula, aligning well with studies previously using this task. However, our analyses did not reveal any age-related differences in brain activation, neither in these nor in other areas. This suggests that ADs might have a more efficient use of the engaged brain networks and, on the other hand, OAs' capacity for interference control and the associated brain functions might be largely preserved.
MeSH term(s)	Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Humans ; Female ; Aged ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Lifting ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/physiology ; Reaction Time ; Brain Mapping
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2236933-8
ISSN	1749-5024 ; 1749-5016
ISSN (online)	1749-5024
ISSN	1749-5016
DOI	10.1093/scan/nsad034
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Article ; Online: Loss, gain and choice difficulty in gambling patients: Neural and behavioural processes.

Freinhofer, Daniel / Schwartenbeck, Philipp / Thon, Natasha / Aichhorn, Wolfgang / Lenger, Melanie / Wurst, Friedrich M / Kronbichler, Martin

Addiction biology

2024 Volume 29, Issue 5, Page(s) e13396

Abstract: Impaired decision-making is often displayed by individuals suffering from gambling disorder (GD). Since there are a variety of different phenomena influencing decision-making, we focused in this study on the effects of GD on neural and behavioural ... ...

Abstract	Impaired decision-making is often displayed by individuals suffering from gambling disorder (GD). Since there are a variety of different phenomena influencing decision-making, we focused in this study on the effects of GD on neural and behavioural processes related to loss aversion and choice difficulty. Behavioural responses as well as brain images of 23 patients with GD and 20 controls were recorded while they completed a mixed gambles task, where they had to decide to either accept or reject gambles with different amounts of potential gain and loss. We found no behavioural loss aversion in either group and no group differences regarding loss and gain-related choice behaviour, but there was a weaker relation between choice difficulty and decision time in patients with GD. Similarly, we observed no group differences in processing of losses or gains, but choice difficulty was weaker associated with brain activity in the right anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex in patients with GD. Our results showed for the first time the effects of GD on neural processes related to choice difficulty. In addition, our findings on choice difficulty give new insights on the psychopathology of GD and on neural processes related to impaired decision-making in GD.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Gambling/physiopathology ; Gambling/diagnostic imaging ; Gambling/psychology ; Male ; Adult ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Female ; Gyrus Cinguli/diagnostic imaging ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiopathology ; Decision Making/physiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Middle Aged ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/physiopathology ; Brain Mapping/methods ; Insular Cortex/diagnostic imaging ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1324314-7
ISSN	1369-1600 ; 1355-6215
ISSN (online)	1369-1600
ISSN	1355-6215
DOI	10.1111/adb.13396
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Book ; Online: A consistent diffuse-interface model for two-phase flow problems with rapid evaporation

Schreter-Fleischhacker, Magdalena / Munch, Peter / Much, Nils / Kronbichler, Martin / Wall, Wolfgang A. / Meier, Christoph

2024

Abstract: We present accurate and mathematically consistent formulations of a diffuse-interface model for two-phase flow problems involving rapid evaporation. The model addresses challenges including discontinuities in the density field by several orders of ... ...

Abstract	We present accurate and mathematically consistent formulations of a diffuse-interface model for two-phase flow problems involving rapid evaporation. The model addresses challenges including discontinuities in the density field by several orders of magnitude, leading to high velocity and pressure jumps across the liquid-vapor interface, along with dynamically changing interface topologies. To this end, we integrate an incompressible Navier--Stokes solver combined with a conservative level-set formulation and a regularized, i.e., diffuse, representation of discontinuities into a matrix-free adaptive finite element framework. The achievements are three-fold: First, this work proposes mathematically consistent definitions for the level-set transport velocity in the diffuse interface region by extrapolating the velocity from the liquid or gas phase, which exhibit superior prediction accuracy for the evaporated mass and the resulting interface dynamics compared to a local velocity evaluation, especially for highly curved interfaces. Second, we show that accurate prediction of the evaporation-induced pressure jump requires a consistent, namely a reciprocal, density interpolation across the interface, which satisfies local mass conservation. Third, the combination of diffuse interface models for evaporation with standard Stokes-type constitutive relations for viscous flows leads to significant pressure artifacts in the diffuse interface region. To mitigate these, we propose a modification for such constitutive model types. Through selected analytical and numerical examples, the aforementioned properties are validated. The presented model promises new insights in simulation-based prediction of melt-vapor interactions in thermal multiphase flows such as in laser-based powder bed fusion of metals. Comment: 52 pages, 19 figures
Keywords	Computer Science - Computational Engineering ; Finance ; and Science
Subject code	532
Publishing date	2024-01-15
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Improved accuracy of continuum surface flux models for metal additive manufacturing melt pool simulations

