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Book ; Online: Chapter 4 PREDICTING RESPONSES OF GEO-ECOLOGICALCARBONATE REEF SYSTEMS TO CLIMATE CHANGE:A CONCEPTUAL MODEL AND REVIEW

BROWNE, NICOLA K. / CUTTLER, MICHAEL / MOON, KATIE / MORGAN, KYLE / ROSS, CLAIRE L. / CASTRO-SANGUINO, CAROLINA / KENNEDY, EMMA / HARRIS, DAN / BARNES, PETER / BAUMAN, ANDREW / BEETHAM, EDDIE / BONESSO, JOSHUA / BOZEC, YVES-MARIE / CORNWALL, CHRISTOPHER / DEE, SHANNON / DECARLO, THOMAS / D'OLIVO, JUAN P. / DOROPOULOS, CHRISTOPHER / EVANS, RICHARD D. /

EYRE, BRADLEY / GATENBY, PETER / GONZALEZ, MANUEL / HAMYLTON, SARAH / HANSEN, JEFF / LOWE, RYAN

2021

Keywords	bic Book Industry Communication ; oceanography, climate change, reefs, marine science, marine conservation, marine research
Size	1 electronic resource (143 pages)
Publisher	Taylor and Francis
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	English[eng] ; Open Access
HBZ-ID	HT021291011
ISBN	9780367685225 ; 0367685221
Database	ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article ; Online: The sex-specific prognostic utility of sarcopenia in cirrhosis.

Lowe, Ryan / Hey, Penelope / Sinclair, Marie

Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle

2022

Abstract: Sarcopenia is an increasingly recognized complication of cirrhosis that is associated with morbidity and mortality. Differences in the prevalence and prognosis of sarcopenia between men and women have been reported in other patient groups, but there is ... ...

Abstract	Sarcopenia is an increasingly recognized complication of cirrhosis that is associated with morbidity and mortality. Differences in the prevalence and prognosis of sarcopenia between men and women have been reported in other patient groups, but there is insufficient understanding of how sex impacts the prognostic value of sarcopenia in cirrhosis. A search of MEDLINE and Embase was conducted from earliest entries to April 2021. Studies were included if they examined sex-stratified mortality impact of reduced muscle function or mass in outpatient populations with cirrhosis. We identified 700 studies of which 6 were deemed relevant for inclusion in this narrative review. Studies of interest were heterogeneous, precluding pooling of data and making interpretation of the literature challenging. Muscle mass was assessed in five studies (n = 2566, 1730 men, 836 women) and was reduced in 36-50% of men and 24-43% of women. All five studies found that reduced muscle mass determined by computed tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bioelectrical impedance analysis was associated with increased mortality in men. Of these, two studies identified a corresponding relationship in women; reduced muscle mass defined by computed tomography was associated with increased mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 2.82, P = 0.001], while increasing muscle mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis likewise conferred a survival benefit (HR 0.45, P = 0.0016). Only one study assessed the relationship of muscle function with sex-stratified mortality (n = 1405, 827 men, 578 women), concluding that reduced muscle function predicted mortality in both men and women (HR 1.65, P < 0.001 and HR 1.54, P < 0.001, respectively). Reduced muscle mass in cirrhosis is consistently associated with mortality in men, but lack of sex-stratification of mortality analyses limits the ability to make strong conclusions about the impact of sarcopenia specifically in women, with even fewer data available for analysing muscle function. Improved understanding of the sex-specific impacts of sarcopenia may help address patient deterioration and mortality while awaiting liver transplantation and allow for early intervention to mitigate mortality risk. Large, multicentre studies with adequate female participation and sex-stratified mortality analyses are warranted.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-09
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2586864-0
ISSN	2190-6009 ; 2190-5991
ISSN (online)	2190-6009
ISSN	2190-5991
DOI	10.1002/jcsm.13059
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Wave runup and inundation dynamics on a perched beach

Portch, Carly / Cuttler, Michael V.W. / Buckley, Mark / Hansen, Jefferson / Lowe, Ryan

Geomorphology. 2023 May 28, p.108751-

2023 , Page(s) 108751–

Abstract: Sandy beaches perched over rocky shore platforms are common globally, yet their mixed sand and rocky morphology present challenges for quantifying and predicting wave runup and inundation. For typical linear beach profiles, simple relationships can be ... ...

