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  1. Article ; Online: Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane.

    Abbasi, R / Ackermann, M / Adams, J / Aguilar, J A / Ahlers, M / Ahrens, M / Alameddine, J M / Alves, A A / Amin, N M / Andeen, K / Anderson, T / Anton, G / Argüelles, C / Ashida, Y / Athanasiadou, S / Axani, S / Bai, X / Balagopal V, A / Barwick, S W /
    Basu, V / Baur, S / Bay, R / Beatty, J J / Becker, K-H / Tjus, J Becker / Beise, J / Bellenghi, C / Benda, S / BenZvi, S / Berley, D / Bernardini, E / Besson, D Z / Binder, G / Bindig, D / Blaufuss, E / Blot, S / Boddenberg, M / Bontempo, F / Book, J Y / Borowka, J / Böser, S / Botner, O / Böttcher, J / Bourbeau, E / Bradascio, F / Braun, J / Brinson, B / Bron, S / Brostean-Kaiser, J / Burley, R T / Busse, R S / Campana, M A / Carnie-Bronca, E G / Chen, C / Chen, Z / Chirkin, D / Choi, K / Clark, B A / Clark, K / Classen, L / Coleman, A / Collin, G H / Connolly, A / Conrad, J M / Coppin, P / Correa, P / Cowen, D F / Cross, R / Dappen, C / Dave, P / De Clercq, C / DeLaunay, J J / López, D Delgado / Dembinski, H / Deoskar, K / Desai, A / Desiati, P / de Vries, K D / de Wasseige, G / DeYoung, T / Diaz, A / Díaz-Vélez, J C / Dittmer, M / Dujmovic, H / Dunkman, M / DuVernois, M A / Ehrhardt, T / Eller, P / Engel, R / Erpenbeck, H / Evans, J / Evenson, P A / Fan, K L / Fazely, A R / Fedynitch, A / Feigl, N / Fiedlschuster, S / Fienberg, A T / Finley, C / Fischer, L / Fox, D / Franckowiak, A / Friedman, E / Fritz, A / Fürst, P / Gaisser, T K / Gallagher, J / Ganster, E / Garcia, A / Garrappa, S / Gerhardt, L / Ghadimi, A / Glaser, C / Glauch, T / Glüsenkamp, T / Goehlke, N / Goldschmidt, A / Gonzalez, J G / Goswami, S / Grant, D / Grégoire, T / Griswold, S / Günther, C / Gutjahr, P / Haack, C / Hallgren, A / Halliday, R / Halve, L / Halzen, F / Minh, M Ha / Hanson, K / Hardin, J / Harnisch, A A / Haungs, A / Helbing, K / Henningsen, F / Hettinger, E C / Hickford, S / Hignight, J / Hill, C / Hill, G C / Hoffman, K D / Hoshina, K / Hou, W / Huang, F / Huber, M / Huber, T / Hultqvist, K / Hünnefeld, M / Hussain, R / Hymon, K / In, S / Iovine, N / Ishihara, A / Jansson, M / Japaridze, G S / Jeong, M / Jin, M / Jones, B J P / Kang, D / Kang, W / Kang, X / Kappes, A / Kappesser, D / Kardum, L / Karg, T / Karl, M / Karle, A / Katz, U / Kauer, M / Kellermann, M / Kelley, J L / Kheirandish, A / Kin, K / Kiryluk, J / Klein, S R / Kochocki, A / Koirala, R / Kolanoski, H / Kontrimas, T / Köpke, L / Kopper, C / Kopper, S / Koskinen, D J / Koundal, P / Kovacevich, M / Kowalski, M / Kozynets, T / Krupczak, E / Kun, E / Kurahashi, N / Lad, N / Gualda, C Lagunas / Lanfranchi, J L / Larson, M J / Lauber, F / Lazar, J P / Lee, J W / Leonard, K / Leszczyńska, A / Li, Y / Lincetto, M / Liu, Q R / Liubarska, M / Lohfink, E / Mariscal, C J Lozano / Lu, L / Lucarelli, F / Ludwig, A / Luszczak, W / Lyu, Y / Ma, W Y / Madsen, J / Mahn, K B M / Makino, Y / Mancina, S / Mariş, I C / Martinez-Soler, I / Maruyama, R / McHale, S / McElroy, T / McNally, F / Mead, J V / Meagher, K / Mechbal, S / Medina, A / Meier, M / Meighen-Berger, S / Merckx, Y / Micallef, J / Mockler, D / Montaruli, T / Moore, R W / Morik, K / Morse, R / Moulai, M / Mukherjee, T / Naab, R / Nagai, R / Nahnhauer, R / Naumann, U / Necker, J / Nguyen, L V / Niederhausen, H / Nisa, M U / Nowicki, S C / Nygren, D / Pollmann, A Obertacke / Oehler, M / Oeyen, B / Olivas, A / O'Sullivan, E / Pandya, H / Pankova, D V / Park, N / Parker, G K / Paudel, E N / Paul, L / de Los Heros, C Pérez / Peters, L / Peterson, J / Philippen, S / Pieper, S / Pizzuto, A / Plum, M / Popovych, Y / Porcelli, A / Rodriguez, M Prado / Pries, B / Przybylski, G T / Raab, C / Rack-Helleis, J / Raissi, A / Rameez, M / Rawlins, K / Rea, I C / Rechav, Z / Rehman, A / Reichherzer, P / Reimann, R / Renzi, G / Resconi, E / Reusch, S / Rhode, W / Richman, M / Riedel, B / Roberts, E J / Robertson, S / Roellinghoff, G / Rongen, M / Rott, C / Ruhe, T / Ryckbosch, D / Cantu, D Rysewyk / Safa, I / Saffer, J / Salazar-Gallegos, D / Sampathkumar, P / Herrera, S E Sanchez / Sandrock, A / Santander, M / Sarkar, S / Satalecka, K / Schaufel, M / Schieler, H / Schindler, S / Schmidt, T / Schneider, A / Schneider, J / Schröder, F G / Schumacher, L / Schwefer, G / Sclafani, S / Seckel, D / Seunarine, S / Sharma, A / Shefali, S / Shimizu, N / Silva, M / Skrzypek, B / Smithers, B / Snihur, R / Soedingrekso, J / Sogaard, A / Soldin, D / Spannfellner, C / Spiczak, G M / Spiering, C / Stamatikos, M / Stanev, T / Stein, R / Stettner, J / Stezelberger, T / Stokstad, B / Stürwald, T / Stuttard, T / Sullivan, G W / Taboada, I / Ter-Antonyan, S / Thwaites, J / Tilav, S / Tischbein, F / Tollefson, K / Tönnis, C / Toscano, S / Tosi, D / Trettin, A / Tselengidou, M / Tung, C F / Turcati, A / Turcotte, R / Turley, C F / Twagirayezu, J P / Ty, B / Elorrieta, M A Unland / Valtonen-Mattila, N / Vandenbroucke, J / van Eijndhoven, N / Vannerom, D / van Santen, J / Veitch-Michaelis, J / Verpoest, S / Walck, C / Wang, W / Watson, T B / Weaver, C / Weigel, P / Weindl, A / Weiss, M J / Weldert, J / Wendt, C / Werthebach, J / Weyrauch, M / Whitehorn, N / Wiebusch, C H / Willey, N / Williams, D R / Wolf, M / Wrede, G / Wulff, J / Xu, X W / Yanez, J P / Yildizci, E / Yoshida, S / Yu, S / Yuan, T / Zhang, Z / Zhelnin, P

