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  1. Article ; Online: A Geographic Information System Approach to Map Tick Exposure Risk at a Scale for Public Health Intervention.

    Baldwin, Harper / Landesman, William J / Borgmann-Winter, Benjamin / Allen, David

    Journal of medical entomology

    2021  Volume 59, Issue 1, Page(s) 162–172

    Abstract: Tick-borne disease control and prevention have been largely ineffective compared to the control of other vector-borne diseases. Although control strategies exist, they are costly or ineffective at large spatial scales. We need tools to target these ... ...

    Abstract Tick-borne disease control and prevention have been largely ineffective compared to the control of other vector-borne diseases. Although control strategies exist, they are costly or ineffective at large spatial scales. We need tools to target these strategies to places of highest tick exposure risk. Here we present a geographic information system (GIS) method for mapping predicted tick exposure risk at a 200 m by 200 m resolution, appropriate for public health intervention. We followed the approach used to map tick habitat suitability over large areas. We used drag-cloth sampling to measure the density of nymphal blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis, Say (Acari: Ixodidae)) at 24 sites in Addison and Rutland Counties, VT, United States. We used a GIS to average habitat, climatological, land-use/land-cover, and abiotic characteristics over 100 m, 400 m, 1,000 m, and 2,000 m buffers around each site to evaluate which characteristic at which buffer size best predicted density of nymphal ticks (DON). The relationships between predictor variables and DON were determined with random forest models. The 100 m buffer model performed best and explained 37.7% of the variation in DON, although was highly accurate at classifying sites as having below or above average DON. This model was applied to Addison County, VT, to predict tick exposure risk at a 200 m resolution. This GIS approach to map predicted DON over a small area with fine resolution, could be used to target public health campaigns and land management practices to reduce human exposure to ticks.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Geographic Information Systems ; Ixodes/growth & development ; Lyme Disease/transmission ; Male ; Nymph/growth & development ; Population Density ; Public Health ; Vermont
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 410635-0
    ISSN 1938-2928 ; 0022-2585
    ISSN (online) 1938-2928
    ISSN 0022-2585
    DOI 10.1093/jme/tjab169
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  2. Article: A Geographic Information System Approach to Map Tick Exposure Risk at a Scale for Public Health Intervention

    Baldwin, Harper / Landesman, William J. / Borgmann-Winter, Benjamin / Allen, David

    Journal of medical entomology. 2021 Oct. 13, v. 59, no. 1

    2021  

    Abstract: Tick-borne disease control and prevention have been largely ineffective compared to the control of other vector-borne diseases. Although control strategies exist, they are costly or ineffective at large spatial scales. We need tools to target these ... ...

    Abstract Tick-borne disease control and prevention have been largely ineffective compared to the control of other vector-borne diseases. Although control strategies exist, they are costly or ineffective at large spatial scales. We need tools to target these strategies to places of highest tick exposure risk. Here we present a geographic information system (GIS) method for mapping predicted tick exposure risk at a 200 m by 200 m resolution, appropriate for public health intervention. We followed the approach used to map tick habitat suitability over large areas. We used drag-cloth sampling to measure the density of nymphal blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis, Say (Acari: Ixodidae)) at 24 sites in Addison and Rutland Counties, VT, United States. We used a GIS to average habitat, climatological, land-use/land-cover, and abiotic characteristics over 100 m, 400 m, 1,000 m, and 2,000 m buffers around each site to evaluate which characteristic at which buffer size best predicted density of nymphal ticks (DON). The relationships between predictor variables and DON were determined with random forest models. The 100 m buffer model performed best and explained 37.7% of the variation in DON, although was highly accurate at classifying sites as having below or above average DON. This model was applied to Addison County, VT, to predict tick exposure risk at a 200 m resolution. This GIS approach to map predicted DON over a small area with fine resolution, could be used to target public health campaigns and land management practices to reduce human exposure to ticks.
    Keywords Ixodes scapularis ; disease control ; geographic information systems ; habitats ; humans ; land use and land cover maps ; medical entomology ; models ; risk ; tick-borne diseases ; ticks
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-1013
    Size p. 162-172.
    Publishing place Entomological Society of America
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 410635-0
    ISSN 0022-2585
    ISSN 0022-2585
    DOI 10.1093/jme/tjab169
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  3. Article ; Online: Seasonal, sub-seasonal and diurnal variation of soil bacterial community composition in a temperate deciduous forest.

