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Article ; Online: Ground-Penetrating Radar and Electromagnetic Induction

Sashini Pathirana / Sébastien Lambot / Manokarajah Krishnapillai / Mumtaz Cheema / Christina Smeaton / Lakshman Galagedara

Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 2932, p

Challenges and Opportunities in Agriculture

2023 Volume 2932

Abstract: Information on the spatiotemporal variability of soil properties and states within the agricultural landscape is vital to identify management zones supporting precision agriculture (PA). Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) ... ...

Abstract	Information on the spatiotemporal variability of soil properties and states within the agricultural landscape is vital to identify management zones supporting precision agriculture (PA). Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques have been applied to assess soil properties, states, processes, and their spatiotemporal variability. This paper reviews the fundamental operating principles of GPR and EMI, their applications in soil studies, advantages and disadvantages, and knowledge gaps leading to the identification of the difficulties in integrating these two techniques to complement each other in soil data studies. Compared to the traditional methods, GPR and EMI have advantages, such as the ability to take non-destructive repeated measurements, high resolution, being labor-saving, and having more extensive spatial coverage with geo-referenced data within agricultural landscapes. GPR has been widely used to estimate soil water content (SWC) and water dynamics, while EMI has broader applications such as estimating SWC, soil salinity, bulk density, etc. Additionally, GPR can map soil horizons, the groundwater table, and other anomalies. The prospects of GPR and EMI applications in soil studies need to focus on the potential integration of GPR and EMI to overcome the intrinsic limitations of each technique and enhance their applications to support PA. Future advancements in PA can be strengthened by estimating many soil properties, states, and hydrological processes simultaneously to delineate management zones and calculate optimal inputs in the agricultural landscape.
Keywords	electromagnetic induction ; ground-penetrating radar ; hydro-geophysics ; precision agriculture ; soil studies ; Science ; Q
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Potential of Carbon Nanoparticles as a Stimulant to Improve the Propagation of Native Boreal Forest Species

Jean-Marie Sobze / Lakshman Galagedara / Mumtaz Cheema / Raymond Thomas / Sahari Inoue

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, Vol

A Mini-Review

2022 Volume 5

Abstract: Boreal forests across Canada and other geographic areas globally have vast networks or densities of seismic lines, pipelines, access roads, utility corridors, and multipurpose trails collectively termed “linear disturbances” or “linear features.” ... ...

Abstract	Boreal forests across Canada and other geographic areas globally have vast networks or densities of seismic lines, pipelines, access roads, utility corridors, and multipurpose trails collectively termed “linear disturbances” or “linear features.” Additionally, large areas of disturbances attributed to resource harvesting represent a major anthropogenic impact on the global boreal forest ecosystem. Restoration of these disturbed areas is currently a significant component of global boreal forest management strategies. A key to successful restoration or re-vegetation of these disturbed sites is the availability of highly adaptive native planting materials to grow and establish on the disturbed sites, particularly in varying abiotic stressors or severe environmental conditions. Abiotic stress includes non-living environmental factors, including salinity, drought, waterlogging or extreme temperatures, adversely affecting plant growth, development, and establishment on field sites. Herein, we present the concept of nanopriming native boreal seeds with microgram concentrations of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) as an effective approach to improve the propagation and vigor of native boreal forest species. Priming refers to the technique of hydrating seeds in solutions or in combination with a solid matrix to enhance the rate at which they germinate and their germination uniformity. Seed priming has been shown to increase seed vigor in many plant species. In this mini-review, we will provide a brief overview of the effect of nanopriming on seed germination and seed vigor in agricultural plants and native boreal forest species, indicating the potential future applications of CNPs on native boreal species for use in forest reclamation or restoration.
Keywords	seed nanopriming ; carbon nanoparticles ; seed germination ; seed vigor ; growth ; native boreal tree species ; Forestry ; SD1-669.5 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	580 ; 333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Effect of Biochar Application Rates on the Hydraulic Properties of an Agricultural-Use Boreal Podzol

Daniel Altdorff / Lakshman Galagedara / Joinal Abedin / Adrian Unc

Soil Systems, Vol 3, Iss 3, p

2019 Volume 53

Abstract: Boreal agriculture struggles with soils of lower agronomic value, most of which are sandy with a low water holding capacity (WHC) and prone to nutrient leaching. Biochar amendments are associated with positive effects on soil hydraulic properties and ... ...

