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Article ; Online: Auditory, Lexical, and Multitasking Demands Interactively Impact Listening Effort.

Kuchinsky, Stefanie E / Razeghi, Niki / Pandža, Nick B

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR

2023 Volume 66, Issue 10, Page(s) 4066–4082

Abstract: Purpose: This study examined the extent to which acoustic, linguistic, and cognitive task demands interactively impact listening effort.: Method: Using a dual-task paradigm, on each trial, participants were instructed to perform either a single task ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: This study examined the extent to which acoustic, linguistic, and cognitive task demands interactively impact listening effort. Method: Using a dual-task paradigm, on each trial, participants were instructed to perform either a single task or two tasks. In the primary word recognition task, participants repeated Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 words presented in speech-shaped noise at either an easier or a harder signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The words varied in how commonly they occur in the English language (lexical frequency). In the secondary visual task, participants were instructed to press a specific key as soon as a number appeared on screen (simpler task) or one of two keys to indicate whether the visualized number was even or odd (more complex task). Results: Manipulation checks revealed that key assumptions of the dual-task design were met. A significant three-way interaction was observed, such that the expected effect of SNR on effort was only observable for words with lower lexical frequency and only when multitasking demands were relatively simpler. Conclusions: This work reveals that variability across speech stimuli can influence the sensitivity of the dual-task paradigm for detecting changes in listening effort. In line with previous work, the results of this study also suggest that higher cognitive demands may limit the ability to detect expected effects of SNR on measures of effort. With implications for real-world listening, these findings highlight that even relatively minor changes in lexical and multitasking demands can alter the effort devoted to listening in noise.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Speech Perception ; Listening Effort ; Noise ; Hearing Tests ; Acoustics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1364086-0
ISSN	1558-9102 ; 1092-4388
ISSN (online)	1558-9102
ISSN	1092-4388
DOI	10.1044/2023_JSLHR-22-00548
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Article ; Online: Effects of aging on cortical representations of continuous speech.

Karunathilake, I M Dushyanthi / Dunlap, Jason L / Perera, Janani / Presacco, Alessandro / Decruy, Lien / Anderson, Samira / Kuchinsky, Stefanie E / Simon, Jonathan Z

Journal of neurophysiology

2023 Volume 129, Issue 6, Page(s) 1359–1377

Abstract: Understanding speech in a noisy environment is crucial in day-to-day interactions and yet becomes more challenging with age, even for healthy aging. Age-related changes in the neural mechanisms that enable speech-in-noise listening have been investigated ...

Abstract	Understanding speech in a noisy environment is crucial in day-to-day interactions and yet becomes more challenging with age, even for healthy aging. Age-related changes in the neural mechanisms that enable speech-in-noise listening have been investigated previously; however, the extent to which age affects the timing and fidelity of encoding of target and interfering speech streams is not well understood. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we investigated how continuous speech is represented in auditory cortex in the presence of interfering speech in younger and older adults. Cortical representations were obtained from neural responses that time-locked to the speech envelopes with speech envelope reconstruction and temporal response functions (TRFs). TRFs showed three prominent peaks corresponding to auditory cortical processing stages: early (∼50 ms), middle (∼100 ms), and late (∼200 ms). Older adults showed exaggerated speech envelope representations compared with younger adults. Temporal analysis revealed both that the age-related exaggeration starts as early as ∼50 ms and that older adults needed a substantially longer integration time window to achieve their better reconstruction of the speech envelope. As expected, with increased speech masking envelope reconstruction for the attended talker decreased and all three TRF peaks were delayed, with aging contributing additionally to the reduction. Interestingly, for older adults the late peak was delayed, suggesting that this late peak may receive contributions from multiple sources. Together these results suggest that there are several mechanisms at play compensating for age-related temporal processing deficits at several stages but which are not able to fully reestablish unimpaired speech perception.
MeSH term(s)	Speech/physiology ; Auditory Perception ; Noise ; Speech Perception/physiology ; Acoustic Stimulation/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	80161-6
ISSN	1522-1598 ; 0022-3077
ISSN (online)	1522-1598
ISSN	0022-3077
DOI	10.1152/jn.00356.2022
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Article ; Online: Dichotic listening performance and effort as a function of spectral resolution and interaural symmetry.