    Landesman, William J / Freedman, Zachary B / Nelson, David M

    FEMS microbiology ecology

    2018  Volume 95, Issue 2

    Abstract: The temporal dynamics of soil bacterial communities are understudied, but such understanding is critical to elucidating the drivers of community variation. The goal of this study was to characterize how soil bacterial communities vary across diurnal, sub- ...

    Abstract The temporal dynamics of soil bacterial communities are understudied, but such understanding is critical to elucidating the drivers of community variation. The goal of this study was to characterize how soil bacterial communities vary across diurnal, sub-seasonal and seasonal time-scales in a 5.8 m2 plot and test the hypothesis that bacterial diversity varies on each of these scales. We used 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing to quantify the alpha and beta diversity of soil bacteria as well as the Net Relatedness Index and Nearest Taxon Indices to assess the degree of phylogenetic clustering, and the extent to which community shifts were driven by stochastic vs. deterministic limitation. We found that species richness was highest in winter, lowest in fall and that communities were compositionally distinct across seasons. There was no evidence of diurnal-scale shifts; the finest temporal scale over which community shifts were detected using our DNA-based analysis was between sampling dates separated by 6 weeks. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that seasonal-scale differences in community composition were the result of environmental filtering and homogeneous selection. Our findings provide insight into temporal variation of soil bacterial communities across the hourly to seasonal scales while minimizing the potential confounding effect of spatial variation.
    MeSH term(s) Bacteria/classification ; Bacteria/genetics ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Forests ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seasons ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology
    Chemical Substances DNA, Ribosomal ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Soil
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-12-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 283722-5
    ISSN 1574-6941 ; 0168-6496
    ISSN (online) 1574-6941
    ISSN 0168-6496
    DOI 10.1093/femsec/fiz002
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  4. Article ; Online: Cross-kingdom analysis of nymphal-stage Ixodes scapularis microbial communities in relation to Borrelia burgdorferi infection and load.

    Landesman, William J / Mulder, Kenneth / Fredericks, L Page / Allan, Brian F

    FEMS microbiology ecology

    2019  Volume 95, Issue 12

    Abstract: The tick microbiota may influence the colonization of Ixodes scapularis by Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease bacterium. Using conserved and pathogen-specific primers we performed a cross-kingdom analysis of bacterial, fungal, protistan and archaeal ... ...

    Abstract The tick microbiota may influence the colonization of Ixodes scapularis by Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease bacterium. Using conserved and pathogen-specific primers we performed a cross-kingdom analysis of bacterial, fungal, protistan and archaeal communities of I. scapularis nymphs (N = 105) collected from southern Vermont, USA. The bacterial community was dominated by a Rickettsia and several environmental taxa commonly reported in I. scapularis, as well as the human pathogens B. burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. With the fungal primer set we detected primarily plant- and litter-associated taxa and >18% of sequences were Malassezia, a fungal genus associated with mammalian skin. Two 18S rRNA gene primer sets, intended to target protistan communities, returned mostly Ixodes DNA as well as the wildlife pathogen Babesia odocoilei (7% of samples), a Gregarines species (14%) and a Spirurida nematode (18%). Data from pathogen-specific and conserved primers were consistent in terms of prevalence and identification. We measured B. burgdorferi presence/absence and load and found that bacterial beta diversity varied based on B. burgdorferi presence/absence. Load was weakly associated with bacterial community composition. We identified taxa associated with B. burgdorferi infection that should be evaluated for their role in vector colonization by pathogens.
    MeSH term(s) Anaplasma phagocytophilum/genetics ; Anaplasma phagocytophilum/isolation & purification ; Animals ; Babesia/genetics ; Babesia/isolation & purification ; Bacterial Load/physiology ; Borrelia burgdorferi/genetics ; Borrelia burgdorferi/growth & development ; Humans ; Ixodes/microbiology ; Lyme Disease/microbiology ; Malassezia/genetics ; Malassezia/isolation & purification ; Microbial Interactions/physiology ; Microbiota ; Rickettsia/genetics ; Rickettsia/isolation & purification
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-11-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 283722-5
    ISSN 1574-6941 ; 0168-6496
    ISSN (online) 1574-6941
    ISSN 0168-6496
    DOI 10.1093/femsec/fiz167
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  5. Article: Seasonal, sub-seasonal and diurnal variation of soil bacterial community composition in a temperate deciduous forest

    Landesman, William J / Freedman, Zachary B / Nelson, David M

    FEMS microbiology ecology. 2019 Jan. 09, v. 95, no. 2

    2019  

    Abstract: The temporal dynamics of soil bacterial communities are understudied, but such understanding is critical to elucidating the drivers of community variation. The goal of this study was to characterize how soil bacterial communities vary across diurnal, sub- ...

