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Article ; Online: Intestinal strangulation in farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Pathological changes and possible predisposing anatomical features.

Skedsmo, Fredrik Strebel / Løkka, Guro / Chikwati, Elvis / Jacobsen, Julianne Valla / Espenes, Arild / Kortner, Trond M

2024 , Page(s) e13955

Abstract: During recent years, there has been a renewed interest in establishing farming of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Norway. However, a fatal abdominal disorder compromises animal welfare and causes economic losses. A similar problem was present during a ... ...

Abstract	During recent years, there has been a renewed interest in establishing farming of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Norway. However, a fatal abdominal disorder compromises animal welfare and causes economic losses. A similar problem was present during a previous attempt to establish Atlantic cod farming more than a decade ago. In this paper, we provide the first in-depth description of this intestinal disorder, which is correctly denoted 'strangulating obstruction'. In affected fish, part of the intestine is permanently entrapped (incarcerated) under fibrous strands in the mesentery. The entrapment interferes with blood flow and physically blocks the intestine, causing a strangulating obstruction with severe venous congestion and ischemia of the intestinal wall. Furthermore, comparison of macroscopical and histological anatomy of farmed and wild Atlantic cod is presented and risk factors associated with the anatomical differences are discussed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	432109-1
ISSN	1365-2761 ; 0140-7775
ISSN (online)	1365-2761
ISSN	0140-7775
DOI	10.1111/jfd.13955
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Article ; Online: Establishment of an In Vitro Model to Study Viral Infections of the Fish Intestinal Epithelium.

Løkka, Guro / Gamil, Amr A A / Evensen, Øystein / Kortner, Trond M

Cells

2023 Volume 12, Issue 11

Abstract: Viral infections are still a major concern for the aquaculture industry. For salmonid fish, even though breeding strategies and vaccine development have reduced disease outbreaks, viral diseases remain among the main challenges having a negative impact ... ...

Abstract	Viral infections are still a major concern for the aquaculture industry. For salmonid fish, even though breeding strategies and vaccine development have reduced disease outbreaks, viral diseases remain among the main challenges having a negative impact on the welfare of fish and causing massive economic losses for the industry. The main entry port for viruses into the fish is through mucosal surfaces including that of the gastrointestinal tract. The contradictory functions of this surface, both creating a barrier towards the external environment and at the same time being responsible for the uptake of nutrients and ion/water regulation make it particularly vulnerable. The connection between dietary components and viral infections in fish has been poorly investigated and until now, a fish intestinal in vitro model to investigate virus-host interactions has been lacking. Here, we established the permissiveness of the rainbow trout intestinal cell line RTgutGC towards the important salmonid viruses-infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), salmonid alphavirus (subtype 3, SAV3) and infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV)-and explored the infection mechanisms of the three different viruses in these cells at different virus to cell ratios. Cytopathic effect (CPE), virus replication in the RTgutGC cells, antiviral cell responses and viral effects on the barrier permeability of polarized cells were investigated. We found that all virus species infected and replicated in RTgutGC cells, although with different replication kinetics and ability to induce CPE and host responses. The onset and progression of CPE was more rapid at high multiplicity of infection (MOI) for IPNV and SAV3 while the opposite was true of ISAV. A positive correlation between the MOI used and the induction of antiviral responses was observed for IPNV while a negative correlation was detected for SAV3. Viral infections compromised barrier integrity at early time points prior to observations of CPE microscopically. Further, the replication of IPNV and ISAV had a more pronounced effect on barrier function than SAV3. The in vitro infection model established herein can thus provide a novel tool to generate knowledge about the infection pathways and mechanisms used to surpass the intestinal epithelium in salmonid fish, and to study how a virus can potentially compromise gut epithelial barrier functions.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cell Line ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Antiviral Agents ; Intestinal Mucosa
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2661518-6
ISSN	2073-4409 ; 2073-4409
ISSN (online)	2073-4409
ISSN	2073-4409
DOI	10.3390/cells12111531
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Article ; Online: Bile components affect the functions and transcriptome of the rainbow trout intestinal epithelial cell line RTgutGC.

Løkka, Guro / Dhanasiri, Anusha K S / Krogdahl, Åshild / Kortner, Trond M

Fish & shellfish immunology

2022 Volume 131, Page(s) 1144–1156

Abstract: The concomitant increase in cultivation of fish and decrease in supply of marine ingredients, have greatly increased the demand for new nutrient sources. This also regards so-called functional ingredients which may benefit health and welfare of the fish. ...