Much, Nils / Schreter-Fleischhacker, Magdalena / Munch, Peter / Kronbichler, Martin / Wall, Wolfgang A. / Meier, Christoph

2024

Abstract: Computational modeling of the melt pool dynamics in laser-based powder bed fusion metal additive manufacturing PBF-LB/M promises to shed light on fundamental defect generation mechanisms. These processes are typically accompanied by rapid evaporation so ... ...

Abstract	Computational modeling of the melt pool dynamics in laser-based powder bed fusion metal additive manufacturing PBF-LB/M promises to shed light on fundamental defect generation mechanisms. These processes are typically accompanied by rapid evaporation so that the evaporation-induced recoil pressure and cooling arise as major driving forces for fluid dynamics and temperature evolution. The magnitude of these interface fluxes depends exponentially on the melt pool surface temperature, which, therefore, has to be predicted with high accuracy. The present work utilizes a diffuse interface model based on a continuum surface flux (CSF) description on the interfaces to study dimensionally reduced thermal two-phase problems representing PBF-LB/M in a finite element framework. It is demonstrated that the extreme temperature gradients combined with the high ratios of material properties between metal and ambient gas lead to significant errors in the interface temperatures and fluxes when classical CSF approaches, along with typical interface thicknesses and discretizations, are applied. A novel parameter-scaled CSF approach is proposed, which is constructed to yield a smoother temperature rate in the diffuse interface region, significantly increasing the solution accuracy. The interface thickness required to predict the temperature field with a given level of accuracy is less restrictive by at least one order of magnitude for the proposed parameter-scaled CSF approach compared to classical CSF, drastically reducing computational costs. Finally, we showcase the general applicability of the parameter-scaled CSF to a three-dimensional simulation of stationary laser melting of PBF-LB/M considering the fully coupled thermo-hydrodynamic multi-phase problem, including phase change.
Keywords	Computer Science - Computational Engineering ; Finance ; and Science
Subject code	670
Publishing date	2024-01-22
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Enhancing data locality of the conjugate gradient method for high-order matrix-free finite-element implementations

Kronbichler, Martin / Sashko, Dmytro / Munch, Peter

2022

Abstract: This work investigates a variant of the conjugate gradient (CG) method and embeds it into the context of high-order finite-element schemes with fast matrix-free operator evaluation and cheap preconditioners like the matrix diagonal. Relying on a data- ... ...

Abstract	This work investigates a variant of the conjugate gradient (CG) method and embeds it into the context of high-order finite-element schemes with fast matrix-free operator evaluation and cheap preconditioners like the matrix diagonal. Relying on a data-dependency analysis and appropriate enumeration of degrees of freedom, we interleave the vector updates and inner products in a CG iteration with the matrix-vector product with only minor organizational overhead. As a result, around 90% of the vector entries of the three active vectors of the CG method are transferred from slow RAM memory exactly once per iteration, with all additional access hitting fast cache memory. Node-level performance analyses and scaling studies on up to 147k cores show that the CG method with the proposed performance optimizations is around two times faster than a standard CG solver as well as optimized pipelined CG and s-step CG methods for large sizes that exceed processor caches, and provides similar performance near the strong scaling limit. Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures
Keywords	Computer Science - Mathematical Software ; Mathematics - Numerical Analysis ; G.4
Subject code	518
Publishing date	2022-05-18
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Efficient parallel 3D computation of the compressible Euler equations with an invariant-domain preserving second-order finite-element scheme

Maier, Matthias / Kronbichler, Martin

2020

Abstract: We discuss the efficient implementation of a high-performance second-order collocation-type finite-element scheme for solving the compressible Euler equations of gas dynamics on unstructured meshes. The solver is based on the convex limiting technique ... ...