    Abstract The temporal dynamics of soil bacterial communities are understudied, but such understanding is critical to elucidating the drivers of community variation. The goal of this study was to characterize how soil bacterial communities vary across diurnal, sub-seasonal and seasonal time-scales in a 5.8 m2 plot and test the hypothesis that bacterial diversity varies on each of these scales. We used 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing to quantify the alpha and beta diversity of soil bacteria as well as the Net Relatedness Index and Nearest Taxon Indices to assess the degree of phylogenetic clustering, and the extent to which community shifts were driven by stochastic vs. deterministic limitation. We found that species richness was highest in winter, lowest in fall and that communities were compositionally distinct across seasons. There was no evidence of diurnal-scale shifts; the finest temporal scale over which community shifts were detected using our DNA-based analysis was between sampling dates separated by 6 weeks. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that seasonal-scale differences in community composition were the result of environmental filtering and homogeneous selection. Our findings provide insight into temporal variation of soil bacterial communities across the hourly to seasonal scales while minimizing the potential confounding effect of spatial variation.
    Keywords community structure ; deciduous forests ; diurnal variation ; genes ; phylogeny ; ribosomal DNA ; soil bacteria ; species richness ; winter
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0109
    Publishing place Oxford University Press
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 283722-5
    ISSN 1574-6941 ; 0168-6496
    ISSN (online) 1574-6941
    ISSN 0168-6496
    DOI 10.1093/femsec/fiz002
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  6. Article ; Online: Shifts in microbial biomass and the bacteria: fungi ratio occur under field conditions within 3 h after rainfall.

    Landesman, William J / Dighton, John

    Microbial ecology

    2011  Volume 62, Issue 1, Page(s) 228–236

    Abstract: Increases in the frequency of soil drying and extreme precipitation projected by climate models may have important consequences for soil microbial community composition. However, the microbial response may occur over short time scales not captured by ... ...

    Abstract Increases in the frequency of soil drying and extreme precipitation projected by climate models may have important consequences for soil microbial community composition. However, the microbial response may occur over short time scales not captured by traditional sampling methods. Following a 2-year rainfall exclusion experiment in a pine forest ecosystem, we used phospholipid fatty acid profiling to measure the hourly, daily, and weekly-scale response of soil microbial biomass and the bacteria/fungi ratio to a precipitation event. We compared this response to the rewetting of un-manipulated plots. Within 3 h of watering, we detected increases in fungal and bacterial biomass of 125% and 66%, respectively, in un-manipulated plots, but only small increases in biomass within drought plots. We detected a decrease in the bacteria/fungi ratio in un-manipulated plots and an increase in this ratio in the drought plots. This surprising result was likely caused by root mortality (resulting from the previous 2-year rain exclusion) and an increase in ammonium pools in the drought plots, both of which could have suppressed fungal growth. Whereas past research suggests that soil microbes are resistant to drying-rewetting stress and to changes in annual precipitation patterns, here we show that microbes are sensitive to soil drying, but highly resilient, recovering within hours or days of a rain event. We propose that more emphasis be placed on hourly-scale field measurements of soil microbial community structure in future climate change studies.
    MeSH term(s) Bacteria/growth & development ; Biomass ; Climate Change ; Droughts ; Ecosystem ; Fungi/growth & development ; Rain ; Seasons ; Soil/analysis ; Soil Microbiology ; Water/analysis
    Chemical Substances Soil ; Water (059QF0KO0R)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-03-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1462065-0
    ISSN 1432-184X ; 0095-3628
    ISSN (online) 1432-184X
    ISSN 0095-3628
    DOI 10.1007/s00248-011-9811-1
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  7. Article: Response of soil microbial communities and the production of plant-available nitrogen to a two-year rainfall manipulation in the New Jersey Pinelands

    Landesman, William J / Dighton, John

    Soil biology & biochemistry. 2010 Oct., v. 42, issue 10

    2010  

    Abstract: Projected changes in precipitation patterns in the northeastern U.S. may alter soil moisture dynamics and cause a shift in the structure and function of soil microbial communities. We studied the potential for such changes by manipulating annual ... ...