Abstract	The concomitant increase in cultivation of fish and decrease in supply of marine ingredients, have greatly increased the demand for new nutrient sources. This also regards so-called functional ingredients which may benefit health and welfare of the fish. In vitro cell line-based intestinal epithelial barrier models may serve as tools for narrowing down the broad range of ingredient options, to identify the most promising candidates before in vivo feeding trials are run. In vivo, differentiation of the various epithelial cells in the fish intestine, from the multipotent stem cells, takes place in the presence of a variety of substances from dietary and endogenous origin. Among these, bile salts have recently received attention as regulators of epithelial function in health and disease but have not, until now, been included in the medium when culturing fish gut epithelial cells in vitro. As bile salts are present at high levels in the chyme of the fish intestine, in particular in salmon and rainbow trout, mostly as taurocholate (>90%), their role for effects of diet ingredients on the in vitro gut cell model should be understood. With this study, we wanted to investigate whether inclusion of bile from rainbow trout or pure taurocholate in the culture media would modulate functions of the RTgutGC epithelial cells. Here, we demonstrated that the rainbow trout intestinal epithelial cell line RTgutGC responded significantly to the presence of bile components. Treatment with rainbow trout bile taken from the gall bladder (RTbile) or pure taurocholate (TC) at taurocholate concentrations of ≤0.5 mg/mL retained normal cell morphology, cell viability as in cell oxidation-reduction metabolic activity and membrane integrity, and barrier features, while high concentrations of bile salts (≥1 mg/mL) were cytotoxic to the cells. After long-term (4 days) bile treatment, transcriptome responses showed how bile salts play important roles in intestinal epithelial cell metabolism. qPCR data demonstrated that barrier function genes, brush border enzyme genes and immune genes were significantly affected. Although similar trends were seen, treatment with bile salt as a component of rainbow trout bile or pure taurocholate, induced somewhat different effects. In conclusion, this study clearly indicates that bile salts should be included in the cell medium when running in vitro studies of gut cell functions, not at least immune functions, preferably at the level of ∼0.5 mg/mL supplemented as pure taurocholate to ensure reproducibility.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1067738-0
ISSN	1095-9947 ; 1050-4648
ISSN (online)	1095-9947
ISSN	1050-4648
DOI	10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.049
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Article: Digestive and immune functions in the intestine of wild Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta)

Zhou, Weiwen / Krogdahl, Åshild / Sæle, Øystein / Chikwati, Elvis / Løkka, Guro / Kortner, Trond M.

Comparative biochemistry and physiology. 2021 Oct., v. 260

2021

Abstract: This study was carried out to profile key characteristics of intestinal functions and health in wild-caught Ballan wrasse. To describe functional variation along the intestine, samples were collected from four intestinal segments, named from the proximal ...

Abstract	This study was carried out to profile key characteristics of intestinal functions and health in wild-caught Ballan wrasse. To describe functional variation along the intestine, samples were collected from four intestinal segments, named from the proximal to the distal segment: IN1, IN2, IN3 and IN4. The sections showed quite similar structure, i.e. regarding mucosal fold height and branching, lamina propria and submucosal width and cellular composition and thickness of the muscle layers. Leucine aminopeptidase and maltase capacity decreased from IN1 to IN4, suggesting a predominant role of IN1 in digestion. Gene expression levels of vitamin C transporter (slc23a1) and fatty acid transporters (cd36 and fabp2) were higher in IN1 than in IN4, indicating a more important role of the proximal intestine regarding transport of vitamins and fatty acids. Higher expression of the gene coding for IgM heavy chain constant region (ighm) was found in IN4 than in IN1, suggesting an important immune function of the distal intestine. Other immune related genes il1b, il6, cd40, showed similar expression in the proximal and the distal part of the intestine. Parasite infection, especially the myxozoan parasite Enteromyxum leei, coincided with infiltration of lymphocytic and eosinophilic granular cells in the submucosa and lamina propria. The present study established reference information necessary for interpretation of results of studies of intestinal functions and health in cultured Ballan wrasse.
Keywords	Labrus ; alpha-glucosidase ; ascorbic acid ; digestion ; fatty acids ; gene expression ; genes ; immune response ; interleukin-6 ; intestines ; leucyl aminopeptidase ; muscles ; parasites
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-10
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121246-1
ISSN	1531-4332 ; 0300-9629 ; 1095-6433
ISSN (online)	1531-4332
ISSN	0300-9629 ; 1095-6433
DOI	10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111011
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Article ; Online: Antigen sampling in the fish intestine.

Løkka, Guro / Koppang, Erling Olaf

Developmental and comparative immunology

2016 Volume 64, Page(s) 138–149

Abstract: Antigen uptake in the gastrointestinal tract may induce tolerance, lead to an immune response and also to infection. In mammals, most pathogens gain access to the host though the gastrointestinal tract, and in fish as well, this route seems to be of ... ...