DeRoy Milvae, Kristina / Kuchinsky, Stefanie E / Stakhovskaya, Olga A / Goupell, Matthew J

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

2021 Volume 150, Issue 2, Page(s) 920

Abstract: One potential benefit of bilateral cochlear implants is reduced listening effort in speech-on-speech masking situations. However, the symmetry of the input across ears, possibly related to spectral resolution, could impact binaural benefits. Fifteen ... ...

Abstract	One potential benefit of bilateral cochlear implants is reduced listening effort in speech-on-speech masking situations. However, the symmetry of the input across ears, possibly related to spectral resolution, could impact binaural benefits. Fifteen young adults with normal hearing performed digit recall with target and interfering digits presented to separate ears and attention directed to the target ear. Recall accuracy and pupil size over time (used as an index of listening effort) were measured for unprocessed, 16-channel vocoded, and 4-channel vocoded digits. Recall accuracy was significantly lower for dichotic (with interfering digits) than for monotic listening. Dichotic recall accuracy was highest when the target was less degraded and the interferer was more degraded. With matched target and interferer spectral resolution, pupil dilation was lower with more degradation. Pupil dilation grew more shallowly over time when the interferer had more degradation. Overall, interferer spectral resolution more strongly affected listening effort than target spectral resolution. These results suggest that interfering speech both lowers performance and increases listening effort, and that the relative spectral resolution of target and interferer affect the listening experience. Ignoring a clearer interferer is more effortful.
MeSH term(s)	Auditory Perception ; Cochlear Implantation ; Cochlear Implants ; Humans ; Speech ; Speech Perception ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	219231-7
ISSN	1520-8524 ; 0001-4966
ISSN (online)	1520-8524
ISSN	0001-4966
DOI	10.1121/10.0005653
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Article ; Online: Assessment methods for determining small changes in hearing performance over time.

Brungart, Douglas S / Sherlock, LaGuinn P / Kuchinsky, Stefanie E / Perry, Trevor T / Bieber, Rebecca E / Grant, Ken W / Bernstein, Joshua G W

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

2022 Volume 151, Issue 6, Page(s) 3866

Abstract: Although the behavioral pure-tone threshold audiogram is considered the gold standard for quantifying hearing loss, assessment of speech understanding, especially in noise, is more relevant to quality of life but is only partly related to the audiogram. ... ...

Abstract	Although the behavioral pure-tone threshold audiogram is considered the gold standard for quantifying hearing loss, assessment of speech understanding, especially in noise, is more relevant to quality of life but is only partly related to the audiogram. Metrics of speech understanding in noise are therefore an attractive target for assessing hearing over time. However, speech-in-noise assessments have more potential sources of variability than pure-tone threshold measures, making it a challenge to obtain results reliable enough to detect small changes in performance. This review examines the benefits and limitations of speech-understanding metrics and their application to longitudinal hearing assessment, and identifies potential sources of variability, including learning effects, differences in item difficulty, and between- and within-individual variations in effort and motivation. We conclude by recommending the integration of non-speech auditory tests, which provide information about aspects of auditory health that have reduced variability and fewer central influences than speech tests, in parallel with the traditional audiogram and speech-based assessments.
MeSH term(s)	Auditory Threshold ; Hearing ; Hearing Tests ; Noise/adverse effects ; Quality of Life
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	219231-7
ISSN	1520-8524 ; 0001-4966
ISSN (online)	1520-8524
ISSN	0001-4966
DOI	10.1121/10.0011509
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Article ; Online: NLGC: Network localized Granger causality with application to MEG directional functional connectivity analysis.

Soleimani, Behrad / Das, Proloy / Dushyanthi Karunathilake, I M / Kuchinsky, Stefanie E / Simon, Jonathan Z / Babadi, Behtash

NeuroImage

2022 Volume 260, Page(s) 119496

Abstract: Identifying the directed connectivity that underlie networked activity between different cortical areas is critical for understanding the neural mechanisms behind sensory processing. Granger causality (GC) is widely used for this purpose in functional ... ...

