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Article: Anaerobic bacteria infection in cystic fibrosis airway disease.

Lambiase, Antonietta / Catania, Maria Rosaria / Rossano, Fabio

2010 Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 185–194

Abstract: Depletion of the periciliary liquid in "Cystic Fibrosis" airway disease results in reduced mucociliary transport, persistent mucus hypersecretion and consequently increased height of the luminal mucus layer, so hypoxic gradients in the mucus plugs are ... ...

Abstract	Depletion of the periciliary liquid in "Cystic Fibrosis" airway disease results in reduced mucociliary transport, persistent mucus hypersecretion and consequently increased height of the luminal mucus layer, so hypoxic gradients in the mucus plugs are developed. Because of anaerobic lung zones, it is highly probable that anaerobic bacteria not detected by routine bacteriologic culture methods also reside within the mucus. Notwithstanding this evidence, microbiology laboratories working in the cystic fibrosis field do not generally use strict anaerobic bacteriologic cultures to determine the presence of anaerobic bacteria in the Cystic Fibrosis lung. The aim of this review is to focus on the published data regarding the finding of anaerobic bacteria in cystic fibrosis airway disease. Therefore, microbiology, diagnosis, antimicrobial susceptibility and possible impact on clinical management of anaerobic bacteria lung infection in cystic fibrosis are described.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bacteria, Anaerobic/genetics ; Bacteria, Anaerobic/isolation & purification ; Bacteria, Anaerobic/physiology ; Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology ; Humans ; Lung/microbiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-07
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	756168-4
ISSN	1121-7138 ; 0391-5352
ISSN	1121-7138 ; 0391-5352
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Article ; Online: Rapid identification of Burkholderia cepacia complex species recovered from cystic fibrosis patients using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Lambiase, Antonietta / Del Pezzo, Mariassunta / Cerbone, Domenica / Raia, Valeria / Rossano, Fabio / Catania, Maria Rosaria

Journal of microbiological methods

2013 Volume 92, Issue 2, Page(s) 145–149

Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish the identification ability of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for bacteria of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) and to compare these results with those ... ...

Abstract	The aim of this study was to establish the identification ability of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for bacteria of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) and to compare these results with those obtained by a molecular method (PCR-RFLP). A total of 57 isolates was used in the study. Isolates were collected from 31 patients attending the Regional Cystic Fibrosis Unit from January 2001 to December 2005. For phenotypic identification, both automated and manual systems were used. Using mass spectrometry, we identified all 57 isolates, previously identified by molecular method. Of these, 28 isolates were identified as B. cenocepacia, although not differentiated further into lineages. Moreover, other isolates were identified as B. cepacia (12 isolates), B. stabilis (12 isolates), and B. vietnamiensis (5 isolates). Our data indicate a good correlation between the two approaches.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Automation/methods ; Bacteriological Techniques/methods ; Burkholderia Infections/diagnosis ; Burkholderia Infections/microbiology ; Burkholderia cepacia complex/chemistry ; Burkholderia cepacia complex/classification ; Burkholderia cepacia complex/isolation & purification ; Cystic Fibrosis/complications ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods ; Time Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-02-15
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Comparative Study ; Evaluation Studies ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604916-3
ISSN	1872-8359 ; 0167-7012
ISSN (online)	1872-8359
ISSN	0167-7012
DOI	10.1016/j.mimet.2012.11.010
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Article: Persistence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains in an Italian intensive care unit during a forty-six month study period.

Lambiase, Antonietta / Piazza, Ornella / Rossano, Fabio / Del Pezzo, Mariassunta / Tufano, Rosalba / Catania, Maria Rosaria

The new microbiologica

2012 Volume 35, Issue 2, Page(s) 199–206

Abstract: The aims of this study were to analyze carbapenem-resistance Acinetobacter baumannii isolates (CRAB) and their molecular epidemiology in an ICU of Southern Italy. Clinical outcomes and therapeutic management of patients are also described. The study was ... ...

