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  1. Article ; Online: Financial incentives can improve secondary distribution of HIV self-tests - Authors' reply.

    Choko, Augustine T / Kumwenda, Moses K

    The Lancet. Global health

    2021  Volume 9, Issue 10, Page(s) e1367

    MeSH term(s) HIV Infections/diagnosis ; HIV Testing ; Humans ; Motivation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2723488-5
    ISSN 2214-109X ; 2214-109X
    ISSN (online) 2214-109X
    ISSN 2214-109X
    DOI 10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00364-8
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  2. Article ; Online: Assessing the efficacy of an integrated intervention to create demand for fishermen's schistosomiasis and HIV services (FISH) in Mangochi, Malawi: Study protocol for a cluster randomized control trial.

    Conserve, Donaldson F / Kayuni, Sekeleghe / Kumwenda, Moses K / Dovel, Kathryn L / Choko, Augustine Talumba

    PloS one

    2022  Volume 17, Issue 1, Page(s) e0262237

    Abstract: Background: Both HIV and schistosomiasis are major public health problems worldwide with 1.8 million new HIV infections, and up to 110 million untreated schistosomiasis cases globally. Although a causal link has not been established, there are strong ... ...

    Abstract Background: Both HIV and schistosomiasis are major public health problems worldwide with 1.8 million new HIV infections, and up to 110 million untreated schistosomiasis cases globally. Although a causal link has not been established, there are strong suggestions that having schistosomiasis increases onward transmission of HIV from co-infected men to women. With both HIV and schistosomiasis treatment readily available in Malawi, there is a need to investigate the feasibility, acceptability and health impacts of joint management of these two hazards, with special focus on health education and demand-creation for fishermen. The aim of this project is to identify optimal models of delivering integrated HIV and schistosomiasis services for fishermen, particularly investigating the effect of using social networks, HIV self-test kits and beach clinic services in Mangochi, Malawi.
    Methods: We have mapped 45 boat teams or landing sites for a 3-arm cluster randomized trial using "boat team" as the unit of randomization. The three arms are: 1) Standard of care (SOC) with leaflets explaining the importance of receiving presumptive treatment for schistosomiasis (praziquantel) and HIV services for fishermen, and two intervention arms of 2) SOC + a peer explaining the leaflet to his fellow fishermen in a boat team; and 3) arm 2 with HIV self-test kits delivered to the boat team fishermen by the peer. The primary outcomes measured at 9 months of trial delivery will compare differences between arms in the proportions of boat-team fishermen: 1) who self-report starting antiretroviral therapy or undergoing voluntary medical male circumcision; and 2) who have ≥1 S. haematobium egg seen on light microscopy of the filtrate from 10mls urine ("egg-positive").
    Discussion: This is the first evaluation of an integrated HIV and schistosomiasis services intervention for fishermen, particularly investigating the effect of using social networks, HIVST kits and beach clinic services. The findings will support future efforts to integrate HIVST with other health services for fishermen in similar settings if found to be efficacious.
    Trial registration: This trial is registered in the ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN14354324; date of registration: 05 October 2020. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14354324?q=ISRCTN14354324&filters=&sort=&offset=1&totalResults=1&page=1&pageSize=10&searchType=basic-search. Linked to protocol version number 1.4 of 11 January 2021.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Animals ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; HIV Infections/virology ; HIV-1/isolation & purification ; Health Services/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/statistics & numerical data ; Schistosoma/isolation & purification ; Schistosomiasis/epidemiology ; Schistosomiasis/parasitology ; Schistosomiasis/prevention & control
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Clinical Trial Protocol ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0262237
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  3. Article: "We threw away the stones": a mixed method evaluation of a simple cookstove intervention in Malawi.

    Saleh, Sepeedeh / Sambakunsi, Henry / Makina, Debora / Kumwenda, Moses / Rylance, Jamie / Chinouya, Martha / Mortimer, Kevin

    Wellcome open research

    2022  Volume 7, Page(s) 52

    Abstract: Background: ...

    Abstract Background:
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2398-502X
    ISSN 2398-502X
    DOI 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17544.3
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  4. Article: Personal exposures to fine particulate matter and carbon monoxide in relation to cooking activities in rural Malawi.