    Abstract Projected changes in precipitation patterns in the northeastern U.S. may alter soil moisture dynamics and cause a shift in the structure and function of soil microbial communities. We studied the potential for such changes by manipulating annual precipitation amount in an oak–pine forest of the New Jersey Pinelands. During a two-year field study we tested the effects of a complete rain exclusion, as well as a doubling of rainfall, on soil microbial biomass, community composition (phospholipid fatty acid analysis) and the production of plant-available nitrogen (nitrogen mineralization + amino-acid production). We found that neither microbial biomass nor community composition was affected by the experimental manipulations. Despite having studied the organic horizon, the relatively high sand content appeared to influence this response by limiting the extent to which soil moisture increased in response to elevated rainfall. Furthermore, a strong correlation between soil moisture and the physiological status of Gram-negative bacteria suggested that soil microbes in the New Jersey Pinelands are well adapted to soil drying. We observed a sustained accumulation of ammonium in drought plots that was more than four times the value of all other treatments after one year. The relationship between soil moisture and nitrogen mineralization changed with season, suggesting that the effect of changing rainfall patterns on nitrogen cycling will depend upon microbial physiological demand and substrate diffusion. Based on available estimates of foliar N concentration in the New Jersey Pinelands, we conclude that neither the accumulation of ammonium in drought plots, nor the changes in nitrogen mineralization rates in response to high and low soil moisture will affect plant nitrogen demand. However, if the ammonium pool in dry soil had been mobilized by precipitation, a shift towards a higher bacteria:fungi ratio – and therefore higher nitrogen mineralization rates – may have occurred.
    Keywords temperate forests ; precipitation ; soil water content ; soil microorganisms ; nutrient availability ; nitrogen ; rain ; water stress ; drought ; rainfall simulation ; species diversity ; mineralization ; amino acids ; organic horizons ; sand fraction ; infiltration (hydrology) ; Gram-negative bacteria ; ammonium compounds ; seasonal variation ; soil bacteria ; soil fungi ; New Jersey
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2010-10
    Size p. 1751-1758.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 280810-9
    ISSN 0038-0717
    ISSN 0038-0717
    DOI 10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.06.012
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  8. Article ; Online: Potential effects of blood meal host on bacterial community composition in Ixodes scapularis nymphs.

    Landesman, William J / Mulder, Kenneth / Allan, Brian F / Bashor, Laura A / Keesing, Felicia / LoGiudice, Kathleen / Ostfeld, Richard S

    Ticks and tick-borne diseases

    2019  Volume 10, Issue 3, Page(s) 523–527

    Abstract: Tick microbiomes may play an important role in pathogen transmission. However, the drivers of microbiome variation are poorly understood, and this limitation has impeded mechanistic understanding of the functions of microbial communities for pathogen ... ...

    Abstract Tick microbiomes may play an important role in pathogen transmission. However, the drivers of microbiome variation are poorly understood, and this limitation has impeded mechanistic understanding of the functions of microbial communities for pathogen acquisition. The goal of this research was to characterize the role of the blood meal host in structuring the microbiome of Ixodes scapularis, the primary vector of Lyme disease in the eastern United States, and to determine if ticks that fed from different host species harbor distinct bacterial communities. We performed high-throughput 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing on I. scapularis nymphs that fed as larvae from known wildlife hosts: raccoon, Virginia opossum, striped skunk, red squirrel or gray squirrel. Using Analysis of Similarity, we found significant differences in the abundance-weighted Unifrac distance matrix among ticks fed from different host species (p =  0.048) and a highly significant difference in the weighted and unweighted Unifrac matrices for individuals within species (p <  0.01). This finding of associations between the blood meal host and I. scapularis microbiome demonstrates that the blood meal host may be a driver of microbiome variation that should be accounted for in studies of pathogen acquisition by ticks.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Animals, Wild/blood ; Animals, Wild/microbiology ; Bacteria/classification ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Blood ; Ixodes/microbiology ; Microbiota ; Nymph/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rodentia/blood ; Rodentia/microbiology
    Chemical Substances RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-12
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2541872-5
    ISSN 1877-9603 ; 1877-959X
    ISSN (online) 1877-9603
    ISSN 1877-959X
    DOI 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.01.002
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  9. Article: Potential effects of blood meal host on bacterial community composition in Ixodes scapularis nymphs

    Landesman, William J / Mulder, Kenneth / Allan, Brian F / Bashor, Laura A / Keesing, Felicia / LoGiudice, Kathleen / Ostfeld, Richard S

    Ticks and tick-borne diseases. 2019 Jan. 11,

    2019  

    Abstract: Tick microbiomes may play an important role in pathogen transmission. However, the drivers of microbiome variation are poorly understood, and this limitation has impeded mechanistic understanding of the functions of microbial communities for pathogen ... ...

