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Article ; Online: First report of Sarcocystis falcatula in naturally infected Razorbill auks (Alca torda) collected in Tunisian Mediterranean Sea shores.

Hammami, Ines / Timoumi, Oumayma / Larbi, Imen / Rekik, Syrine / Maghzaoua, Dhekra / Gharbi, Mohamed

2024 Volume 123, Issue 4, Page(s) 193

Abstract: Sarcocystis spp. are apicomplexan cyst-forming parasites that can infect numerous vertebrates, including birds. Sarcosporidiosis infection was investigated in three muscles (breast, right and left thigh muscle) and one organ (heart) of four Razorbill ... ...

Abstract	Sarcocystis spp. are apicomplexan cyst-forming parasites that can infect numerous vertebrates, including birds. Sarcosporidiosis infection was investigated in three muscles (breast, right and left thigh muscle) and one organ (heart) of four Razorbill auks (Alca torda) stranded between November and December 2022 on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea in Nabeul and Bizerte governorates, Northern Tunisia. Two of the four tested A. torda were PCR positive for 18S rRNA Sarcocystis spp. gene. Among the examined 16 muscles/organs, only one breast and one right thigh were Sarcocystis spp. PCR-positive (12.5% ± 8.3, 2/16). Our results showed a relatively high molecular prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. in Razorbill auks (A. torda). Sarcocystis spp. sequence described in the present study (GenBank number: OR516818) showed 99.56-100% identity to Sarcocystis falcatula. In conclusion, our results confirmed the infection of Razorbill auks (A. torda) by S. falcatula. Further research is needed on different migratory seabirds' species in order to identify other Sarcocystis species.
MeSH term(s)	Sarcocystis/genetics ; Sarcocystis/isolation & purification ; Sarcocystis/classification ; Animals ; Sarcocystosis/veterinary ; Sarcocystosis/parasitology ; Sarcocystosis/epidemiology ; Tunisia/epidemiology ; Mediterranean Sea ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Bird Diseases/parasitology ; Bird Diseases/epidemiology ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Charadriiformes/parasitology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
Chemical Substances	RNA, Ribosomal, 18S ; DNA, Protozoan ; DNA, Ribosomal
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-24
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	284966-5
ISSN	1432-1955 ; 0932-0113 ; 0044-3255
ISSN (online)	1432-1955
ISSN	0932-0113 ; 0044-3255
DOI	10.1007/s00436-024-08214-0
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Article: Retrospective Phylodynamic and Phylogeographic Analysis of the Bluetongue Virus in Tunisia.

Souiai, Oussema / Arbi, Marwa / Hanachi, Mariem / Sallami, Ameny / Larbi, Imen / Chaouch, Melek / Harigua-Souiai, Emna / Benkahla, Alia

Evolutionary bioinformatics online

2023 Volume 19, Page(s) 11769343231212266

Abstract: Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus considered as a major threat for the global livestock economy. Since 1999, Tunisia has experienced several incursions of BTV, during which numerous cases of infection and mortality have been reported. However, the ... ...

Abstract	Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus considered as a major threat for the global livestock economy. Since 1999, Tunisia has experienced several incursions of BTV, during which numerous cases of infection and mortality have been reported. However, the geographical origin and epidemiological characteristics of these incursions remained unclear. To understand the evolutionary history of BTV emergence in Tunisia, we extracted from Genbank the segment 6 sequences of 7 BTV strains isolated in Tunisia during the period 2000 to 2017 and blasted them to obtain a final dataset of 67 sequences. We subjected the dataset to a Bayesian phylogeography framework inferring geographical origin and serotype as phylodynamic models. Our results suggest that BTV-2 was first introduced in Tunisia in the 1960s and that since 1990s, the country has witnessed the emergence of other typical and atypical BTV serotypes notably BTV-1, BTV-3 and BTV-Y. The reported serotypes have a diverse geographical origin and have been transmitted to Tunisia from countries in the Mediterranean Basin. Interserotype reassortments have been identified among BTV-1, BTV-2 and BTV-Y. This study has provided new insights on the temporal and geographical origin of BTV in Tunisia, suggesting the contribution of animal trade and environment conditions in virus spread.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2227610-5
ISSN	1176-9343
ISSN	1176-9343
DOI	10.1177/11769343231212266
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Article: Inhibition of avian influenza virus H9N2 infection by antiviral hexapeptides that target viral attachment to epithelial cells