Abstract	Identifying the directed connectivity that underlie networked activity between different cortical areas is critical for understanding the neural mechanisms behind sensory processing. Granger causality (GC) is widely used for this purpose in functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis, but there the temporal resolution is low, making it difficult to capture the millisecond-scale interactions underlying sensory processing. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) has millisecond resolution, but only provides low-dimensional sensor-level linear mixtures of neural sources, which makes GC inference challenging. Conventional methods proceed in two stages: First, cortical sources are estimated from MEG using a source localization technique, followed by GC inference among the estimated sources. However, the spatiotemporal biases in estimating sources propagate into the subsequent GC analysis stage, may result in both false alarms and missing true GC links. Here, we introduce the Network Localized Granger Causality (NLGC) inference paradigm, which models the source dynamics as latent sparse multivariate autoregressive processes and estimates their parameters directly from the MEG measurements, integrated with source localization, and employs the resulting parameter estimates to produce a precise statistical characterization of the detected GC links. We offer several theoretical and algorithmic innovations within NLGC and further examine its utility via comprehensive simulations and application to MEG data from an auditory task involving tone processing from both younger and older participants. Our simulation studies reveal that NLGC is markedly robust with respect to model mismatch, network size, and low signal-to-noise ratio, whereas the conventional two-stage methods result in high false alarms and mis-detections. We also demonstrate the advantages of NLGC in revealing the cortical network-level characterization of neural activity during tone processing and resting state by delineating task- and age-related connectivity changes.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Magnetoencephalography/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1147767-2
ISSN	1095-9572 ; 1053-8119
ISSN (online)	1095-9572
ISSN	1053-8119
DOI	10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119496
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Article ; Online: Separable neural representations of sound sources: Speaker identity and musical timbre.

Ogg, Mattson / Moraczewski, Dustin / Kuchinsky, Stefanie E / Slevc, L Robert

NeuroImage

2019 Volume 191, Page(s) 116–126

Abstract: Human listeners can quickly and easily recognize different sound sources (objects and events) in their environment. Understanding how this impressive ability is accomplished can improve signal processing and machine intelligence applications along with ... ...

Abstract	Human listeners can quickly and easily recognize different sound sources (objects and events) in their environment. Understanding how this impressive ability is accomplished can improve signal processing and machine intelligence applications along with assistive listening technologies. However, it is not clear how the brain represents the many sounds that humans can recognize (such as speech and music) at the level of individual sources, categories and acoustic features. To examine the cortical organization of these representations, we used patterns of fMRI responses to decode 1) four individual speakers and instruments from one another (separately, within each category), 2) the superordinate category labels associated with each stimulus (speech or instrument), and 3) a set of simple synthesized sounds that could be differentiated entirely on their acoustic features. Data were collected using an interleaved silent steady state sequence to increase the temporal signal-to-noise ratio, and mitigate issues with auditory stimulus presentation in fMRI. Largely separable clusters of voxels in the temporal lobes supported the decoding of individual speakers and instruments from other stimuli in the same category. Decoding the superordinate category of each sound was more accurate and involved a larger portion of the temporal lobes. However, these clusters all overlapped with areas that could decode simple, acoustically separable stimuli. Thus, individual sound sources from different sound categories are represented in separate regions of the temporal lobes that are situated within regions implicated in more general acoustic processes. These results bridge an important gap in our understanding of cortical representations of sounds and their acoustics.
MeSH term(s)	Acoustic Stimulation ; Adult ; Auditory Perception/physiology ; Brain/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Music ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1147767-2
ISSN	1095-9572 ; 1053-8119
ISSN (online)	1095-9572
ISSN	1053-8119
DOI	10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.075
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Zs.A 3664: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: High gamma cortical processing of continuous speech in younger and older listeners.

Kulasingham, Joshua P / Brodbeck, Christian / Presacco, Alessandro / Kuchinsky, Stefanie E / Anderson, Samira / Simon, Jonathan Z

NeuroImage

2020 Volume 222, Page(s) 117291

Abstract: Neural processing along the ascending auditory pathway is often associated with a progressive reduction in characteristic processing rates. For instance, the well-known frequency-following response (FFR) of the auditory midbrain, as measured with ... ...