    Saleh, Sepeedeh / Sambakunsi, Henry / Makina, Debora / Chinouya, Martha / Kumwenda, Moses / Chirombo, James / Semple, Sean / Mortimer, Kevin / Rylance, Jamie

    Wellcome open research

    2023  Volume 7, Page(s) 251

    Abstract: Background: ...

    Abstract Background:
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2398-502X
    ISSN 2398-502X
    DOI 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18050.2
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  5. Article ; Online: Lived experiences of people living with HIV-A qualitative exploration on the manifestation, drivers, and effects of internalized HIV stigma within the Malawian context.

    Kumwenda, Moses Kelly / Kamkwamba, David Black / Chirwa, Maureen Leah / Kasoka, Kasoka / Taegtmeyer, Miriam / Oraro-Lawrence, Tessa / Stackpool-Moore, Lucy

    PloS one

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 4, Page(s) e0284195

    Abstract: Introduction: HIV-related internalized stigma remains a major contributor to challenges experienced when accessing and providing HIV diagnosis, care and treatment services. It is a key barrier to effective prevention, treatment and care programs. This ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: HIV-related internalized stigma remains a major contributor to challenges experienced when accessing and providing HIV diagnosis, care and treatment services. It is a key barrier to effective prevention, treatment and care programs. This study investigated experiences of internalized stigma among people living with HIV in Malawi.
    Methodology: A participatory cross-sectional study design of participants from eight districts across the three administrative regions of Malawi. Data were collected using Key Informant Interviews (n = 22), Focus Group Discussions (n = 4) and life-stories (n = 10). NVIVO 12 software was used for coding applying both deductive and inductive techniques. Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework was used as a theoretical and analytical framework during data analysis.
    Results: Overt forms of stigma and discrimination were more recognizable to people living with HIV while latent forms, including internalized stigma, remained less identifiable and with limited approaches for mitigation. In this context, manifest forms of HIV-related stigma intersected with latent forms of stigma as people living with HIV often experienced both forms of stigma concurrently. The youths, HIV mixed-status couples and individuals newly initiated on ART were more susceptible to internalized stigma due to their lack of coping mechanism, unavailability of mitigation structures, and lack of information. Broadly, people living with HIV found it difficult to identify and describe internalized stigma and this affected their ability to recognize it and determine an appropriate course of action to deal with it.
    Conclusion: Understanding the experiences of internalized stigma is key to developing targeted and context specific innovative solutions to this health problem.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; HIV Infections/diagnosis ; Social Stigma ; Adaptation, Psychological ; Focus Groups
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0284195
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  6. Article ; Online: COVID-19 self-testing using antigen rapid diagnostic tests: Feasibility evaluation among health-care workers and general population in Malawi.

    Mukoka, Madalo / Sibanda, Euphemia / Watadzaushe, Constancia / Kumwenda, Moses / Abok, Florence / Corbett, Elizabeth L / Ivanova, Elena / Choko, Augustine Talumba

    PloS one

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 7, Page(s) e0289291

    Abstract: Background: COVID-19 testing is critical for identifying cases to prevent transmission. COVID-19 self-testing has the potential to increase diagnostic testing capacity and to expand access to hard-to-reach areas in low-and-middle-income countries. We ... ...