Abstract	Sandy beaches perched over rocky shore platforms are common globally, yet their mixed sand and rocky morphology present challenges for quantifying and predicting wave runup and inundation. For typical linear beach profiles, simple relationships can be made between vertical runup and horizontal inundation based on beach slope. However, as topographic irregularities increase, substantial deviations from these relationships can occur. Shore platforms often experience a range of beach states, from full sand coverage (accreted) to complete shore platform erosion (exposed). As a result, existing methods for quantifying runup and inundation on purely sandy beaches are generally not directly applicable to these coastlines. To advance our understanding of runup and inundation on perched beaches, the aim of this work is three-fold: (1) to provide a method for quantifying beach slope and runup across a range of perched beach profiles, (2) to assess the relationship between vertical runup and horizontal inundation observations, and (3) to understand how different hydrodynamic mechanisms (i.e., setup, swash) contribute to runup during different beach states. To achieve this, we conducted an 8-month field study along a perched beach in southwestern Australia that experiences large seasonal variations in beach state and wave climate. A method was developed to measure runup and beach slope when only the topography shoreward of the shore platform edge was known. Using this method, an approximately linear relationship between inundation and runup was identified by incorporating beach slope. Our observations suggest that the components that dominate runup on perched beaches were primarily dependent on beach state (i.e., accreted versus exposed). Runup was dominated by swash in the infragravity band when in an accreted beach state, and setup when in an exposed beach state. These results aid our understanding of coastal processes on perched beaches, while providing new methods applicable to a range of perched beach profiles.
Keywords	climate ; hydrodynamics ; sand ; topography ; Australia ; Wave runup ; Inundation ; Perched beach ; Shore platform
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0528
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version ; Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	58028-4
ISSN	0169-555X
ISSN	0169-555X
DOI	10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108751
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Dynamics of the Wave‐Driven Circulation in the Lee of Nearshore Reefs

da Silva, Renan F. / Hansen, Jeff E. / Lowe, Ryan J. / Rijnsdorp, Dirk P. / Buckley, Mark L.

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 2023 Mar., v. 128, no. 3 p.e2022JC019013-

2023

Abstract: Nearshore rocky reefs with scales of order 10–100 m are common along the world's coastline and often shape wave‐driven hydrodynamics and shoreline morphology in their lee. The interaction of waves with these reefs generally results in either two or four‐ ... ...

Abstract	Nearshore rocky reefs with scales of order 10–100 m are common along the world's coastline and often shape wave‐driven hydrodynamics and shoreline morphology in their lee. The interaction of waves with these reefs generally results in either two or four‐cell mean circulation systems (2CC and 4CC, respectively), with diverging flows behind the reefs and at the shoreline in the 2CC case and flows that diverge in the lee and converge at the shoreline in the 4CC case. By applying a phase‐resolving wave‐flow model to conduct a detailed analysis of mean momentum balances for waves interacting with nearshore reefs, we develop an understanding of the drivers of 2CC and 4CC flow dynamics and how they vary for different reef geometries and wave and water level conditions. The 2CC or 4CC patterns were primarily driven by alongshore pressure gradients toward the exposed (nonreef fronted) or reef‐fronted beach. These alongshore pressure gradients were dependent on the cross‐shore setup dynamics governed by the balance between pressure (i.e., related to the setup) and radiation stress gradients, and mean bottom stresses exerted on the water column. If shoreline wave setup in the lee of the reef was less than the exposed beach, a 4CC pattern developed with convergent flow at the shoreline in the lee of the reef; otherwise, a 2CC emerged with divergent flow at the shoreline. Across the parameter space investigated, reef roughness, distance to the shoreline, and beach slope were the three parameters most likely to change the flow patterns between 2CC and 4CC.
Keywords	coasts ; geophysics ; hydrodynamics ; models ; momentum ; research ; roughness ; shorelines
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-03
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	161667-5
ISSN	2169-9291 ; 2169-9275 ; 0148-0227 ; 0196-2256
ISSN (online)	2169-9291
ISSN	2169-9275 ; 0148-0227 ; 0196-2256
DOI	10.1029/2022JC019013
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Predicting coastal impacts by wave farms: A comparison of wave-averaged and wave-resolving models