Abstract	Neural processing along the ascending auditory pathway is often associated with a progressive reduction in characteristic processing rates. For instance, the well-known frequency-following response (FFR) of the auditory midbrain, as measured with electroencephalography (EEG), is dominated by frequencies from ∼100 Hz to several hundred Hz, phase-locking to the acoustic stimulus at those frequencies. In contrast, cortical responses, whether measured by EEG or magnetoencephalography (MEG), are typically characterized by frequencies of a few Hz to a few tens of Hz, time-locking to acoustic envelope features. In this study we investigated a crossover case, cortically generated responses time-locked to continuous speech features at FFR-like rates. Using MEG, we analyzed responses in the high gamma range of 70-200 Hz to continuous speech using neural source-localized reverse correlation and the corresponding temporal response functions (TRFs). Continuous speech stimuli were presented to 40 subjects (17 younger, 23 older adults) with clinically normal hearing and their MEG responses were analyzed in the 70-200 Hz band. Consistent with the relative insensitivity of MEG to many subcortical structures, the spatiotemporal profile of these response components indicated a cortical origin with ∼40 ms peak latency and a right hemisphere bias. TRF analysis was performed using two separate aspects of the speech stimuli: a) the 70-200 Hz carrier of the speech, and b) the 70-200 Hz temporal modulations in the spectral envelope of the speech stimulus. The response was dominantly driven by the envelope modulation, with a much weaker contribution from the carrier. Age-related differences were also analyzed to investigate a reversal previously seen along the ascending auditory pathway, whereby older listeners show weaker midbrain FFR responses than younger listeners, but, paradoxically, have stronger cortical low frequency responses. In contrast to both these earlier results, this study did not find clear age-related differences in high gamma cortical responses to continuous speech. Cortical responses at FFR-like frequencies shared some properties with midbrain responses at the same frequencies and with cortical responses at much lower frequencies.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aging/physiology ; Auditory Cortex/physiology ; Auditory Pathways/physiology ; Auditory Perception/physiology ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetoencephalography/methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Speech ; Speech Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1147767-2
ISSN	1095-9572 ; 1053-8119
ISSN (online)	1095-9572
ISSN	1053-8119
DOI	10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117291
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Article ; Online: Normative Ranges for, and Interrater Reliability of, Rotational Vestibular and Balance Tests in U.S. Military Service Members and Veterans.

Talian, Daniel S / Eitel, Megan M / Zion, Danielle J / Kuchinsky, Stefanie E / French, Louis M / Brickell, Tracey A / Lippa, Sara M / Lange, Rael T / Brungart, Douglas S

American journal of audiology

2023 Volume 32, Issue 3S, Page(s) 694–705

Abstract: Purpose: The objectives of this study were to (a) describe normative ranges-expressed as reference intervals (RIs)-for vestibular and balance function tests in a cohort of Service Members and Veterans (SMVs) and (b) to describe the interrater ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: The objectives of this study were to (a) describe normative ranges-expressed as reference intervals (RIs)-for vestibular and balance function tests in a cohort of Service Members and Veterans (SMVs) and (b) to describe the interrater reliability of these tests. Method: As part of the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC)/Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence 15-year Longitudinal Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Study, participants completed the following: vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression, visual-vestibular enhancement, subjective visual vertical, subjective visual horizontal, sinusoidal harmonic acceleration, the computerized rotational head impulse test (crHIT), and the sensory organization test. RIs were calculated using nonparametric methods and interrater reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients between three audiologists who independently reviewed and cleaned the data. Results: Reference populations for each outcome measure comprised 40 to 72 individuals, 19 to 61 years of age, who served either as noninjured controls (NIC) or injured controls (IC) in the 15-year study; none had a history of TBI or blast exposure. A subset of 15 SMVs from the NIC, IC, and TBI groups were included in the interrater reliability calculations. RIs are reported for 27 outcome measures from the seven rotational vestibular and balance tests. Interrater reliability was considered excellent for all tests except the crHIT, which was found to have good interrater reliability. Conclusion: This study provides clinicians and scientists with important information regarding normative ranges and interrater reliability for rotational vestibular and balance tests in SMVs.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Veterans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/diagnosis ; Brain Injuries
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1162315-9
ISSN	1558-9137 ; 1059-0889
ISSN (online)	1558-9137
ISSN	1059-0889
DOI	10.1044/2022_AJA-22-00128
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Article ; Online: Best Practices and Advice for Using Pupillometry to Measure Listening Effort: An Introduction for Those Who Want to Get Started.