    Abstract Background: COVID-19 testing is critical for identifying cases to prevent transmission. COVID-19 self-testing has the potential to increase diagnostic testing capacity and to expand access to hard-to-reach areas in low-and-middle-income countries. We investigated the feasibility and acceptability of COVID-19 self-sampling and self-testing using SARS-CoV-2 Antigen-Rapid Diagnostic Tests (Ag-RDTs).
    Methods: From July 2021 to February 2022, we conducted a mixed-methods cross-sectional study examining self-sampling and self-testing using Standard Q and Panbio COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device in Urban and rural Blantyre, Malawi. Health care workers and adults (18y+) in the general population were non-randomly sampled.
    Results: Overall, 1,330 participants were enrolled of whom 674 (56.0%) were female and 656 (54.0%) were male with 664 for self-sampling and 666 for self-testing. Mean age was 30.7y (standard deviation [SD] 9.6). Self-sampling usability threshold for Standard Q was 273/333 (82.0%: 95% CI 77.4% to 86.0%) and 261/331 (78.8%: 95% CI 74.1% to 83.1%) for Panbio. Self-testing threshold was 276/335 (82.4%: 95% CI 77.9% to 86.3%) and 300/332 (90.4%: 95% CI 86.7% to 93.3%) for Standard Q and Panbio, respectively. Agreement between self-sample results and professional test results was 325/325 (100%) and 322/322 (100%) for Standard Q and Panbio, respectively. For self-testing, agreement was 332/333 (99.7%: 95% CI 98.3 to 100%) for Standard Q and 330/330 (100%: 95% CI 99.8 to 100%) for Panbio. Odds of achieving self-sampling threshold increased if the participant was recruited from an urban site (odds ratio [OR] 2.15 95% CI 1.44 to 3.23, P < .01. Compared to participants with primary school education those with secondary and tertiary achieved higher self-testing threshold OR 1.88 (95% CI 1.17 to 3.01), P = .01 and 4.05 (95% CI 1.20 to13.63), P = .02, respectively.
    Conclusions: One of the first studies to demonstrate high feasibility and acceptability of self-testing using SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs among general and health-care worker populations in low- and middle-income countries potentially supporting large scale-up. Further research is warranted to provide optimal delivery strategies of self-testing.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; COVID-19 Testing ; Malawi/epidemiology ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Feasibility Studies ; Self-Testing ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sensitivity and Specificity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0289291
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  7. Article ; Online: Accuracy of and preferences for blood-based versus oral-fluid-based HIV self-testing in Malawi: a cross-sectional study.

    O'Reilly, Ailva / Mavhu, Webster / Neuman, Melissa / Kumwenda, Moses K / Johnson, Cheryl C / Sinjani, George / Indravudh, Pitchaya / Choko, Augustin / Hatzold, Karin / Corbett, Elizabeth L

    BMC infectious diseases

    2024  Volume 22, Issue Suppl 1, Page(s) 979

    Abstract: Background: HIV self-testing (HIVST) can use either oral-fluid or blood-based tests. Studies have shown strong preferences for self-testing compared to facility-based services. Despite availability of low-cost blood-based HIVST options, to date, HIVST ... ...

    Abstract Background: HIV self-testing (HIVST) can use either oral-fluid or blood-based tests. Studies have shown strong preferences for self-testing compared to facility-based services. Despite availability of low-cost blood-based HIVST options, to date, HIVST implementation in sub-Saharan Africa has largely been oral-fluid-based. We investigated whether users preferred blood-based (i.e. using blood sample derived from a finger prick) or oral fluid-based HIVST in rural and urban Malawi.
    Methods: At clinics providing HIV testing services (n = 2 urban; n = 2 rural), participants completed a semi-structured questionnaire capturing sociodemographic data before choosing to test using oral-fluid-based HVST, blood-based HIVST or provider-delivered testing. They also completed a self-administered questionnaire afterwards, followed by a confirmatory test using the national algorithm then appropriate referral. We used simple and multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with preference for oral-fluid or blood-based HIVST.
    Results: July to October 2018, N = 691 participants enrolled in this study. Given the choice, 98.4% (680/691) selected HIVST over provider-delivered testing. Of 680 opting for HIVST, 416 (61.2%) chose oral-fluid-based HIVST, 264 (38.8%) chose blood-based HIVST and 99.1% (674/680) reported their results appropriately. Self-testers who opted for blood-based HIVST were more likely to be male (50.3% men vs. 29.6% women, p < 0.001), attending an urban facility (43% urban vs. 34.6% rural, p = 0.025) and regular salary-earners (49.5% regular vs. 36.8% non-regular, p = 0.012). After adjustment, only sex was found to be associated with choice of self-test (adjusted OR 0.43 (95%CI: 0.3-0.61); p-value < 0.001). Among 264 reporting blood-based HIVST results, 11 (4.2%) were HIV-positive. Blood-based HIVST had sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 71.5-100%) and specificity of 99.6% (95% CI: 97.6-100%), with 20 (7.6%) invalid results. Among 416 reporting oral-fluid-based HIVST results 18 (4.3%) were HIV-positive. Oral-fluid-based HIVST had sensitivity of 88.9% (95% CI: 65.3-98.6%) and specificity of 98.7% (95% CI: 97.1-99.6%), with no invalid results.
    Conclusions: Offering both blood-based and oral-fluid-based HIVST resulted in high uptake when compared directly with provider-delivered testing. Both types of self-testing achieved high accuracy among users provided with a pre-test demonstration beforehand. Policymakers and donors need to adequately plan and budget for the sensitisation and support needed to optimise the introduction of new quality-assured blood-based HIVST products.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Female ; Self-Testing ; HIV ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Malawi ; Self Care ; HIV Infections/diagnosis ; HIV Testing ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Mass Screening/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2041550-3
    ISSN 1471-2334 ; 1471-2334
    ISSN (online) 1471-2334
    ISSN 1471-2334
    DOI 10.1186/s12879-024-09231-1
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  8. Article ; Online: Experience of social harms among female sex workers following HIV self-test distribution in Malawi: results of a cohort study.