Arbi, Marwa / Larbi, Imen / Nsiri, Jihen / Behi, Imen El / Rejeb, Ahmed / Miled, Khaled / Ghram, Adeljelil / Houimel, Mehdi

Virus research. 2022 May, v. 313

2022

Abstract: The H9N2 subtype of influenza A virus circulates frequently among poultry in Asian and North African countries causing economic loss in the poultry sector. The antigenic variations of the H9N2 virus were at the origin of its genetic evolution through the ...

Abstract	The H9N2 subtype of influenza A virus circulates frequently among poultry in Asian and North African countries causing economic loss in the poultry sector. The antigenic variations of the H9N2 virus were at the origin of its genetic evolution through the emergence of viral strains transmissible to humans and resistant to chemical antivirals, which require a strengthening of the fight means against this virus. In this study, we used a random linear hexapeptide library fused to the gene III protein of M13 filamentous bacteriophage to select new antiviral peptides that inhibit the infectivity of H9N2 virus. After three rounds of stringent selection and amplification, polyclonal phage-peptides directed against H9N2 virus were assessed by ELISA, and the optimal phage-peptides were grown individually and characterized for binding to H9N2 virus by monoclonal phage ELISA. The DNA of 27 phage-peptides clones was amplified by PCR, sequenced, and their amino acid sequences were deduced. Sixteen different phage-peptides were able to bind specifically the H9N2 virus, among them, 13 phage-peptides interacted with the hemagglutinin H9. Two selected peptides, P1 (LSRMPK) and P2 (FAPRWR) have shown antiviral activity in ovo and P1 was more protective in vivo then P2 when co-administered with the H9N2 virus. Mechanistically, these peptides prevent infection by inhibiting the attachment of the H9N2 virus to the cellular receptor. Molecular docking revealed that the peptides LSRMPK and FAPRWR bind to hemagglutinin protein H9, but interact differently with the receptor binding site (RBS). The present study demonstrated that the peptide P1 (LSRMPK) could be used as a new inhibitory molecule directed against the H9N2 virus.
Keywords	DNA ; Influenza A virus ; amino acids ; antiviral agents ; antiviral properties ; bacteriophages ; epithelium ; evolution ; financial economics ; genes ; hemagglutinins ; pathogenicity ; peptides ; poultry ; research
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-05
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	605780-9
ISSN	1872-7492 ; 0168-1702
ISSN (online)	1872-7492
ISSN	0168-1702
DOI	10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198745
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Article ; Online: Phylogeographic Dynamics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses in Tunisia.

Larbi, Imen / Arbi, Marwa / Souiai, Oussama / Tougorti, Halima / Butcher, Gary David / Nsiri, Jihene / Badr, Chaima / Behi, Imen El / Lachhab, Jihene / Ghram, Abdeljelil

Virus research

2024 Volume 344, Page(s) 199348

Abstract: Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 is endemic in commercial poultry in Tunisia. This subtype affects poultry and wild birds in Tunisia and poses a potential zoonotic risk. Tunisian H9N2 strains carry, in their hemagglutinins, the human-like marker 226 L ... ...