Abstract	Boreal agriculture struggles with soils of lower agronomic value, most of which are sandy with a low water holding capacity (WHC) and prone to nutrient leaching. Biochar amendments are associated with positive effects on soil hydraulic properties and enhanced nutrient retention. However, these effects are strongly related to feedstock type and pyrolysis parameters and depend on biochar application rates and soil types. While biochar could increase the productivity of boreal agriculture by improving water and nutrient use efficiency, little is known about its effects on hydraulic processes in podzol. In this study, we investigated the effects of biochar rates (10, 20, 40, 80 Mg carbon ha −1 ) and maturity on soil hydrology for an agriculturally used Podzol in Labrador, Canada. The in-situ soil water content (SWC) and weather data over an entire growing season were analysed. Hydrus 1D simulations were used to estimate changes in water fluxes. SWC showed clear differentiation among storage parameters (i.e., initial, peak and final SWC) and kinetic parameters (i.e., rate of SWC change). Storage parameters and soil wetting and drying rates were significantly affected by biochar rates and its maturity. The magnitude of the changes in SWC after either wetting or drying events was statistically not affected by the biochar rate. This confirms that biochar mostly affected the WHC. Nevertheless, reductions in cumulative lower boundary fluxes were directly related to biochar incorporation rates. Overall, biochar had positive effects on hydrological properties. The biochar rate of 40 Mg C ha −1 was the most beneficial to agriculturally relevant hydraulic conditions for the tested Podzol.
Keywords	boreal agriculture ; infiltration ; Podzol ; soil hydraulic properties ; wetting and drying ; Physical geography ; GB3-5030 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effect of Biochar on TDR-Based Volumetric Soil Moisture Measurements in a Loamy Sand Podzolic Soil

Dinushika Wanniarachchi / Mumtaz Cheema / Raymond Thomas / Lakshman Galagedara

Soil Systems, Vol 3, Iss 3, p

2019 Volume 49

Abstract: Considering the increased interests in biochar (BC) as a soil amendment and a growing media substrate in agriculture, we evaluated the effect of BC incorporation on TDR (time-domain reflectometer)-based volumetric soil moisture content (VSMC) estimations ...

Abstract	Considering the increased interests in biochar (BC) as a soil amendment and a growing media substrate in agriculture, we evaluated the effect of BC incorporation on TDR (time-domain reflectometer)-based volumetric soil moisture content (VSMC) estimations in a loamy sand podzolic soil. Two commercial BC types (powdered—BC P , and granular—BC G ) were mixed in different rates ( w / w ) with a podzolic soil. The dielectric constants measured using a TDR cable tester (MOHR CT 100) were converted to VSMC. Three commonly used models: (i) Topp’s equation, M-1; (ii) mixing model, M-2; and (iii) the forest soil model, M-3, were used. The accuracy of the estimated VSMC using these three models was statistically compared with measured VSMC. BC P at lower rates produced very similar results to the actual VSMC with M-1 and M-2 but deviated with increasing rates. The M-3 showed a non-linear relationship with measured VSMC. In BC G treatments, all models overestimated the VSMC. BC G rates higher than 15% ( w / w ) resulted in highly attenuated TDR waveforms and the signal was completely dissipated when rates higher than 50% ( w / w ) were used (typical application for field soils is less than 5% w / w ). These results showed that predictions of the soil moisture content based on the soil dielectric constant might not be feasible for tested podzolic soils amended at high BC rates.
Keywords	biochar ; dielectric constant ; podzol ; TDR ; volumetric soil moisture content ; Physical geography ; GB3-5030 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Investigating the Influence of Biochar Amendment on the Physicochemical Properties of Podzolic Soil

Ratnajit Saha / Lakshman Galagedara / Raymond Thomas / Muhammad Nadeem / Kelly Hawboldt

Agriculture, Vol 10, Iss 471, p

2020 Volume 471

Abstract: Research into biochar, as an amendment to soil, has increased over the last decade. However, there is still much to understand regarding the effects of biochar type and rates on the physicochemical properties of different soil types. This study aimed to ... ...