David, Daniel R. / Rijnsdorp, Dirk P. / Hansen, Jeff E. / Lowe, Ryan J. / Buckley, Mark L.

Renewable energy. 2022 Jan., v. 183

2022

Abstract: Wave energy converters (WECs) will have to be arranged into arrays of many devices to extract commercially viable amounts of energy. To understand the potential coastal impacts of WEC arrays, most research to date has relied on wave-averaged models given ...

Abstract	Wave energy converters (WECs) will have to be arranged into arrays of many devices to extract commercially viable amounts of energy. To understand the potential coastal impacts of WEC arrays, most research to date has relied on wave-averaged models given their computational efficiency. However, it is unknown how accurate wave-averaged model predictions are given a lack of validation data and their inherent simplifications of various hydrodynamic processes (e.g., diffraction). This paper compares the predictions of coastal wave farm impacts from a coupled wave-averaged and flow model (Delft3D-SNL-SWAN), to a wave-resolving wave-flow model (SWASH) that intrinsically accounts for more of the relevant physics. Model predictions were compared using an idealized coastal bathymetry over a range of wave conditions and wave farm geometries. Both models predicted the largest impacts (changes to the nearshore hydrodynamics) for large and dense wave farms located close to the shore (1 km) and the smallest impacts for the small and widely spaced farm at a greater offshore distance (3 km). However, the wave-resolving model generally predicted somewhat larger impacts (i.e., changes to the nearshore wave heights, mean velocities and mean water levels). We also found that coupling the wave-averaged model to a flow model resulted in more realistic downstream predictions than the stand-alone wave-averaged model.
Keywords	farms ; hydrodynamics ; models ; water power
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-01
Size	p. 764-780.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2001449-1
ISSN	1879-0682 ; 0960-1481
ISSN (online)	1879-0682
ISSN	0960-1481
DOI	10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.048
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Predicting Bed Shear Stresses in Vegetated Channels

Etminan, Vahid / Ghisalberti, Marco / Lowe, Ryan J.

Water resources research. 2018 Nov., v. 54, no. 11

2018

Abstract: Shear stresses on vegetated beds play an important role in driving a wide range of processes at the sediment‐water interface, including sediment transport. Existing methods for the estimation of bed shear stress are not applicable to vegetated beds due ... ...

Abstract	Shear stresses on vegetated beds play an important role in driving a wide range of processes at the sediment‐water interface, including sediment transport. Existing methods for the estimation of bed shear stress are not applicable to vegetated beds due to the significant alteration of the near‐bed velocity profile and turbulence intensities by the vegetation. In addition, bed shear stress distributions are highly spatially variable in the presence of vegetation. In this study, computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to investigate the spatial variability of bed shear stresses in the presence of emergent vegetation (modeled as arrays of circular cylinders) and the variation of bed stress with characteristics of both the bulk flow and the array. A recently proposed model that assumes a linear variation of stress in the viscous layer immediately above the bed is shown to be a reliable tool for estimating the spatially averaged bed shear stress over a wide range of flow conditions and vegetation densities. However, application of this model is found to be restrictive due to the lack of a reliable predictive tool for the thickness of the viscous layer. Based on a balance between turbulent kinetic energy production in the vegetation stem wakes and the viscous dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy at the bed, an enhanced formulation is proposed to predict the thickness of the viscous layer, which significantly improves the accuracy of model predictions. This improved model enhances the predictive capability for important benthic processes (such as sediment transport) in vegetated aquatic systems.
Keywords	kinetic energy ; models ; research ; sediment transport ; sediment-water interface ; shear stress ; turbulent flow ; vegetation ; water
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-11
Size	p. 9187-9206.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	5564-5
ISSN	1944-7973 ; 0043-1397
ISSN (online)	1944-7973
ISSN	0043-1397
DOI	10.1029/2018WR022811
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Towards modelling the future risk of cyclone wave damage to the world's coral reefs