Abstract	The aims of this study were to analyze carbapenem-resistance Acinetobacter baumannii isolates (CRAB) and their molecular epidemiology in an ICU of Southern Italy. Clinical outcomes and therapeutic management of patients are also described. The study was performed from January 2007 to October 2010. The presence of carbapenemases was determined by PCR. Strains were typed by PFGE. All A. baumannii isolates were carbapenem-resistant with imipenem MIC≥16 μg/mL. Molecular characterization showed the occurrence of a predominant clone. The most frequent infection by CRAB was ventilator-associated pneumonia; colistin was the drug of choice for this infection. The therapy was safe in all cases except in one where therapy was suspended due to the onset of acute renal failure. We documented the presence of CRAB in this ICU, besides the occurrence of a predominant clone, over all the study period. Despite the infection control procedures used, intra-facility A. baumannii transmission is evident as well as the significant capacity for long-term survival in the hospital environment.
MeSH term(s)	Acinetobacter Infections/epidemiology ; Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology ; Acinetobacter baumannii/classification ; Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects ; Acinetobacter baumannii/genetics ; Acinetobacter baumannii/isolation & purification ; Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Carbapenems/pharmacology ; Cross Infection/epidemiology ; Cross Infection/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data ; Italy/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Carbapenems
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-04
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	756168-4
ISSN	1121-7138 ; 0391-5352
ISSN	1121-7138 ; 0391-5352
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Article: Typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with VAP in an intensive care unit.

Lambiase, Antonietta / Rossano, Fabio / Piazza, Ornella / Del Pezzo, Mariassunta / Catania, Maria Rosaria / Tufano, Rosalba

The new microbiologica

2009 Volume 32, Issue 3, Page(s) 277–283

Abstract: Aim of this study was to characterize isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa responsible for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients admitted to an ICU in order to evaluate a possible strain clonality. The study was performed from October 2004 to ... ...

Abstract	Aim of this study was to characterize isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa responsible for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients admitted to an ICU in order to evaluate a possible strain clonality. The study was performed from October 2004 to June 2005 in one Southern Italy ICU and 29 patients suspected of having VAP were enrolled. The etiology of VAP was established by quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirations. Molecular characterization was carried out by PFGE. P. aeruginosa was responsible for 51% of all cases of VAP (15/29) and 12/15 strains were multi-drug resistant. High mortality (44.8%) was connected to this pathogen and evidence of strain clonality was found. The early identification of strain clonality and the application of infection control procedures are necessary to avoid the spread of pathogens such as P. aeruginosa involved in nosocomial infections.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Female ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Italy/epidemiology ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Middle Aged ; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/etiology ; Prospective Studies ; Pseudomonas Infections/complications ; Pseudomonas Infections/epidemiology ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification
Chemical Substances	Anti-Infective Agents ; DNA, Bacterial
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-07
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	756168-4
ISSN	1121-7138 ; 0391-5352
ISSN	1121-7138 ; 0391-5352
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Article ; Online: In vitro resistance to macrolides and clindamycin by Group B Streptococcus isolated from pregnant and nonpregnant women.

Lambiase, Antonietta / Agangi, Annalisa / Del Pezzo, Mariassunta / Quaglia, Filomena / Testa, Antonio / Rossano, Fabio / Martinelli, Pasquale / Catania, Maria Rosaria

Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology

2012 Volume 2012, Page(s) 913603

Abstract: Background: Despite the introduction of screening bases intrapartum prophylaxis, Streptococcus agalactiae is still an important etiological agent of perinatal infections. The increasing rate of resistance and the differences in resistance pattern among ... ...