Abstract	Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 is endemic in commercial poultry in Tunisia. This subtype affects poultry and wild birds in Tunisia and poses a potential zoonotic risk. Tunisian H9N2 strains carry, in their hemagglutinins, the human-like marker 226 L that is most influential in avian-to-human viral transmission. For a better understanding of how ecological aspects of the H9N2 virus and its circulation in poultry, migratory birds and environment shapes the spread of the dissemination of H9N2 in Tunisia, herein, we investigate the epidemiological, evolutionary and zoonotic potential of seven H9N2 poultry isolates and sequence their whole genome. Phylogeographic and phylodymanic analysis were used to examine viral spread within and among wild birds, poultry and environment at geographical scales. Genetic evolution results showed that the eight gene sequences of Tunisian H9N2 AIV were characterized by molecular markers involved with virulence and mammalian infections. The geographical distribution of avian influenza virus appears as a network interconnecting countries in Europe, Asia, North Africa and West Africa. The spatiotemporal dynamics analysis showed that the H9N2 virus was transmitted from Tunisia to neighboring countries notably Libya and Algeria. Interestingly, this study also revealed, for the first time, that there was a virus transmission between Tunisia and Morocco. Bayesian analysis showed exchanges between H9N2 strains of Tunisia and those of the Middle Eastern countries, analysis of host traits showed that duck, wild birds and environment were ancestry related to chicken. The subtypes phylodynamic showed that PB1 segment was under multiple inter-subtype reassortment events with H10N7, H12N5, H5N2 and H6N1 and that PB2 was also a subject of inter-subtype reassortment with H10N4.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/classification ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/isolation & purification ; Tunisia/epidemiology ; Influenza in Birds/virology ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology ; Influenza in Birds/transmission ; Phylogeography ; Phylogeny ; Poultry/virology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Poultry Diseases/virology ; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology ; Genome, Viral ; Animals, Wild/virology ; Birds/virology ; Chickens/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-28
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	605780-9
ISSN	1872-7492 ; 0168-1702
ISSN (online)	1872-7492
ISSN	0168-1702
DOI	10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199348
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Article: Historical origins and zoonotic potential of avian influenza virus H9N2 in Tunisia revealed by Bayesian analysis and molecular characterization

Arbi, Marwa / Souiai, Oussema / Rego, Natalia / Larbi, Imen / Naya, Hugo / Ghram, Abdeljelil / Houimel, Mehdi

Archives of virology. 2020 July, v. 165, no. 7

2020

Abstract: During 2009–2012, several outbreaks of avian influenza virus H9N2 were reported in Tunisian poultry. The circulating strains carried in their hemagglutinins the human-like marker 226L, which is known to be important for avian-to-human viral transmission. ...

Abstract	During 2009–2012, several outbreaks of avian influenza virus H9N2 were reported in Tunisian poultry. The circulating strains carried in their hemagglutinins the human-like marker 226L, which is known to be important for avian-to-human viral transmission. To investigate the origins and zoonotic potential of the Tunisian H9N2 viruses, five new isolates were identified during 2012–2016 and their whole genomes were sequenced. Bayesian-based phylogeny showed that the HA, NA, M and NP segments belong to the G1-like lineage. The PB1, PB2, PA and NS segments appeared to have undergone multiple intersubtype reassortments and to be only distantly related to all of the Eurasian lineages (G1-like, Y280-like and Korean-like). The spatiotemporal dynamic of virus spread revealed that the H9N2 virus was transferred to Tunisia from the UAE through Asian and European pathways. As indicated by Bayesian analysis of host traits, ducks and terrestrial birds played an important role in virus transmission to Tunisia. The subtype phylodynamics showed that the history of the PB1 and PB2 segments was marked by intersubtype reassortments with H4N6, H10N4 and H2N2 subtypes. Most of these transitions between locations, hosts and subtypes were statistically supported (BF > 3) and not influenced by sampling bias. Evidence of genetic evolution was observed in the predicted amino acid sequences of the viral proteins of recent Tunisian H9N2 viruses, which were characterized by the acquisition of new mutations involved in virus adaptation to avian and mammalian hosts and amantadine resistance. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary history of Tunisian H9N2 viruses and highlights the zoonotic risk associated with their circulation in poultry, indicating the need for continuous surveillance of their molecular evolution.
Keywords	Bayesian theory ; Influenza A virus ; amino acids ; genome ; hemagglutinins ; mammals ; monitoring ; phylogeny ; risk ; virology ; virus transmission ; viruses ; zoonoses ; Tunisia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-07
Size	p. 1527-1540.
Publishing place	Springer Vienna
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	7491-3
ISSN	1432-8798 ; 0304-8608
ISSN (online)	1432-8798
ISSN	0304-8608
DOI	10.1007/s00705-020-04624-4
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Inhibition of avian influenza virus H9N2 infection by antiviral hexapeptides that target viral attachment to epithelial cells.