Abstract	Research into biochar, as an amendment to soil, has increased over the last decade. However, there is still much to understand regarding the effects of biochar type and rates on the physicochemical properties of different soil types. This study aimed to investigate the effects of biochar application on the physicochemical properties of podzolic soils. Soil samples were collected from the research site in Pasadena, Newfoundland, Canada. Experimental treatments consisted of three types of soils (topsoil, E-horizon soil and mixed soil (topsoil 2: E-horizon soil 1)), two biochar types (granular and powder) and four biochar application rates (0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% on a weight basis). Ten physicochemical parameters (bulk density (BD), porosity, field capacity (FC), plant available water (PAW), water repellency (WR), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total carbon (TC), and nitrogen (N)) were investigated through a total of 72 experimental units. Biochar morphological structure and pore size distribution were examined using a scanning electron microscope, whereas specific surface area was assessed by the Brunauer−Emmett−Teller method. The result indicated that the E-horizon soil was highly acidic compared to control (topsoil) and mixed soils. A significant difference was observed between the control and 2% biochar amendment in all three soil mixtures tested in this experiment. Biochar amendments significantly reduced the soil BD (E-horizon: 1.40–1.25 > mixed soil: 1.34–1.21 > topsoil: 1.31–1.18 g cm −3 ), increased the CEC (mixed soil: 2.83–3.61 > topsoil: 2.61–2.70 > E-horizon: 1.40–1.25 cmol kg −1 ) and total C (topsoil: 2.40–2.41 > mixed soil: 1.74–1.75 > E-horizon: 0.43–0.44%). Water drop penetration tests showed increased WR with increasing biochar doses from 0 to 2% (topsoil: 2.33–4.00 > mixed soil: 2.33–3.33 > E-horizon: 4.00–4.67 s), and all the biochar–soil combinations were classified as slightly-repellent. We found significant effects of biochar application on soil water retention. Porosity increased by 2.8%, FC by 10%, and PAW by 12.9% when the soil was treated with powdered biochar. Additionally, we examined the temporal effect of biochar (0 to 2% doses) on pH and EC and observed an increase in pH (4.3–5.5) and EC (0.0–0.20 dS/m) every day from day 1–day 7. Collectively the study findings suggest 2% powder biochar application rate is the best combination to improve the physicochemical properties of the tested mixed podzolic soil. Granular and powdered biochar was found to be hydrophobic and hydrophilic, respectively. These findings could be helpful to better understand the use of biochar for improving the physicochemical properties of podzolic soils when used for agricultural practices in boreal ecosystems.
Keywords	granular biochar ; powder biochar ; biochar rates ; topsoil ; E-horizon soil ; mixed soil ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Impact of Soil Amendments on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Boreal Agricultural Podzols

Dinushika Wanniarachchi / Mumtaz Cheema / Raymond Thomas / Vanessa Kavanagh / Lakshman Galagedara

Agriculture, Vol 9, Iss 6, p

2019 Volume 133

Abstract: Hydraulic properties of soil are the basis for understanding the flow and transport through the vadose zone. It has been demonstrated that different soil amendments can alter the soil properties affecting soil hydrology. The aim of this study was to ... ...

Abstract	Hydraulic properties of soil are the basis for understanding the flow and transport through the vadose zone. It has been demonstrated that different soil amendments can alter the soil properties affecting soil hydrology. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of soil amendments on hydraulic conductivity (K) of a loamy sand podzolic soil under both unsaturated (K unsat ) and near-saturated (near K sat ) conditions in an agricultural setting. A field experiment was conducted with two common soil amendments: Dairy manure (DM) in 2016 and 2017 and biochar (BC) once only in 2016. DM and BC were incorporated up to a depth of 0.15−0.20 m at a rate of 30,000 L ha −1 and 20 Mg ha −1 , respectively. A randomized complete block experimental design was used and the plots planted with silage corn ( Zea mays L.) without irrigation. The treatments were: Control without amendment (0N), inorganic N fertilizer (IN), two types of DM (IN+DM1 and IN+DM2), and two treatments with BC (IN+BC and IN+DM1+BC). Infiltration data were collected using a mini disk infiltrometer under three tension levels in which −0.04 and −0.02 m was ascribed as unsaturated (at the wet end) and −0.001 m as near-saturated condition. Based on the measured infiltration rates, K unsat and near K sat hydraulic conductivities were calculated. There were no significant effects of DM and BC on bulk density and near K sat . Treatments IN+DM1, IN+DM2, and IN+DM1+BC significantly reduced the K unsat compared to the control. Since these soil amendments can influence soil hydrology such as reduced infiltration and increased surface runoff, carefully monitored application of soil amendments is recommended.
Keywords	biochar ; dairy manure ; hydraulic conductivity ; infiltration ; podzols ; soil amendments ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Temporal Effects of Biochar and Dairy Manure on Physicochemical Properties of Podzol