Abstract	Background: Despite the introduction of screening bases intrapartum prophylaxis, Streptococcus agalactiae is still an important etiological agent of perinatal infections. The increasing rate of resistance and the differences in resistance pattern among countries suggest that a program of surveillance at the institutional level is important in determining optimal prophylaxis. In contrast, knowledge on GBS epidemiology in Italy is limited, and no data are available in the Southern region of the country. We sought to determine the occurrence of resistance to macrolides and clindamycin of GBS isolates in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Methods: Between 2005 and 2008, 1346 vaginal and 810 rectovaginal swabs were obtained from pregnant and not-pregnant women. Results: The occurrence of macrolides and clindamycin resistance was 16.5% in 2005 increasing up to 69.9% in 2008. A high percentage of isolates was resistant to tetracycline through all the study period with no statistically significant annual. Conclusions: In our cohort, an increase of in vitro resistance of GBS to macrolides and clindamycin is clearly evident. The discordance with reports from different countries emphasize the crucial role of microbiological methods in setting possible therapeutic strategies.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Clindamycin/pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Italy ; Macrolides/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pregnancy ; Rectum/microbiology ; Streptococcus agalactiae/drug effects ; Streptococcus agalactiae/isolation & purification ; Vagina/microbiology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Macrolides ; Clindamycin (3U02EL437C)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-05-20
Publishing country	Egypt
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1176776-5
ISSN	1098-0997 ; 1064-7449
ISSN (online)	1098-0997
ISSN	1064-7449
DOI	10.1155/2012/913603
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Article ; Online: Microbiology of airway disease in a cohort of patients with Cystic Fibrosis

Carnovale Vincenzo / Sepe Angela / Pezzo Mariassunta / Raia Valeria / Lambiase Antonietta / Rossano Fabio

BMC Infectious Diseases, Vol 6, Iss 1, p

2006 Volume 4

Abstract: Abstract Background Recent reports document an increasing incidence of new Gram-negative pathogens such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans isolated from patients with Cystic Fibrosis, along with an increase in common Gram- ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Recent reports document an increasing incidence of new Gram-negative pathogens such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans isolated from patients with Cystic Fibrosis, along with an increase in common Gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex . Furthermore, the increase in multidrug-resistance of such organisms makes the therapeutic management of these patients more problematic. Therefore, careful isolation and identification, and accurate studies of susceptibility to antibiotics are critical for predicting the spread of strains, improving therapeutic measures and facilitating our understanding of the epidemiology of emerging pathogens. The first aim of this study was to determine the incidence and the prevalence of colonization by Gram-negative organisms isolated from respiratory samples of Cystic Fibrosis patients in the Regional Referral Cystic Fibrosis Centre of Naples; the second was to evaluate the spectrum of multidrug-resistance of these organisms. Methods Patients (n = 300) attending the Regional Cystic Fibrosis Unit were enrolled in this study over 3 years. Sputum was processed for microscopic tests and culture. An automated system, Phoenix (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, Maryland, USA), was used for phenotypic identification of all strains; the API 20 NE identification system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) was used when the identification with the Phoenix system was inaccurate. A PCR-RFLP method was used to characterize the organisms in the Burkholderia cepacia complex . A chemosusceptibility test on microbroth dilutions (Phoenix) was used. Primary outcomes such as FEV1 were correlate with different pathogens. Results During the period of study, 40% of patients was infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 7% by Burkholderia cepacia complex , 11% by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and 7% by Alcaligenes xylosoxidans . Of the strains isolated, 460 were multidrug-resistant. Multiresistant were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex . Conclusion The results confirm previously reported data; in particular, they show an increase the isolation of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria in Cystic Fibrosis patients. They also demonstrate increased resistance to antibiotics. Beta-lactams are rarely effective, with exception of ceftazidime, which is the most efficacious agent against multiresistant strains. Aminoglycosides and quinolones are poorly efficacious.
Keywords	Internal medicine ; RC31-1245 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Internal medicine ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Chryseobacterium respiratory tract infections in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Lambiase, Antonietta / Del Pezzo, Mariassunta / Raia, Valeria / Sepe, Angela / Ferri, Pasqualina / Rossano, Fabio