    Mee, Paul / Neuman, Melissa / Kumwenda, Moses / Lora, Wezzie S / Sikwese, Simon / Sambo, Mwiza / Fielding, Katherine / Indravudh, Pitchaya P / Hatzold, Karin / Johnson, Cheryl / Corbett, Elizabeth L / Desmond, Nicola

    BMC infectious diseases

    2024  Volume 22, Issue Suppl 1, Page(s) 978

    Abstract: Background: In Malawi, female sex workers (FSW) have high HIV incidence and regular testing is suggested. HIV self-testing (HIVST) is a safe and acceptable alternative to standard testing services. This study assessed; whether social harms were more ... ...

    Abstract Background: In Malawi, female sex workers (FSW) have high HIV incidence and regular testing is suggested. HIV self-testing (HIVST) is a safe and acceptable alternative to standard testing services. This study assessed; whether social harms were more likely to be reported after HIVST distribution to FSW by peer distributors than after facility-based HIV testing and whether FSW regretted HIVST use or experienced associated relationship problems.
    Methods: Peer HIVST distributors, who were FSW, were recruited in Blantyre district, Malawi between February and July 2017. Among HIVST recipients a prospective cohort was recruited. Interviews were conducted at baseline and at end-line, 3 months later. Participants completed daily sexual activity diaries. End-line data were analysed using logistic regression to assess whether regret or relationship problems were associated with HIVST use. Sexual activity data were analysed using Generalised Estimating Equations to assess whether HIVST use was temporally associated with an increase in social harms.
    Results: Of 265 FSW recruited and offered HIVST, 131 completed both interviews. Of these, 31/131(23.7%) reported initial regret after HIVST use, this reduced to 23/131(17.6%) at the 3-month follow-up. Relationship problems were reported by 12/131(9.2%). Regret about HIVST use was less commonly reported in those aged 26-35 years compared to those aged 16-25 years (OR immediate regret-0.40 95% CI 0.16-1.01) (OR current regret-0.22 95% CI 0.07 - 0.71) and was not associated with the HIVST result. There was limited evidence that reports of verbal abuse perpetrated by clients in the week following HIVST use were greater than when there was no testing in the preceding week. There was no evidence for increases in any other social harms. There was some evidence of coercion to test, most commonly initiated by the peer distributor.
    Conclusions: Little evidence was found that the peer distribution model was associated with increased levels of social harms, however programmes aimed at reaching FSW need to carefully consider possible unintended consequences of their service delivery approaches, including the potential for peer distributors to coerce individuals to test or disclose their test results and alternative distribution models may need to be considered.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Female ; Sex Workers ; Cohort Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Self-Testing ; Malawi/epidemiology ; Mass Screening/methods ; HIV Infections/diagnosis ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; HIV Testing
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2041550-3
    ISSN 1471-2334 ; 1471-2334
    ISSN (online) 1471-2334
    ISSN 1471-2334
    DOI 10.1186/s12879-024-09178-3
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  9. Article: Exploring smoke: an ethnographic study of air pollution in rural Malawi.