Puotinen, Marji / Drost, Edwin / Lowe, Ryan / Depczynski, Martial / Radford, Ben / Heyward, Andrew / Gilmour, James

Global change biology. 2020 Aug., v. 26, no. 8

2020

Abstract: Tropical cyclones generate extreme waves that can damage coral reef communities. Recovery typically requires up to a decade, driving the trajectory of coral community structure. Coral reefs have evolved over millennia with cyclones. Increasingly, however, ...

Abstract	Tropical cyclones generate extreme waves that can damage coral reef communities. Recovery typically requires up to a decade, driving the trajectory of coral community structure. Coral reefs have evolved over millennia with cyclones. Increasingly, however, processes of recovery are interrupted and compromised by additional pressures (thermal stress, pollution, diseases, predators). Understanding how cyclones interact with other pressures to threaten coral reefs underpins spatial prioritization of conservation and management interventions. Models that simulate coral responses to cumulative pressures often assume that the worst cyclone wave damage occurs within ~100 km of the track. However, we show major coral loss at exposed sites up to 800 km from a cyclone that was both strong (high sustained wind speeds >=33 m/s) and big (widespread circulation >~300 km), using numerical wave models and field data from northwest Australia. We then calculate the return time of big and strong cyclones, big cyclones of any strength and strong cyclones of any size, for each of 150 coral reef ecoregions using a global data set of past cyclones from 1985 to 2015. For the coral ecoregions that regularly were exposed to cyclones during that time, we find that 75% of them were exposed to at least one cyclone that was both big and strong. Return intervals of big and strong cyclones are already less than 5 years for 13 ecoregions, primarily in the cyclone‐prone NW Pacific, and less than 10 years for an additional 14 ecoregions. We identify ecoregions likely at higher risk in future given projected changes in cyclone activity. Robust quantification of the spatial distribution of likely cyclone wave damage is vital not only for understanding past coral response to pressures, but also for predicting how this may change as the climate continues to warm and the relative frequency of the strongest cyclones rises.
Keywords	climate ; community structure ; coral reefs ; corals ; data collection ; global change ; pollution ; prioritization ; risk ; thermal stress ; Australia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-08
Size	p. 4302-4315.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1281439-8
ISSN	1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
ISSN (online)	1365-2486
ISSN	1354-1013
DOI	10.1111/gcb.15136
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Understanding coastal impacts by nearshore wave farms using a phase-resolving wave model

Rijnsdorp, Dirk P / Hansen, Jeff E / Lowe, Ryan J

Renewable energy. 2020 May, v. 150

2020

Abstract: When extracting wave energy, arrays of wave energy converters (or wave farms) may alter surrounding wave and flow fields. This paper studies the modification of hydrodynamic processes at the coastline induced by nearshore wave farms using a recently ... ...