    Abstract Tick microbiomes may play an important role in pathogen transmission. However, the drivers of microbiome variation are poorly understood, and this limitation has impeded mechanistic understanding of the functions of microbial communities for pathogen acquisition. The goal of this research was to characterize the role of the blood meal host in structuring the microbiome of Ixodes scapularis, the primary vector of Lyme disease in the eastern United States, and to determine if ticks that fed from different host species harbor distinct bacterial communities. We performed high-throughput 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing on I. scapularis nymphs that fed as larvae from known wildlife hosts: raccoon, Virginia opossum, striped skunk, red squirrel or gray squirrel. Using Analysis of Similarity, we found significant differences in the abundance-weighted Unifrac distance matrix among ticks fed from different host species (p = 0.048) and a highly significant difference in the weighted and unweighted Unifrac matrices for individuals within species (p < 0.01). This finding of associations between the blood meal host and I. scapularis microbiome demonstrates that the blood meal host may be a driver of microbiome variation that should be accounted for in studies of pathogen acquisition by ticks.
    Keywords Didelphis virginiana ; Ixodes scapularis ; Lyme disease ; Procyon lotor ; Sciurus carolinensis ; bacterial communities ; blood meal ; community structure ; disease transmission ; hosts ; larvae ; microbiome ; nymphs ; pathogens ; ribosomal DNA ; skunks ; squirrels ; ticks ; wildlife ; Eastern United States
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0111
    Publishing place Elsevier GmbH
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 2541872-5
    ISSN 1877-9603 ; 1877-959X
    ISSN (online) 1877-9603
    ISSN 1877-959X
    DOI 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.01.002
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  10. Article: Soil properties and tree species drive ß-diversity of soil bacterial communities

    Landesman, William J / David M. Nelson / Matthew C. Fitzpatrick

    Soil biology & biochemistry. 2014 Sept., v. 76

    2014  

    Abstract: A challenge in ecology and biogeography is to understand the drivers of the composition and distribution of biological communities. Environmental factors (especially pH) and dispersal limitation are thought to exert the primary controls on the ... ...

    Abstract A challenge in ecology and biogeography is to understand the drivers of the composition and distribution of biological communities. Environmental factors (especially pH) and dispersal limitation are thought to exert the primary controls on the composition of soil bacterial communities. However, quantifying their relative importance remains difficult because of analytical uncertainties. For example, the relationship between bacterial community composition and soil pH, which is often nonlinear, is typically evaluated with a linear test and without accounting for variability in rates of turnover along environmental gradients. Furthermore, potential drivers of variation in soil pH, and therefore bacterial community composition, are not commonly analyzed during microbial biogeographical studies. To address these issues we collected 700 soil samples across multiple spatial scales from beneath four late-successional tree species within 12 forests in the eastern United States. We performed high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA amplicons and measured soil properties thought to influence soil bacterial composition. Generalized Dissimilarity Modeling, a non-linear form of matrix regression, indicated that geographic distance and soil properties explained 77.3% of the deviance in turnover in overall bacterial community composition. However, only 2.1% of the explained deviance was attributable to geographic distance, indicating little contribution of dispersal limitation to bacterial ß-diversity across scales of ∼1.7 m to >1000 km. Although 81.7% of the explained deviance in overall bacterial composition was attributable to soil properties, particularly soil pH, the magnitude and rate of compositional turnover varied among bacterial families across the pH gradient. The ß-diversity of three dominant families (Bradyrhizobiaceae, Hyphomicrobiaceae and Burkholderia) was explained by neither soil properties nor geographic distance. Differences in soil pH between certain tree species likely led to distinct bacterial communities at several sites. Thus, shifts in soil pH, potentially as the result of shifts in tree composition, will likely have important consequences for the composition of soil bacterial communities.
    Keywords bacterial communities ; biogeography ; Bradyrhizobiaceae ; Burkholderia ; community structure ; environmental factors ; forests ; high-throughput nucleotide sequencing ; Hyphomicrobiaceae ; models ; ribosomal DNA ; soil bacteria ; soil pH ; soil sampling ; trees ; uncertainty ; Eastern United States
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2014-09
    Size p. 201-209.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 280810-9
    ISSN 0038-0717
    ISSN 0038-0717
    DOI 10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.025
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