    Saleh, Sepeedeh / Sambakunsi, Henry / Mortimer, Kevin / Morton, Ben / Kumwenda, Moses / Rylance, Jamie / Chinouya, Martha

    BMJ global health

    2021  Volume 6, Issue 6

    Abstract: Air pollution adversely affects human health, and the climate crisis intensifies the global imperative for action. Low-/middle-income countries (LMIC) suffer particularly high attributable disease burdens. In rural low-resource settings, these are linked ...

    Abstract Air pollution adversely affects human health, and the climate crisis intensifies the global imperative for action. Low-/middle-income countries (LMIC) suffer particularly high attributable disease burdens. In rural low-resource settings, these are linked to cooking using biomass. Proposed biomedical solutions to air pollution typically involve 'improved cooking technologies', often introduced by high-income country research teams. This ethnography, set in a rural Malawian village, aimed to understand air pollution within its social and environmental context. The results provide a multifaceted account through immersive participant observations with concurrent air quality monitoring, interviews and participatory workshops. Data included quantitative measures of individuals' air pollution exposures paired with activity, qualitative insights into how smoke is experienced in daily life throughout the village, and participants' reflections on potential cleaner air solutions. Individual air quality monitoring demonstrated that particulate levels frequently exceeded upper limits recommended by the WHO, even in the absence of identified sources of biomass burning. Ethnographic findings revealed the overwhelming impact of economic scarcity on individual air pollution exposures. Scarcity affected air pollution exposures through three pathways: daily hardship, limitation and precarity. We use the theory of structural violence, as described by Paul Farmer, and the concept of slow violence to interrogate the origins of this scarcity and global inequality. We draw on the ethnographic findings to critically consider sustainable approaches to cleaner air, without re-enacting existing systemic inequities.
    MeSH term(s) Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; Anthropology, Cultural ; Humans ; Malawi/epidemiology ; Smoke/adverse effects
    Chemical Substances Smoke
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2059-7908
    ISSN 2059-7908
    DOI 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-004970
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  10. Article ; Online: Socio-cultural and economic barriers, and facilitators influencing men's involvement in antenatal care including HIV testing: a qualitative study from urban Blantyre, Malawi.

    Sakala, Doreen / Kumwenda, Moses K / Conserve, Donaldson F / Ebenso, Bassey / Choko, Augustine T

    BMC public health

    2021  Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 60

    Abstract: Background: Male partner involvement in antenatal care (ANC) is associated with positive maternal and neonatal outcomes. However, only a handful of men attend ANC with their partners. This study aimed to understand the underlying barriers and ... ...

    Abstract Background: Male partner involvement in antenatal care (ANC) is associated with positive maternal and neonatal outcomes. However, only a handful of men attend ANC with their partners. This study aimed to understand the underlying barriers and facilitators influencing men's ANC attendance including HIV testing in Blantyre, Malawi.
    Methods: Data were collected during a formative qualitative study of a cluster-randomised trial. Six focus group discussions (FGDs) with 42 men and women and 20 in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted at three primary health centres in urban Blantyre, Malawi. FGD participants were purposively sampled with IDI participants subsequently sampled after FGD participation. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.
    Results: The economic requirement to provide for their families exerted pressure on men and often negatively affected their decision to attend ANC together with their pregnant partners despite obvious benefits. Peer pressure and the fear to be seen by peers queueing for services at ANC, an environment traditionally viewed as a space for women and children made men feel treated as trespassers and with some level of hostility rendering them feeling emasculated when they attend ANC. Health system problems associated with overall organization of the ANC services, which favours women created resistance among men to be involved. An association between ANC and HIV testing services discouraged men from attending ANC because of their fear of testing HIV-positive in the presence of their partners. The availability of a male friendly clinic offering a private, quick, supportive/sensitive and flexible service was considered to be an important incentive that would facilitate men's ANC attendance. Men described compensation to cover transport and opportunity cost for attending the clinic as a motivator to attending ANC services and accepting an HIV test.
    Conclusion: Peer and economic influences were the most influential barriers of men attending ANC and testing for HIV with their pregnant partners. Addressing these socio-economic barriers and having a male friendly clinic are promising interventions to promote male ANC attendance in this setting.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Female ; HIV Infections/diagnosis ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Malawi ; Male ; Men ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Care ; Qualitative Research
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1471-2458
    ISSN (online) 1471-2458
    DOI 10.1186/s12889-020-10112-w
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