Winn, Matthew B / Wendt, Dorothea / Koelewijn, Thomas / Kuchinsky, Stefanie E

Trends in hearing

2018 Volume 22, Page(s) 2331216518800869

Abstract: Within the field of hearing science, pupillometry is a widely used method for quantifying listening effort. Its use in research is growing exponentially, and many labs are (considering) applying pupillometry for the first time. Hence, there is a growing ... ...

Abstract	Within the field of hearing science, pupillometry is a widely used method for quantifying listening effort. Its use in research is growing exponentially, and many labs are (considering) applying pupillometry for the first time. Hence, there is a growing need for a methods paper on pupillometry covering topics spanning from experiment logistics and timing to data cleaning and what parameters to analyze. This article contains the basic information and considerations needed to plan, set up, and interpret a pupillometry experiment, as well as commentary about how to interpret the response. Included are practicalities like minimal system requirements for recording a pupil response and specifications for peripheral, equipment, experiment logistics and constraints, and different kinds of data processing. Additional details include participant inclusion and exclusion criteria and some methodological considerations that might not be necessary in other auditory experiments. We discuss what data should be recorded and how to monitor the data quality during recording in order to minimize artifacts. Data processing and analysis are considered as well. Finally, we share insights from the collective experience of the authors and discuss some of the challenges that still lie ahead.
MeSH term(s)	Attention/physiology ; Audiometry, Pure-Tone/methods ; Dilatation/methods ; Female ; Hearing/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Ophthalmology/methods ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Pupil/physiology ; Reaction Time ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Speech Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2778755-2
ISSN	2331-2165 ; 2331-2165
ISSN (online)	2331-2165
ISSN	2331-2165
DOI	10.1177/2331216518800869
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Article ; Online: Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Strengthens Semantic Representations of Foreign Language Tone Words during Initial Stages of Learning.

Phillips, Ian / Calloway, Regina C / Karuzis, Valerie P / Pandža, Nick B / O'Rourke, Polly / Kuchinsky, Stefanie E

Journal of cognitive neuroscience

2021 Volume 34, Issue 1, Page(s) 127–152

Abstract: Difficulty perceiving phonological contrasts in a second language (L2) can impede initial L2 lexical learning. Such is the case for English speakers learning tonal languages, like Mandarin Chinese. Given the hypothesized role of reduced neuroplasticity ... ...

Abstract	Difficulty perceiving phonological contrasts in a second language (L2) can impede initial L2 lexical learning. Such is the case for English speakers learning tonal languages, like Mandarin Chinese. Given the hypothesized role of reduced neuroplasticity in adulthood limiting L2 phonological perception, the current study examined whether transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), a relatively new neuromodulatory technique, can facilitate L2 lexical learning for English speakers learning Mandarin Chinese over 2 days. Using a double-blind design, one group of participants received 10 min of continuous priming taVNS before lexical training and testing each day, a second group received 500 msec of peristimulus (peristim) taVNS preceding each to-be-learned item in the same tasks, and a third group received passive sham stimulation. Results of the lexical recognition test administered at the end of each day revealed evidence of learning for all groups, but a higher likelihood of accuracy across days for the peristim group and a greater improvement in response time between days for the priming group. Analyses of N400 ERP components elicited during the same tasks indicate behavioral advantages for both taVNS groups coincided with stronger lexico-semantic encoding for target words. Comparison of these findings to pupillometry results for the same study reported in Pandža, N. B., Phillips, I., Karuzis, V. P., O'Rourke, P., and Kuchinsky, S. E. (Neurostimulation and pupillometry: New directions for learning and research in applied linguistics. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 40, 56-77, 2020) suggest that positive effects of priming taVNS (but not peristim taVNS) on lexico-semantic encoding are related to sustained attentional effort.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials ; Female ; Humans ; Language ; Male ; Semantics ; Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1007410-7
ISSN	1530-8898 ; 0898-929X ; 1096-8857
ISSN (online)	1530-8898
ISSN	0898-929X ; 1096-8857
DOI	10.1162/jocn_a_01783
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