    Science (New York, N.Y.)

    2023  Volume 380, Issue 6652, Page(s) 1338–1343

    Abstract: The origin of high-energy cosmic rays, atomic nuclei that continuously impact Earth's atmosphere, is unknown. Because of deflection by interstellar magnetic fields, cosmic rays produced within the Milky Way arrive at Earth from random directions. However, ...

    Abstract The origin of high-energy cosmic rays, atomic nuclei that continuously impact Earth's atmosphere, is unknown. Because of deflection by interstellar magnetic fields, cosmic rays produced within the Milky Way arrive at Earth from random directions. However, cosmic rays interact with matter near their sources and during propagation, which produces high-energy neutrinos. We searched for neutrino emission using machine learning techniques applied to 10 years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By comparing diffuse emission models to a background-only hypothesis, we identified neutrino emission from the Galactic plane at the 4.5σ level of significance. The signal is consistent with diffuse emission of neutrinos from the Milky Way but could also arise from a population of unresolved point sources.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 128410-1
    ISSN 1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
    ISSN (online) 1095-9203
    ISSN 0036-8075
    DOI 10.1126/science.adc9818
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Book ; Online: Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane

    Abbasi, R. / Ackermann, M. / Adams, J. / Aguilar, J. A. / Ahlers, M. / Ahrens, M. / Alameddine, J. M. / Alves Jr., A. A. / Amin, N. M. / Andeen, K. / Anderson, T. / Anton, G. / Argüelles, C. / Ashida, Y. / Athanasiadou, S. / Axani, S. / Bai, X. / V., A. Balagopal / Barwick, S. W. /
    Basu, V. / Baur, S. / Bay, R. / Beatty, J. J. / Becker, K. -H. / Tjus, J. Becker / Beise, J. / Bellenghi, C. / Benda, S. / BenZvi, S. / Berley, D. / Bernardini, E. / Besson, D. Z. / Binder, G. / Bindig, D. / Blaufuss, E. / Blot, S. / Boddenberg, M. / Bontempo, F. / Book, J. Y. / Borowka, J. / Böser, S. / Botner, O. / Böttcher, J. / Bourbeau, E. / Bradascio, F. / Braun, J. / Brinson, B. / Bron, S. / Brostean-Kaiser, J. / Burley, R. T. / Busse, R. S. / Campana, M. A. / Carnie-Bronca, E. G. / Chen, C. / Chen, Z. / Chirkin, D. / Choi, K. / Clark, B. A. / Clark, K. / Classen, L. / Coleman, A. / Collin, G. H. / Connolly, A. / Conrad, J. M. / Coppin, P. / Correa, P. / Cowen, D. F. / Cross, R. / Dappen, C. / Dave, P. / De Clercq, C. / DeLaunay, J. J. / López, D. Delgado / Dembinski, H. / Deoskar, K. / Desai, A. / Desiati, P. / de Vries, K. D. / de Wasseige, G. / DeYoung, T. / Diaz, A. / Díaz-Vélez, J. C. / Dittmer, M. / Dujmovic, H. / Dunkman, M. / DuVernois, M. A. / Ehrhardt, T. / Eller, P. / Engel, R. / Erpenbeck, H. / Evans, J. / Evenson, P. A. / Fan, K. L. / Fazely, A. R. / Fedynitch, A. / Feigl, N. / Fiedlschuster, S. / Fienberg, A. T. / Finley, C. / Fischer, L. / Fox, D. / Franckowiak, A. / Friedman, E. / Fritz, A. / Fürst, P. / Gaisser, T. K. / Gallagher, J. / Ganster, E. / Garcia, A. / Garrappa, S. / Gerhardt, L. / Ghadimi, A. / Glaser, C. / Glauch, T. / Glüsenkamp, T. / Goehlke, N. / Goldschmidt, A. / Gonzalez, J. G. / Goswami, S. / Grant, D. / Grégoire, T. / Griswold, S. / Günther, C. / Gutjahr, P. / Haack, C. / Hallgren, A. / Halliday, R. / Halve, L. / Halzen, F. / Minh, M. Ha / Hanson, K. / Hardin, J. / Harnisch, A. A. / Haungs, A. / Helbing, K. / Henningsen, F. / Hettinger, E. C. / Hickford, S. / Hignight, J. / Hill, C. / Hill, G. C. / Hoffman, K. D. / Hoshina, K. / Hou, W. / Huang, F. / Huber, M. / Huber, T. / Hultqvist, K. / Hünnefeld, M. / Hussain, R. / Hymon, K. / In, S. / Iovine, N. / Ishihara, A. / Jansson, M. / Japaridze, G. S. / Jeong, M. / Jin, M. / Jones, B. J. P. / Kang, D. / Kang, W. / Kang, X. / Kappes, A. / Kappesser, D. / Kardum, L. / Karg, T. / Karl, M. / Karle, A. / Katz, U. / Kauer, M. / Kellermann, M. / Kelley, J. L. / Kheirandish, A. / Kin, K. / Kiryluk, J. / Klein, S. R. / Kochocki, A. / Koirala, R. / Kolanoski, H. / Kontrimas, T. / Köpke, L. / Kopper, C. / Kopper, S. / Koskinen, D. J. / Koundal, P. / Kovacevich, M. / Kowalski, M. / Kozynets, T. / Krupczak, E. / Kun, E. / Kurahashi, N. / Lad, N. / Gualda, C. Lagunas / Lanfranchi, J. L. / Larson, M. J. / Lauber, F. / Lazar, J. P. / Lee, J. W. / Leonard, K. / Leszczyńska, A. / Li, Y. / Lincetto, M. / Liu, Q. R. / Liubarska, M. / Lohfink, E. / Mariscal, C. J. Lozano / Lu, L. / Lucarelli, F. / Ludwig, A. / Luszczak, W. / Lyu, Y. / Ma, W. Y. / Madsen, J. / Mahn, K. B. M. / Makino, Y. / Mancina, S. / Mariş, I. C. / Martinez-Soler, I. / Maruyama, R. / McCarthy, S. / McElroy, T. / McNally, F. / Mead, J. V. / Meagher, K. / Mechbal, S. / Medina, A. / Meier, M. / Meighen-Berger, S. / Merckx, Y. / Micallef, J. / Mockler, D. / Montaruli, T. / Moore, R. W. / Morik, K. / Morse, R. / Moulai, M. / Mukherjee, T. / Naab, R. / Nagai, R. / Nahnhauer, R. / Naumann, U. / Necker, J. / Nguyen, L. V. / Niederhausen, H. / Nisa, M. U. / Nowicki, S. C. / Nygren, D. / Pollmann, A. Obertacke / Oehler, M. / Oeyen, B. / Olivas, A. / O'Sullivan, E. / Pandya, H. / Pankova, D. V. / Park, N. / Parker, G. K. / Paudel, E. N. / Paul, L. / Heros, C. Pérez de los / Peters, L. / Peterson, J. / Philippen, S. / Pieper, S. / Pizzuto, A. / Plum, M. / Popovych, Y. / Porcelli, A. / Rodriguez, M. Prado / Pries, B. / Przybylski, G. T. / Raab, C. / Rack-Helleis, J. / Raissi, A. / Rameez, M. / Rawlins, K. / Rea, I. C. / Rechav, Z. / Rehman, A. / Reichherzer, P. / Reimann, R. / Renzi, G. / Resconi, E. / Reusch, S. / Rhode, W. / Richman, M. / Riedel, B. / Roberts, E. J. / Robertson, S. / Roellinghoff, G. / Rongen, M. / Rott, C. / Ruhe, T. / Ryckbosch, D. / Cantu, D. Rysewyk / Safa, I. / Saffer, J. / Salazar-Gallegos, D. / Sampathkumar, P. / Herrera, S. E. Sanchez / Sandrock, A. / Santander, M. / Sarkar, S. / Satalecka, K. / Schaufel, M. / Schieler, H. / Schindler, S. / Schmidt, T. / Schneider, A. / Schneider, J. / Schröder, F. G. / Schumacher, L. / Schwefer, G. / Sclafani, S. / Seckel, D. / Seunarine, S. / Sharma, A. / Shefali, S. / Shimizu, N. / Silva, M. / Skrzypek, B. / Smithers, B. / Snihur, R. / Soedingrekso, J. / Sogaard, A. / Soldin, D. / Spannfellner, C. / Spiczak, G. M. / Spiering, C. / Stamatikos, M. / Stanev, T. / Stein, R. / Stettner, J. / Stezelberger, T. / Stokstad, B. / Stürwald, T. / Stuttard, T. / Sullivan, G. W. / Taboada, I. / Ter-Antonyan, S. / Thwaites, J. / Tilav, S. / Tischbein, F. / Tollefson, K. / Tönnis, C. / Toscano, S. / Tosi, D. / Trettin, A. / Tselengidou, M. / Tung, C. F. / Turcati, A. / Turcotte, R. / Turley, C. F. / Twagirayezu, J. P. / Ty, B. / Elorrieta, M. A. Unland / Valtonen-Mattila, N. / Vandenbroucke, J. / van Eijndhoven, N. / Vannerom, D. / van Santen, J. / Veitch-Michaelis, J. / Verpoest, S. / Walck, C. / Wang, W. / Watson, T. B. / Weaver, C. / Weigel, P. / Weindl, A. / Weiss, M. J. / Weldert, J. / Wendt, C. / Werthebach, J. / Weyrauch, M. / Whitehorn, N. / Wiebusch, C. H. / Willey, N. / Williams, D. R. / Wolf, M. / Wrede, G. / Wulff, J. / Xu, X. W. / Yanez, J. P. / Yildizci, E. / Yoshida, S. / Yu, S. / Yuan, T. / Zhang, Z. / Zhelnin, P.