Abstract	We discuss the efficient implementation of a high-performance second-order collocation-type finite-element scheme for solving the compressible Euler equations of gas dynamics on unstructured meshes. The solver is based on the convex limiting technique introduced by Guermond et al. (SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 40, A3211-A3239, 2018). As such it is invariant-domain preserving, i.e., the solver maintains important physical invariants and is guaranteed to be stable without the use of ad-hoc tuning parameters. This stability comes at the expense of a significantly more involved algorithmic structure that renders conventional high-performance discretizations challenging. We develop an algorithmic design that allows SIMD vectorization of the compute kernel, identify the main ingredients for a good node-level performance, and report excellent weak and strong scaling of a hybrid thread/MPI parallelization.
Keywords	Computer Science - Mathematical Software ; Mathematics - Numerical Analysis
Subject code	518
Publishing date	2020-06-30
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: The Importance of the Left Occipitotemporal Cortex in Developmental Dyslexia.

Kronbichler, Lisa / Kronbichler, Martin

Current developmental disorders reports

2018 Volume 5, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–8

Abstract: Purpose of review: Developmental dyslexia is characterized by an impaired acquisition of fluent and skilled reading ability. Numerous studies have explored the neural correlates of this neurodevelopmental disorder, with most classic accounts strongly ... ...

Abstract	Purpose of review: Developmental dyslexia is characterized by an impaired acquisition of fluent and skilled reading ability. Numerous studies have explored the neural correlates of this neurodevelopmental disorder, with most classic accounts strongly focussing on left temporoparietal regions. We will review recent findings from structural and functional MRI studies that suggest a more important role of occipitotemporal cortex abnormalities in dyslexia. Recent findings: Recent findings highlight the role of the occipitotemporal cortex which exhibits functional as well as structural abnormalities in dyslexic readers and in children at risk for dyslexia and suggest a more central role for the occipitotemporal cortex in the pathophysiology of dyslexia. Summary: We demonstrate the importance of the occipitotemporal cortex in for understanding impaired reading acquisition and point out how future research might enhance our understanding of functional and structural impairments in the reading network via large-scale data analysis approaches.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2196-2987
ISSN	2196-2987
DOI	10.1007/s40474-018-0135-4
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Article: Oral Contraceptives Modulate the Relationship Between Resting Brain Activity, Amygdala Connectivity and Emotion Recognition - A Resting State fMRI Study.

Menting-Henry, Shanice / Hidalgo-Lopez, Esmeralda / Aichhorn, Markus / Kronbichler, Martin / Kerschbaum, Hubert / Pletzer, Belinda

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience

2022 Volume 16, Page(s) 775796

Abstract: Recent research into the effects of hormonal contraceptives on emotion processing and brain function suggests that hormonal contraceptive users show (a) reduced accuracy in recognizing emotions compared to naturally cycling women, and (b) alterations in ... ...

Abstract	Recent research into the effects of hormonal contraceptives on emotion processing and brain function suggests that hormonal contraceptive users show (a) reduced accuracy in recognizing emotions compared to naturally cycling women, and (b) alterations in amygdala volume and connectivity at rest. To date, these observations have not been linked, although the amygdala has certainly been identified as core region activated during emotion recognition. To assess, whether volume, oscillatory activity and connectivity of emotion-related brain areas at rest are predictive of participant's ability to recognize facial emotional expressions, 72 participants (20 men, 20 naturally cycling women, 16 users of androgenic contraceptives, 16 users of anti-androgenic contraceptives) completed a brain structural and resting state fMRI scan, as well as an emotion recognition task. Our results showed that resting brain characteristics did not mediate oral contraceptive effects on emotion recognition performance. However, sex and oral contraceptive use emerged as a moderator of brain-behavior associations. Sex differences did emerge in the prediction of emotion recognition performance by the left amygdala amplitude of low frequency oscillations (ALFF) for anger, as well as left and right amygdala connectivity for fear. Anti-androgenic oral contraceptive users (OC) users stood out in that they showed strong brain-behavior associations, usually in the opposite direction as naturally cycling women, while androgenic OC-users showed a pattern similar to, but weaker, than naturally cycling women. This result suggests that amygdala ALFF and connectivity have predictive values for facial emotion recognition. The importance of the different connections depends heavily on sex hormones and oral contraceptive use.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2452960-6
ISSN	1662-5153
ISSN	1662-5153
DOI	10.3389/fnbeh.2022.775796
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