Abstract	Antigen uptake in the gastrointestinal tract may induce tolerance, lead to an immune response and also to infection. In mammals, most pathogens gain access to the host though the gastrointestinal tract, and in fish as well, this route seems to be of significant importance. The epithelial surface faces a considerable challenge, functioning both as a barrier towards the external milieu but simultaneously being the site of absorption of nutrients and fluids. The mechanisms allowing antigen uptake over the epithelial barrier play a central role for maintaining the intestinal homeostasis and regulate appropriate immune responses. Such uptake has been widely studied in mammals, but also in fish, a number of experiments have been reported, seeking to reveal cells and mechanisms involved in antigen sampling. In this paper, we review these studies in addition to addressing our current knowledge of the intestinal barrier in fish and its anatomical construction.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigens/immunology ; Antigens/metabolism ; Fishes/immunology ; Homeostasis ; Immune Tolerance ; Immunity ; Intestinal Mucosa/anatomy & histology ; Intestinal Mucosa/immunology ; Mammals ; Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration
Chemical Substances	Antigens
Language	English
Publishing date	2016
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	752411-0
ISSN	1879-0089 ; 0145-305X
ISSN (online)	1879-0089
ISSN	0145-305X
DOI	10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.014
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Article: Antigen sampling in the fish intestine

Løkka, Guro / Erling Olaf Koppang

Developmental and comparative immunology. 2016 Nov., v. 64

2016

Abstract	Antigen uptake in the gastrointestinal tract may induce tolerance, lead to an immune response and also to infection. In mammals, most pathogens gain access to the host though the gastrointestinal tract, and in fish as well, this route seems to be of significant importance. The epithelial surface faces a considerable challenge, functioning both as a barrier towards the external milieu but simultaneously being the site of absorption of nutrients and fluids. The mechanisms allowing antigen uptake over the epithelial barrier play a central role for maintaining the intestinal homeostasis and regulate appropriate immune responses. Such uptake has been widely studied in mammals, but also in fish, a number of experiments have been reported, seeking to reveal cells and mechanisms involved in antigen sampling. In this paper, we review these studies in addition to addressing our current knowledge of the intestinal barrier in fish and its anatomical construction.
Keywords	absorption ; antigens ; epithelium ; fish ; homeostasis ; immune response ; intestines ; mammals ; nutrients ; pathogens
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-11
Size	p. 138-149.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	752411-0
ISSN	1879-0089 ; 0145-305X
ISSN (online)	1879-0089
ISSN	0145-305X
DOI	10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.014
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Article ; Online: Digestive and immune functions in the intestine of wild Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta).

Zhou, Weiwen / Krogdahl, Åshild / Sæle, Øystein / Chikwati, Elvis / Løkka, Guro / Kortner, Trond M

Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology

2021 Volume 260, Page(s) 111011

Abstract	This study was carried out to profile key characteristics of intestinal functions and health in wild-caught Ballan wrasse. To describe functional variation along the intestine, samples were collected from four intestinal segments, named from the proximal to the distal segment: IN1, IN2, IN3 and IN4. The sections showed quite similar structure, i.e. regarding mucosal fold height and branching, lamina propria and submucosal width and cellular composition and thickness of the muscle layers. Leucine aminopeptidase and maltase capacity decreased from IN1 to IN4, suggesting a predominant role of IN1 in digestion. Gene expression levels of vitamin C transporter (slc23a1) and fatty acid transporters (cd36 and fabp2) were higher in IN1 than in IN4, indicating a more important role of the proximal intestine regarding transport of vitamins and fatty acids. Higher expression of the gene coding for IgM heavy chain constant region (ighm) was found in IN4 than in IN1, suggesting an important immune function of the distal intestine. Other immune related genes il1b, il6, cd40, showed similar expression in the proximal and the distal part of the intestine. Parasite infection, especially the myxozoan parasite Enteromyxum leei, coincided with infiltration of lymphocytic and eosinophilic granular cells in the submucosa and lamina propria. The present study established reference information necessary for interpretation of results of studies of intestinal functions and health in cultured Ballan wrasse.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Digestion/physiology ; Female ; Fish Diseases ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hydrolysis ; Immune System ; Immunity/physiology ; Immunoglobulin M/metabolism ; Intestines/metabolism ; Leucyl Aminopeptidase/metabolism ; Male ; Mucous Membrane/metabolism ; Norway ; Perciformes/physiology ; alpha-Glucosidases/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Immunoglobulin M ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J) ; alpha-Glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20) ; Leucyl Aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	121246-1
ISSN	1531-4332 ; 0300-9629 ; 1095-6433
ISSN (online)	1531-4332
ISSN	0300-9629 ; 1095-6433
DOI	10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111011
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Article ; Online: Development of a Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Intestinal In Vitro Platform for Profiling Amino Acid Digestion and Absorption of a Complete Diet

Pasquariello, Rolando / Pavlovic, Radmila / Chacon, Marcelo A. / Camin, Federica / Verdile, Nicole / Løkka, Guro / Panseri, Sara / Faustini, Massimo / Tandler, Amos / Peggs, David / Kortner, Trond M. / Bitan, Amir / Brevini, Tiziana A. L. / Gandolfi, F.