Abstract	When extracting wave energy, arrays of wave energy converters (or wave farms) may alter surrounding wave and flow fields. This paper studies the modification of hydrodynamic processes at the coastline induced by nearshore wave farms using a recently developed phase-resolving wave-flow model. Changes to nearshore hydrodynamics were assessed for various farm configurations of submerged point-absorbers positioned 1–3 km offshore that were subject to realistic sea-states. In the lee of the farms, wave heights were attenuated and onshore directed flows were generated that extended several hundred meters shoreward but did not impinge the coast. For scenarios in which the wave shadow extended to the coast, the nearshore wave height and setup were reduced resulting in longshore pressure gradients driving longshore flows that converged in the lee of the farms. Changes were largest for compact farms at smaller offshore distances, and conversely, were significantly smaller for wider spaced arrays at greater offshore distances. Based on a bulk longshore sediment transport formulation, the converging flow patterns indicate conditions favourable for the accumulation of sediment in the direct lee and divergence of sediments at locations up/down coast from the farm, suggesting a reorientation of the shoreline in response to the wave farm configurations considered.
Keywords	coasts ; energy conversion ; farms ; hydrodynamics ; models ; sediment transport ; sediments ; shorelines ; water power
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-05
Size	p. 637-648.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2001449-1
ISSN	0960-1481
ISSN	0960-1481
DOI	10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.138
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Seasonal and interannual variability of the wave climate at a wave energy hotspot off the southwestern coast of Australia

Cuttler, Michael V.W / Hansen, Jeff E / Lowe, Ryan J

Renewable energy. 2020 Feb., v. 146

2020

Abstract: Despite Australia having one of the most abundant offshore wave energy resources globally, there remains a lack of understanding of how this offshore resource extends into the coastal zone where most wave energy converters would be deployed. We used the ... ...

Abstract	Despite Australia having one of the most abundant offshore wave energy resources globally, there remains a lack of understanding of how this offshore resource extends into the coastal zone where most wave energy converters would be deployed. We used the phase-averaged wave model SWAN to simulate 38 years (1980–2017) of wave conditions near Albany, Western Australia, which has been proposed as a future commercial wave energy development site. The nearshore (30 m depth) wave resource varied seasonally and interannually with the wave energy flux and mean wave direction negatively correlated to the phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and positively correlated to the latitudinal position of the subtropical high-pressure ridge. As a result, the observed positive trend in SAM over recent decades may cause a decrease in nearshore wave energy (including fewer storm events) and an anti-clockwise (more southerly) rotation in wave direction. These changes may facilitate wave energy development and extraction by reducing the number and magnitude of extreme events during which wave energy cannot be extracted and equipment can be damaged. The interannual fluctuations in the wave resource can be significant and should be considered during the site selection for wave energy projects.
Keywords	climate ; coasts ; energy conversion ; equipment ; models ; seasonal variation ; storms ; water power ; Western Australia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-02
Size	p. 2337-2350.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2001449-1
ISSN	0960-1481
ISSN	0960-1481
DOI	10.1016/j.renene.2019.08.058
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Nature-based solutions for atoll habitability.

Barnett, Jon / Jarillo, Sergio / Swearer, Stephen E / Lovelock, Catherine E / Pomeroy, Andrew / Konlechner, Teresa / Waters, Elissa / Morris, Rebecca L / Lowe, Ryan

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2022 Volume 377, Issue 1854, Page(s) 20210124

Abstract: Atoll societies have adapted their environments and social systems for thousands of years, but the rapid pace of climate change may bring conditions that exceed their adaptive capacities. There is growing interest in the use of 'nature-based solutions' ... ...

Abstract	Atoll societies have adapted their environments and social systems for thousands of years, but the rapid pace of climate change may bring conditions that exceed their adaptive capacities. There is growing interest in the use of 'nature-based solutions' to facilitate the continuation of dignified and meaningful lives on atolls through a changing climate. However, there remains insufficient evidence to conclude that these can make a significant contribution to adaptation on atolls, let alone to develop standards and guidelines for their implementation. A sustained programme of research to clarify the potential of nature-based solutions to support the habitability of atolls is therefore vital. In this paper, we provide a prospectus to guide this research programme: we explain the challenge climate change poses to atoll societies, discuss past and potential future applications of nature-based solutions and outline an agenda for transdisciplinary research to advance knowledge of the efficacy and feasibility of nature-based solutions to sustain the habitability of atolls. This article is part of the theme issue 'Nurturing resilient marine ecosystems'.
MeSH term(s)	Acclimatization ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2021.0124
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