Arbi, Marwa / Larbi, Imen / Nsiri, Jihen / Behi, Imen El / Rejeb, Ahmed / Miled, Khaled / Ghram, Adeljelil / Houimel, Mehdi

Virus research

2022 Volume 313, Page(s) 198745

Abstract	The H9N2 subtype of influenza A virus circulates frequently among poultry in Asian and North African countries causing economic loss in the poultry sector. The antigenic variations of the H9N2 virus were at the origin of its genetic evolution through the emergence of viral strains transmissible to humans and resistant to chemical antivirals, which require a strengthening of the fight means against this virus. In this study, we used a random linear hexapeptide library fused to the gene III protein of M13 filamentous bacteriophage to select new antiviral peptides that inhibit the infectivity of H9N2 virus. After three rounds of stringent selection and amplification, polyclonal phage-peptides directed against H9N2 virus were assessed by ELISA, and the optimal phage-peptides were grown individually and characterized for binding to H9N2 virus by monoclonal phage ELISA. The DNA of 27 phage-peptides clones was amplified by PCR, sequenced, and their amino acid sequences were deduced. Sixteen different phage-peptides were able to bind specifically the H9N2 virus, among them, 13 phage-peptides interacted with the hemagglutinin H9. Two selected peptides, P1 (LSRMPK) and P2 (FAPRWR) have shown antiviral activity in ovo and P1 was more protective in vivo then P2 when co-administered with the H9N2 virus. Mechanistically, these peptides prevent infection by inhibiting the attachment of the H9N2 virus to the cellular receptor. Molecular docking revealed that the peptides LSRMPK and FAPRWR bind to hemagglutinin protein H9, but interact differently with the receptor binding site (RBS). The present study demonstrated that the peptide P1 (LSRMPK) could be used as a new inhibitory molecule directed against the H9N2 virus.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza in Birds ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Virus Attachment
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-17
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605780-9
ISSN	1872-7492 ; 0168-1702
ISSN (online)	1872-7492
ISSN	0168-1702
DOI	10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198745
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses of subtype-B metapneumovirus from chickens in Tunisia

Lachheb, Jihene / Bouslama, Zied / Nsiri, Jihene / Badr, Chaima / al Gallas, Nazek / Souissi, Nada / Khazri, Imed / Larbi, Imen / Kaboudi, Khaled / Ghram, Abdeljelil

Poultry Science 2023 Jan., v. 102, no. 1, p. 102253

2022 , Page(s) 102253

Abstract: Swollen Head Syndrome (SHS) is an economically important viral disease of chickens caused by avian metapneumovirus (aMPV). The virus comprises six different subtypes (A,B,C,D, New-1 and New-2). To date, no information was available on the presence of the ...

Abstract	Swollen Head Syndrome (SHS) is an economically important viral disease of chickens caused by avian metapneumovirus (aMPV). The virus comprises six different subtypes (A,B,C,D, New-1 and New-2). To date, no information was available on the presence of the virus in Tunisian poultry. The present work aims to detect the presence of (aMPV) in broiler chicken in Tunisia, then to characterise the isolates in order to determine their subtype and to estimate their geographic origin of introduction. A total of 289 samples were collected, aMPV detection was detected by real time RT-PCR and molecular characterization was warried out by Sanger sequencing on the glycoprotein (G) gene. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Beast 2 software. Out of the 289 samples, 21 were revealed positive to aMPV. Only two isolates have been confirmed by sequencing analysis one isolate sampled in 2015 and another in 2019. Based on the partial G gene sequence, analysis of these two Tunisian isolates showed that they belong to subtype B. The isolate sampled in 2015, appeared to be phylogenetically related to derived vaccine strain. However, the one sampled in 2019 appeared to be a field strain. Phylodynamic analysis provided evidence that this field strain derived from a Spanish strain and probably the virus has been introduced from Spain to North Africa back in 2016. This study is the first that highlighted the circulation of (aMPV) in Tunisia. It is possible that aMPV has been circulating in Tunisia and neighboring countries without being detected. Also, multiple strains could be present and therefore multiple introductions have happened. Through this study, we shed the light on the importance of reinforcing farms biosecurity as well as virological surveillance.
Keywords	Avian metapneumovirus ; biosecurity ; broiler chickens ; computer software ; genes ; glycoproteins ; monitoring ; nucleotide sequences ; phylogeny ; provenance ; swollen head syndrome ; vaccines ; viruses ; Spain ; Tunisia ; subtype B ; phylogenetic ; phylodynamic
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-1011
Size	p. 102253
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version ; Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	242586-5
ISSN	1525-3171 ; 0032-5791
ISSN (online)	1525-3171
ISSN	0032-5791
DOI	10.1016/j.psj.2022.102253
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Phylogenetic analysis and assessment of the pathogenic potential of the first H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and Lagoon water in Tunisia