Animals. 2023 July 12, v. 13, no. 14

2023

Abstract: The ever-increasing number and variation of raw materials utilized to provide alternative feed formulations continues to allow for a more sustainable and flexible approach. Testing all these options in vivo is still the most robust and reliable manner to ...

Abstract	The ever-increasing number and variation of raw materials utilized to provide alternative feed formulations continues to allow for a more sustainable and flexible approach. Testing all these options in vivo is still the most robust and reliable manner to pick the best raw material candidates, but it requires the use of large numbers of animals and is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, we are developing an in vitro platform that can provide a reliable evaluation of new ingredients. The main aim of this work was to combine an in vitro digestion protocol of extruded, commercially relevant aquafeeds with the exposure of intestinal epithelial cells to the extracted bio-available fraction (BAF). The results show that 250,000 cells/cm² represents the optimal seeding density and that up to 50% BAF concentration for up to 24 h had no negative effects on the epithelial barrier morphology and function. It is possible to determine amino acid digestibility and bioavailability in all the experimental conditions (with and without BSA, at 25% and 50% dilution) and at all time points (0, 6, and 24 h). However, BAF concentration, the medium used for its dilution, and the length of exposure to the different epithelial cell lines can all influence the results and, therefore, must be selected according to the final aim of the experiment.
Keywords	Oncorhynchus mykiss ; absorption ; amino acids ; aquaculture feeds ; bioavailability ; diet ; digestible amino acids ; digestion ; epithelial cells ; epithelium ; intestines ; raw materials ; wet digestion method
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0712
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani13142278
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Article: Development of a Rainbow Trout (

Pasquariello, Rolando / Pavlovic, Radmila / Chacon, Marcelo A / Camin, Federica / Verdile, Nicole / Løkka, Guro / Panseri, Sara / Faustini, Massimo / Tandler, Amos / Peggs, David / Kortner, Trond M / Bitan, Amir / Brevini, Tiziana A L / Gandolfi, Fulvio

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2023 Volume 13, Issue 14

Abstract	The ever-increasing number and variation of raw materials utilized to provide alternative feed formulations continues to allow for a more sustainable and flexible approach. Testing all these options
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani13142278
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Article ; Online: Passive Immunization of Farmed Fish.

Rajan, Binoy / Løkka, Guro / Koppang, Erling Olaf / Austbø, Lars

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

2017 Volume 198, Issue 11, Page(s) 4195–4202

Abstract: The fast growth and potential of global aquaculture has necessitated the adoption of sustainable and welfare-oriented therapeutics and prophylactic strategies. Knowledge gathered from studies about maternal passive immunity in fish and fish-to-fish ... ...

Abstract	The fast growth and potential of global aquaculture has necessitated the adoption of sustainable and welfare-oriented therapeutics and prophylactic strategies. Knowledge gathered from studies about maternal passive immunity in fish and fish-to-fish passive immunization experiments supports the concept of using therapeutic Abs (of piscine and other vertebrate origin) in aquaculture. Traditional Ab formats (IgG, IgM) are expensive and laborious to produce; however, the introduction of new rAb fragments and single-domain Abs have reinvigorated the concept of passive immunization. This review will focus primarily on farmed salmonids (salmon and trout) within a comparative context and will give an overview of the basic principles and scientific premises for the passive immunization strategy, including existing and emerging Ab therapeutics.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies/administration & dosage ; Antibodies/genetics ; Aquaculture ; Fish Diseases/prevention & control ; Fish Diseases/therapy ; Immunization, Passive/adverse effects ; Immunization, Passive/methods ; Immunoglobulin Fragments/administration & dosage ; Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics ; Salmon
Chemical Substances	Antibodies ; Immunoglobulin Fragments
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	3056-9
ISSN	1550-6606 ; 0022-1767 ; 1048-3233 ; 1047-7381
ISSN (online)	1550-6606
ISSN	0022-1767 ; 1048-3233 ; 1047-7381
DOI	10.4049/jimmunol.1700154
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