Marli Vermooten / Muhammad Nadeem / Mumtaz Cheema / Raymond Thomas / Lakshman Galagedara

Agriculture, Vol 9, Iss 8, p

Case from a Silage-Corn Production Trial in Boreal Climate

2019 Volume 183

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar and dairy manure (DM) on physicochemical properties of podzolic soils, as well as to establish the relationships between selected physicochemical properties and soil electrical ... ...

Abstract	A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar and dairy manure (DM) on physicochemical properties of podzolic soils, as well as to establish the relationships between selected physicochemical properties and soil electrical conductivity (EC) in a silage-corn production system. Nutrient requirements of the crop were met through different nutrient sources considering soil nutrient status, nutrient availability from DM (DM, DM + biochar) and regional crop nutrient recommendations. Experimental treatments included control, inorganic nitrogen (IN), IN + biochar, IN + DM, and IN + DM + biochar. DM was applied at 30,000 L ha −1 , whereas biochar was applied at 20 Mg ha −1 and mixed within the top 20 cm of the soil. Disturbed soil samples as well as time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements were collected from treatment plots on four field days. Results showed no significant ( p > 0.05) treatment effects on soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) within each field day. However, significant temporal effects were recorded for pH, EC, apparent electrical conductivity (EC a ) and electrical conductivity of the soil solution (EC w ). Soil depth (0−10 cm and 10−20 cm) had no significant effect on treatments. Significant positive correlations were recorded for EC with soil organic carbon and CEC (EC a , EC w 0−10 cm, & 10−20 cm, p = 0.000). Correlation results show that EC a measurements as a proxy to investigate the variability of key soil properties over large areas, but further investigation between EC a data and soil properties should be carried out to address uncertainties associated in predicting these properties.
Keywords	biochar ; dairy manure ; pH ; soil organic carbon ; cation exchange capacity ; electrical conductivity ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972
Subject code	630 ; 550
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Soil Moisture Mapping Using Multi-Frequency and Multi-Coil Electromagnetic Induction Sensors on Managed Podzols

Emmanuel Badewa / Adrian Unc / Mumtaz Cheema / Vanessa Kavanagh / Lakshman Galagedara

Agronomy, Vol 8, Iss 10, p

2018 Volume 224

Abstract: Precision agriculture (PA) involves the management of agricultural fields including spatial information of soil properties derived from apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measurements. While this approach is gaining much attention in agricultural ... ...

Abstract	Precision agriculture (PA) involves the management of agricultural fields including spatial information of soil properties derived from apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measurements. While this approach is gaining much attention in agricultural management, farmed podzolic soils are under-represented in the relevant literature. This study: (i) established the relationship between ECa and soil moisture content (SMC) measured using time domain reflectometry (TDR); and (ii) evaluated the estimated SMC with ECa measurements obtained with two electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors, i.e., multi-coil and multi-frequency, using TDR measured SMC. Measurements were taken on several plots at Pynn’s Brook Research Station, Pasadena, Newfoundland, Canada. The means of ECa measurements were calculated for the same sampling location in each plot. The linear regression models generated for SMC using the CMD-MINIEXPLORER were statistically significant with the highest R2 of 0.79 and the lowest RMSE (root mean square error) of 0.015 m3 m−3 but were not significant for GEM-2 with the lowest R2 of 0.17 and RMSE of 0.045 m3 m−3; this was due to the difference in the depth of investigation between the two EMI sensors. The validation of the SMC regression models for the two EMI sensors produced the highest R2 = 0.54 with the lowest RMSE prediction = 0.031 m3 m−3 given by CMD-MINIEXPLORER. The result demonstrated that the CMD-MINIEXPLORER based measurements better predicted shallow SMC, while deeper SMC was better predicted by GEM-2 measurements. In addition, the ECa measurements obtained through either multi-coil or multi-frequency sensors have the potential to be successfully employed for SMC mapping at the field scale.
Keywords	apparent electrical conductivity ; precision agriculture ; soil moisture content ; electromagnetic induction ; Agriculture ; S
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Data set showing the development of a hyperspectral imaging technique using LA-ICP-MS to determine the spatial distribution of nutrients in soil cores