    2023  

    Abstract: The origin of high-energy cosmic rays, atomic nuclei that continuously impact Earth's atmosphere, has been a mystery for over a century. Due to deflection in interstellar magnetic fields, cosmic rays from the Milky Way arrive at Earth from random ... ...

    Abstract The origin of high-energy cosmic rays, atomic nuclei that continuously impact Earth's atmosphere, has been a mystery for over a century. Due to deflection in interstellar magnetic fields, cosmic rays from the Milky Way arrive at Earth from random directions. However, near their sources and during propagation, cosmic rays interact with matter and produce high-energy neutrinos. We search for neutrino emission using machine learning techniques applied to ten years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. We identify neutrino emission from the Galactic plane at the 4.5$\sigma$ level of significance, by comparing diffuse emission models to a background-only hypothesis. The signal is consistent with modeled diffuse emission from the Galactic plane, but could also arise from a population of unresolved point sources.

    Comment: Submitted on May 12th, 2022; Accepted on May 4th, 2023
    Keywords Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ; Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies ; Computer Science - Machine Learning
    Subject code 520 ; 530
    Publishing date 2023-07-10
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Book ; Online: D-Egg

    Abbasi, R. / Ackermann, M. / Adams, J. / Aggarwal, N. / Aguilar, J. A. / Ahlers, M. / Alameddine, J. M. / Alves Jr., A. A. / Amin, N. M. / Andeen, K. / Anderson, T. / Anton, G. / Argüelles, C. / Ashida, Y. / Athanasiadou, S. / Axani, S. N. / Bai, X. / V., A. Balagopal / Baricevic, M. /
    Barwick, S. W. / Basu, V. / Bay, R. / Beatty, J. J. / Becker, K. -H. / Tjus, J. Becker / Beise, J. / Bellenghi, C. / BenZvi, S. / Berley, D. / Bernardini, E. / Besson, D. Z. / Binder, G. / Bindig, D. / Blaufuss, E. / Blot, S. / Bontempo, F. / Book, J. Y. / Borowka, J. / Meneguolo, C. Boscolo / Böser, S. / Botner, O. / Böttcher, J. / Bourbeau, E. / Braun, J. / Brinson, B. / Brostean-Kaiser, J. / Burley, R. T. / Busse, R. S. / Campana, M. A. / Carloni, K. / Carnie-Bronca, E. G. / Chen, C. / Chen, Z. / Chirkin, D. / Choi, S. / Clark, B. A. / Classen, L. / Coleman, A. / Collin, G. H. / Connolly, A. / Conrad, J. M. / Coppin, P. / Correa, P. / Countryman, S. / Cowen, D. F. / Dappen, C. / Dave, P. / De Clercq, C. / DeLaunay, J. J. / López, D. Delgado / Dembinski, H. / Deoskar, K. / Desai, A. / Desiati, P. / de Vries, K. D. / de Wasseige, G. / DeYoung, T. / Diaz, A. / Díaz-Vélez, J. C. / Dittmer, M. / Domi, A. / Dujmovic, H. / DuVernois, M. A. / Ehrhardt, T. / Eller, P. / Engel, R. / Erpenbeck, H. / Evans, J. / Evenson, P. A. / Fan, K. L. / Fazely, A. R. / Fedynitch, A. / Feigl, N. / Fiedlschuster, S. / Fienberg, A. T. / Finley, C. / Fischer, L. / Fox, D. / Franckowiak, A. / Friedman, E. / Fritz, A. / Fürst, P. / Gaisser, T. K. / Gallagher, J. / Ganster, E. / Garcia, A. / Garrappa, S. / Gerhardt, L. / Ghadimi, A. / Glaser, C. / Glauch, T. / Glüsenkamp, T. / Goehlke, N. / Gonzalez, J. G. / Goswami, S. / Grant, D. / Gray, S. J. / Grégoire, T. / Griffin, S. / Griswold, S. / Günther, C. / Gutjahr, P. / Haack, C. / Hallgren, A. / Halliday, R. / Halve, L. / Halzen, F. / Hamdaoui, H. / Minh, M. Ha / Hanson, K. / Hardin, J. / Harnisch, A. A. / Hatch, P. / Haungs, A. / Helbing, K. / Hellrung, J. / Henningsen, F. / Heuermann, L. / Hickford, S. / Hidvegi, A. / Hill, C. / Hill, G. C. / Hoffman, K. D. / Hoshina, K. / Hou, W. / Huber, T. / Hultqvist, K. / Hünnefeld, M. / Hussain, R. / Hymon, K. / In, S. / Iovine, N. / Ishihara, A. / Jansson, M. / Japaridze, G. S. / Jeong, M. / Jin, M. / Jones, B. J. P. / Kang, D. / Kang, W. / Kang, X. / Kappes, A. / Kappesser, D. / Kardum, L. / Karg, T. / Karl, M. / Karle, A. / Katz, U. / Kauer, M. / Kelley, J. L. / Kheirandish, A. / Kin, K. / Kiryluk, J. / Klein, S. R. / Kochocki, A. / Koirala, R. / Kolanoski, H. / Kontrimas, T. / Köpke, L. / Kopper, C. / Koskinen, D. J. / Koundal, P. / Kovacevich, M. / Kowalski, M. / Kozynets, T. / Kruiswijk, K. / Krupczak, E. / Kumar, A. / Kun, E. / Kurahashi, N. / Lad, N. / Gualda, C. Lagunas / Lamoureux, M. / Larson, M. J. / Lauber, F. / Lazar, J. P. / Lee, J. W. / DeHolton, K. Leonard / Leszczyńska, A. / Lincetto, M. / Liu, Q. R. / Liubarska, M. / Lohfink, E. / Love, C. / Mariscal, C. J. Lozano / Lu, L. / Lucarelli, F. / Ludwig, A. / Luszczak, W. / Lyu, Y. / Ma, W. Y. / Madsen, J. / Mahn, K. B. M. / Makino, Y. / Mancina, S. / Sainte, W. Marie / Mariş, I. C. / Marka, S. / Marka, Z. / Marsee, M. / Martinez-Soler, I. / Maruyama, R. / Mayhew, F. / McElroy, T. / McNally, F. / Mead, J. V. / Meagher, K. / Mechbal, S. / Medina, A. / Meier, M. / Meighen-Berger, S. / Merckx, Y. / Merten, L. / Meures, T. / Micallef, J. / Mockler, D. / Montaruli, T. / Moore, R. W. / Morii, Y. / Morse, R. / Moulai, M. / Mukherjee, T. / Naab, R. / Nagai, R. / Naumann, U. / Necker, J. / Neumann, M. / Niederhausen, H. / Nisa, M. U. / Noell, A. / Nowicki, S. C. / Pollmann, A. Obertacke / Oehler, M. / Oeyen, B. / Olivas, A. / Orsoe, R. / Osborn, J. / O'Sullivan, E. / Pandya, H. / Pankova, D. V. / Park, N. / Parker, G. K. / Paudel, E. N. / Paul, L. / Heros, C. Pérez de los / Peterson, J. / Philippen, S. / Pieper, S. / Pizzuto, A. / Plum, M. / Popovych, Y. / Rodriguez, M. Prado / Pries, B. / Procter-Murphy, R. / Przybylski, G. 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    a Dual PMT Optical Module for IceCube