The Journal of infection

2007 Volume 55, Issue 6, Page(s) 518–523

Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of infections by Chryseobacterium in a cohort of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of these strains, to examine their DNA fingerprinting and to evaluate some clinical ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of infections by Chryseobacterium in a cohort of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of these strains, to examine their DNA fingerprinting and to evaluate some clinical outcomes of patients infected by these bacteria. Methods: Patients (300) attending a Regional Cystic Fibrosis Unit were enrolled in this study over 4 years. Natural or induced sputum samples were processed for microscopic and cultural tests. For phenotypic identification, automated and manual systems were used. For chemosusceptibility test, an automatic broth microdilution test and a disk-diffusion test were used and strains underwent DNA fingerprinting by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: Thirty-five strains of Chryseobacterium were isolated from 22 patients. These strains showed a broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance, with activity only for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and quinolones. PFGE profiles of all isolates were generally heterogeneous, suggesting independent circulation. Conclusions: This is the first report about clinical isolates of Chryseobacterium spp from CF patients in an Italian Centre. The infection by Chryseobacterium was not associated to a deterioration of pulmonary function and mortality: therefore, all patients infected by Chryseobacterium were co-infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 3 of these were also co-infected by Burkholderia cepacia complex.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Chryseobacterium ; Cohort Studies ; Cystic Fibrosis/complications ; Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology ; DNA Fingerprinting ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/complications ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/etiology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology ; Sputum/microbiology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	424417-5
ISSN	1532-2742 ; 0163-4453
ISSN (online)	1532-2742
ISSN	0163-4453
DOI	10.1016/j.jinf.2007.08.002
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Article ; Online: Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a neonatal intensive care unit

Triassi Maria / Scarcella Alda / Borriello Tonia / Di Resta Mario / Lambiase Antonietta / Caprio Alessandro / Di Popolo Anna / Crivaro Valeria / Zarrilli Raffaele

BMC Infectious Diseases, Vol 9, Iss 1, p

molecular epidemiology and infection control measures

2009 Volume 70

Abstract: Abstract Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a non-fermentative, gram-negative rod, is responsible for a wide variety of clinical syndromes in NICU patients, including sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, diarrhea, conjunctivitis and skin infections. An ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a non-fermentative, gram-negative rod, is responsible for a wide variety of clinical syndromes in NICU patients, including sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, diarrhea, conjunctivitis and skin infections. An increased number of infections and colonisations by P. aeruginosa has been observed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of our university hospital between 2005 and 2007. Methods Hand disinfection compliance before and after an educational programme on hand hygiene was evaluated. Identification of microrganisms was performed using conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated by MIC microdilution. Genotyping was performed by PFGE analysis. Results The molecular epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the NICU of the Federico II University hospital (Naples, Italy) and the infection control measures adopted to stop the spreading of P. aeruginosa in the ward were described. From July 2005 to June 2007, P. aeruginosa was isolated from 135 neonates and caused severe infections in 11 of them. Macrorestriction analysis of clinical isolates from 90 neonates identified 20 distinct genotypes, one major PFGE type (A) being isolated from 48 patients and responsible for 4 infections in 4 of them, four other distinct recurrent genotypes being isolated in 6 to 4 patients. Seven environmental strains were isolated from the hand of a nurse and from three sinks on two occasions, two of these showing PFGE profiles A and G identical to two clinical isolates responsible for infection. The successful control of the outbreak was achieved through implementation of active surveillance of healthcare-associated infections in the ward together with environmental microbiological sampling and an intense educational programme on hand disinfection among the staff members. Conclusion P. aeruginosa infections in the NICU were caused by the cross-transmission of an epidemic clone in 4 neonates, and by the selection of sporadic clones in 7 others. An infection control programme that included active surveillance and strict adherence to hand disinfection policies was effective in controlling NICU-acquired infections and colonisations caused by P. aeruginosa .
Keywords	Internal medicine ; RC31-1245 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Internal medicine ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Sphingobacterium respiratory tract infection in patients with cystic fibrosis

de Gregorio Fabiola / Sepe Angela / Raia Valeria / Del Pezzo Mariassunta / Rossano Fabio / Lambiase Antonietta / Catania Maria