Muhammad Zaeem / Muhammad Nadeem / Thu Huong Pham / Waqar Ashiq / Waqas Ali / Syed Shah Mohioudin Gillani / Eric R.D. Moise / Heather Leier / Vanessa Kavanagh / Lakshman Galagedara / Mumtaz Cheema / Raymond Thomas

Data in Brief, Vol 40, Iss , Pp 107677- (2022)

2022

Abstract: This data in brief article represents the data set associated with a research article published in Geoderma [1]. The data set represents figures showing the spatial distribution of selected macro and micronutrients, and their quantification in different ... ...

Abstract	This data in brief article represents the data set associated with a research article published in Geoderma [1]. The data set represents figures showing the spatial distribution of selected macro and micronutrients, and their quantification in different crop or nutrient management systems practiced in the boreal ecosystem. Spatial distribution of nutrients was measured by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‒ICP‒MS), using the new techniques we developed to visualize nutrient distribution in intact soil cores representative of the root rhizosphere. This data article supports the findings published in the main article [1]. This work also demonstrates that LA-ICP-MS is a valuable technique to image the spatial distribution of macro and micronutrients in intact soil cores as affected by different crop management practices.
Keywords	Elemental imaging ; Soil core nutrient imaging ; Nutrient mapping ; Spatial mineral distribution ; Imaging mass spectrometry ; Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ; R858-859.7 ; Science (General) ; Q1-390
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Carbon Nanotubes Improved the Germination and Vigor of Plant Species from Peatland Ecosystem Via Remodeling the Membrane Lipidome

Md. Hossen Ali / Jean-Marie Sobze / Thu Huong Pham / Muhammad Nadeem / Chen Liu / Lakshman Galagedara / Mumtaz Cheema / Raymond Thomas

Nanomaterials, Vol 10, Iss 1852, p

2020 Volume 1852

Abstract: Application of the nanopriming technique to alleviate seed dormancy has shown promising results in various agricultural crop species. However, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding its potential use in native peatland boreal forest species to ... ...

Abstract	Application of the nanopriming technique to alleviate seed dormancy has shown promising results in various agricultural crop species. However, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding its potential use in native peatland boreal forest species to alleviate seed dormancy and improve their propagation or vigor for forest reclamation activities. Herein, we demonstrate the use of nanopriming with carbon nanotubes (CNT) to alleviate seed dormancy, improved seed germination, and seedling vigor in two boreal peatland species. Bog birch ( Betula pumila L.) and Labrador tea ( Rhododendron groenlandicum L.) seeds with embryo or seed coat dormancy were nanoprimed with either 20 or 40 µg/mL CNT, cold stratified at 2–4 °C for 15 days, and allowed to germinate at room temperature. The emerged seedlings’ lipidome was assessed to decipher the role of lipid metabolism in alleviating seed dormancy. We observed significant ( p < 0.05) improvement in seedling germination and seedling vigor in seeds primed with multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with carboxylic acids. Phosphatidylcholine (PC 18:1/18:3), phosphatidylglycerol (PG 16:1/18:3), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC 18:3) molecular species (C18:3 enriched) were observed to be highly correlated with the increased seed germination percentages and the enhanced seedling vigor. Mechanistically, it appears that carbon nanoprimed seeds following stratification are effective in mediating seed dormancy by remodeling the seed membrane lipids (C18:3 enriched PC, PG, and LPC) in both peatland boreal forest species. The study results demonstrate that nanopriming may provide a solution to resolve seed dormancy issues by enhancing seed germination, propagation, and seedling vigor in non-resource boreal forest species ideally suited for forest reclamation following anthropogenic disturbances.
Keywords	carbon nanoparticles ; carbon nanotubes (CNT) ; germination rate ; membrane lipid ; seed dormancy ; seedling vigor ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
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