Larbi, Imen / Ghedira, Kais / Arbi, Marwa / Butcher, Gary David / Rego, Natalia / Naya, Hugo / Tougorti, Halima / Lachhab, Jihene / Behi, Imen EL / Nsiri, Jihene / Ghram, Abdeljelil

Virus research. 2022 Dec., v. 322

2022

Abstract: H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been isolated from various species of wild birds and domestic poultry worldwide. It has been reported since the late 1990s, that H9N2 AIV has infected humans as reported in some Asian and North African countries. This ...

Abstract	H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been isolated from various species of wild birds and domestic poultry worldwide. It has been reported since the late 1990s, that H9N2 AIV has infected humans as reported in some Asian and North African countries. This subtype has already been circulating and constituting a serious threat to the poultry industry in Tunisia back in 2009. To investigate zoonotic potential and pathogenicity of H9N2 AIV in chickens and mice in Tunisia, five strains have been isolated during the period from 2014 to 2018. Samples were withdrawn from several wild bird species and environment (Lagoon water) of Maamoura and Korba Lagoons as well as Kuriat Island. Phylogenetic analyzes demonstrated that the isolated H9N2 strains belonged to the G1-like sublineage and were close to AIV H9N2 poultry viruses from North Africa, West Africa and the Middle East. All strains carried in their hemagglutinin the residue 226 L, which is an important marker for avian-to-human viral transmission. The hemagglutinin cleavage site has several motifs: PSKSSR/G, PARSSR/G and HARSSR/G. The neuraminidase showed S372A and R403W substitutions that have been previously detected in H3N2 and H2N2 viruses that were reported in human pandemics. Many mutations associated with mammalian infections have been detected in internal proteins. Pathogenicity evaluation in chickens showed that GF/14 replicates effectively in the lungs, tracheas, spleens, kidneys and brains and that it was transmitted among contact chickens. However, GHG/18 replicates poorly in chickens and has not an efficient transmission in contact chickens. GF/14 and GHG/18 could not kill mice though they replicated in their respiratory tract and caused a significant body weight loss (p < 0.05). This study highlights the importance of H9N2 AIV monitoring in both migratory birds and the environment to prevent virus transmission to humans.
Keywords	Influenza A virus ; avian influenza ; body weight changes ; hemagglutinins ; humans ; migratory behavior ; pathogenicity ; phylogeny ; poultry ; poultry industry ; research ; respiratory system ; sialidase ; virus transmission ; viruses ; wild birds ; zoonoses ; Middle East ; Tunisia ; Western Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-12
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	605780-9
ISSN	1872-7492 ; 0168-1702
ISSN (online)	1872-7492
ISSN	0168-1702
DOI	10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198929
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Historical origins and zoonotic potential of avian influenza virus H9N2 in Tunisia revealed by Bayesian analysis and molecular characterization.

Arbi, Marwa / Souiai, Oussema / Rego, Natalia / Larbi, Imen / Naya, Hugo / Ghram, Abdeljelil / Houimel, Mehdi

Archives of virology

2020 Volume 165, Issue 7, Page(s) 1527–1540

Abstract: During 2009-2012, several outbreaks of avian influenza virus H9N2 were reported in Tunisian poultry. The circulating strains carried in their hemagglutinins the human-like marker 226L, which is known to be important for avian-to-human viral transmission. ...