    2022  

    Abstract: The D-Egg, an acronym for ``Dual optical sensors in an Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2,'' is one of the optical modules designed for future extensions of the IceCube experiment at the South Pole. The D-Egg has an elongated-sphere shape to maximize the photon- ... ...

    Abstract The D-Egg, an acronym for ``Dual optical sensors in an Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2,'' is one of the optical modules designed for future extensions of the IceCube experiment at the South Pole. The D-Egg has an elongated-sphere shape to maximize the photon-sensitive effective area while maintaining a narrow diameter to reduce the cost and the time needed for drilling of the deployment holes in the glacial ice for the optical modules at depths up to 2700 meters. The D-Egg design is utilized for the IceCube Upgrade, the next stage of the IceCube project also known as IceCube-Gen2 Phase 1, where nearly half of the optical sensors to be deployed are D-Eggs. With two 8-inch high-quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) per module, D-Eggs offer an increased effective area while retaining the successful design of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM). The convolution of the wavelength-dependent effective area and the Cherenkov emission spectrum provides an effective photodetection sensitivity that is 2.8 times larger than that of IceCube DOMs. The signal of each of the two PMTs is digitized using ultra-low-power 14-bit analog-to-digital converters with a sampling frequency of 240 MSPS, enabling a flexible event triggering, as well as seamless and lossless event recording of single-photon signals to multi-photons exceeding 200 photoelectrons within 10 nanoseconds. Mass production of D-Eggs has been completed, with 277 out of the 310 D-Eggs produced to be used in the IceCube Upgrade. In this paper, we report the des\ ign of the D-Eggs, as well as the sensitivity and the single to multi-photon detection performance of mass-produced D-Eggs measured in a laboratory using the built-in data acquisition system in each D-Egg optical sensor module.

    Comment: 26 pages, 18 figures, 1 table
    Keywords Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ; High Energy Physics - Experiment
    Subject code 621
    Publishing date 2022-12-29
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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