BMC Research Notes, Vol 2, Iss 1, p

2009 Volume 262

Abstract: Abstract Background Bacteria that belong to the genus Sphingobacterium are Gram-negative, non-fermentative bacilli, ubiquitous in nature and rarely involved in human infections. The aims of this study were to evaluate the epidemiology of infection by ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Bacteria that belong to the genus Sphingobacterium are Gram-negative, non-fermentative bacilli, ubiquitous in nature and rarely involved in human infections. The aims of this study were to evaluate the epidemiology of infection by Sphingobacterium in a cohort of patients affected by Cystic Fibrosis (CF), the antibiotic susceptibility and the DNA fingerprinting of the isolated strains and to analyze some clinical outcomes of the infected patients. Findings Between January 2006 and June 2008, patients (n = 332) attending the Regional CF Unit in Naples, Italy, were enrolled. Sputum samples were processed for microscopic, cultural, phenotypic identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. DNA fingerprinting was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A total of 21 strains of Sphingobacterium were isolated from 7 patients (13 of S. spiritovorum , 8 of S. multivorum ). S. multivorum isolates were more resistant than those of S. spiritovorum . PFGE profiles were in general heterogeneous, which suggested independent circulation. Conclusions This is the first Italian report about respiratory tract infections by Sphingobacterium in CF patients. In our cohort, these infections were not associated with a deterioration of pulmonary function during the follow-up period. Although the exact role of this microorganism in CF lung disease is unknown and the number of infected patients was small, this study could represent an important starting-point for understanding the epidemiology and the possible pathogenic role of Sphingobacterium in CF patients.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Science (General) ; Q1-390
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Microbiology of airway disease in a cohort of patients with cystic fibrosis.

Lambiase, Antonietta / Raia, Valeria / Del Pezzo, Mariassunta / Sepe, Angela / Carnovale, Vincenzo / Rossano, Fabio

BMC infectious diseases

2006 Volume 6, Page(s) 4

Abstract: Background: Recent reports document an increasing incidence of new Gram-negative pathogens such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans isolated from patients with Cystic Fibrosis, along with an increase in common Gram-negative ... ...

Abstract	Background: Recent reports document an increasing incidence of new Gram-negative pathogens such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans isolated from patients with Cystic Fibrosis, along with an increase in common Gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex. Furthermore, the increase in multidrug-resistance of such organisms makes the therapeutic management of these patients more problematic. Therefore, careful isolation and identification, and accurate studies of susceptibility to antibiotics are critical for predicting the spread of strains, improving therapeutic measures and facilitating our understanding of the epidemiology of emerging pathogens. The first aim of this study was to determine the incidence and the prevalence of colonization by Gram-negative organisms isolated from respiratory samples of Cystic Fibrosis patients in the Regional Referral Cystic Fibrosis Centre of Naples; the second was to evaluate the spectrum of multidrug-resistance of these organisms. Methods: Patients (n = 300) attending the Regional Cystic Fibrosis Unit were enrolled in this study over 3 years. Sputum was processed for microscopic tests and culture. An automated system, Phoenix (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, Maryland, USA), was used for phenotypic identification of all strains; the API 20 NE identification system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) was used when the identification with the Phoenix system was inaccurate. A PCR-RFLP method was used to characterize the organisms in the Burkholderia cepacia complex. A chemosusceptibility test on microbroth dilutions (Phoenix) was used. Primary outcomes such as FEV1 were correlate with different pathogens. Results: During the period of study, 40% of patients was infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 7% by Burkholderia cepacia complex, 11% by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and 7% by Alcaligenes xylosoxidans. Of the strains isolated, 460 were multidrug-resistant. Multiresistant were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex. Conclusion: The results confirm previously reported data; in particular, they show an increase the isolation of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria in Cystic Fibrosis patients. They also demonstrate increased resistance to antibiotics. Beta-lactams are rarely effective, with exception of ceftazidime, which is the most efficacious agent against multiresistant strains. Aminoglycosides and quinolones are poorly efficacious.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cohort Studies ; Cystic Fibrosis/complications ; Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/complications ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-01-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1471-2334
ISSN (online)	1471-2334
DOI	10.1186/1471-2334-6-4
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