Abstract	During 2009-2012, several outbreaks of avian influenza virus H9N2 were reported in Tunisian poultry. The circulating strains carried in their hemagglutinins the human-like marker 226L, which is known to be important for avian-to-human viral transmission. To investigate the origins and zoonotic potential of the Tunisian H9N2 viruses, five new isolates were identified during 2012-2016 and their whole genomes were sequenced. Bayesian-based phylogeny showed that the HA, NA, M and NP segments belong to the G1-like lineage. The PB1, PB2, PA and NS segments appeared to have undergone multiple intersubtype reassortments and to be only distantly related to all of the Eurasian lineages (G1-like, Y280-like and Korean-like). The spatiotemporal dynamic of virus spread revealed that the H9N2 virus was transferred to Tunisia from the UAE through Asian and European pathways. As indicated by Bayesian analysis of host traits, ducks and terrestrial birds played an important role in virus transmission to Tunisia. The subtype phylodynamics showed that the history of the PB1 and PB2 segments was marked by intersubtype reassortments with H4N6, H10N4 and H2N2 subtypes. Most of these transitions between locations, hosts and subtypes were statistically supported (BF > 3) and not influenced by sampling bias. Evidence of genetic evolution was observed in the predicted amino acid sequences of the viral proteins of recent Tunisian H9N2 viruses, which were characterized by the acquisition of new mutations involved in virus adaptation to avian and mammalian hosts and amantadine resistance. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary history of Tunisian H9N2 viruses and highlights the zoonotic risk associated with their circulation in poultry, indicating the need for continuous surveillance of their molecular evolution.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/classification ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/isolation & purification ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology ; Influenza in Birds/virology ; Influenza, Human/virology ; Phylogeny ; Poultry/virology ; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology ; Poultry Diseases/virology ; Tunisia/epidemiology ; Viral Proteins/genetics ; Zoonoses/transmission ; Zoonoses/virology
Chemical Substances	Viral Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-25
Publishing country	Austria
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	7491-3
ISSN	1432-8798 ; 0304-8608
ISSN (online)	1432-8798
ISSN	0304-8608
DOI	10.1007/s00705-020-04624-4
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Phylogenetic analysis and assessment of the pathogenic potential of the first H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and Lagoon water in Tunisia.

Larbi, Imen / Ghedira, Kais / Arbi, Marwa / Butcher, Gary David / Rego, Natalia / Naya, Hugo / Tougorti, Halima / Lachhab, Jihene / Behi, Imen El / Nsiri, Jihene / Ghram, Abdeljelil

Virus research

2022 Volume 322, Page(s) 198929

Abstract	H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been isolated from various species of wild birds and domestic poultry worldwide. It has been reported since the late 1990s, that H9N2 AIV has infected humans as reported in some Asian and North African countries. This subtype has already been circulating and constituting a serious threat to the poultry industry in Tunisia back in 2009. To investigate zoonotic potential and pathogenicity of H9N2 AIV in chickens and mice in Tunisia, five strains have been isolated during the period from 2014 to 2018. Samples were withdrawn from several wild bird species and environment (Lagoon water) of Maamoura and Korba Lagoons as well as Kuriat Island. Phylogenetic analyzes demonstrated that the isolated H9N2 strains belonged to the G1-like sublineage and were close to AIV H9N2 poultry viruses from North Africa, West Africa and the Middle East. All strains carried in their hemagglutinin the residue 226 L, which is an important marker for avian-to-human viral transmission. The hemagglutinin cleavage site has several motifs: PSKSSR/G, PARSSR/G and HARSSR/G. The neuraminidase showed S372A and R403W substitutions that have been previously detected in H3N2 and H2N2 viruses that were reported in human pandemics. Many mutations associated with mammalian infections have been detected in internal proteins. Pathogenicity evaluation in chickens showed that GF/14 replicates effectively in the lungs, tracheas, spleens, kidneys and brains and that it was transmitted among contact chickens. However, GHG/18 replicates poorly in chickens and has not an efficient transmission in contact chickens. GF/14 and GHG/18 could not kill mice though they replicated in their respiratory tract and caused a significant body weight loss (p < 0.05). This study highlights the importance of H9N2 AIV monitoring in both migratory birds and the environment to prevent virus transmission to humans.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza in Birds ; Phylogeny ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; Tunisia ; Hemagglutinins ; Water ; Chickens ; Animals, Wild ; Poultry ; Poultry Diseases ; Mammals
Chemical Substances	Hemagglutinins ; Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-17
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605780-9
ISSN	1872-7492 ; 0168-1702
ISSN (online)	1872-7492
ISSN	0168-1702
DOI	10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198929
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