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Article: Exposure to environmental phthalates during preschool age and obesity from childhood to young adulthood

Zettergren, Anna / Andersson, Niklas / Larsson, Kristin / Kull, Inger / Melén, Erik / Georgelis, Antonios / Berglund, Marika / Lindh, Christian / Bergström, Anna

Environmental research. 2021 Jan., v. 192

2021

Abstract: Obesity rates are increasing globally, and recent theories suggest that phthalates may contribute to obesity development. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate associations between environmental phthalate exposure during childhood and obesity, ... ...

Abstract	Obesity rates are increasing globally, and recent theories suggest that phthalates may contribute to obesity development. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate associations between environmental phthalate exposure during childhood and obesity, utilizing data from 100 participants from a Swedish birth cohort. The participants were followed repeatedly from birth and provided spot urine samples at 4 years. Weight and height were measured at ages 4, 8, 16 and 24 years, as well as additional anthropometric indices at 24 years. Urine samples were analysed for 10 phthalate metabolites using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Generalized estimating equation models were performed to assess overall and age-specific associations between urinary phthalate concentrations and BMI groups; thin/normal weight vs overweight/obese. After adjustment for potential confounders, overall associations were observed for diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) metabolites mono(oxo-isononyl) phthalate (MOiNP) (OR per increase ng/ml: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.33), mono(carboxy-isooctyl) phthalate (MCiOP) (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.11) and ∑DiNP (OR: 1.02; 95% CI:1.00, 1.04) and development of overweight/obesity up to age 24 years. Age-specific associations were observed for the same metabolites at 8, 16 and 24 years. Furthermore, linear regression analysis revealed associations between increased body fat % at age 24 years and MHiNP (β: 2.42; 95% CI: 0.44, 4.39), MOiNP (β: 2.32; 95% CI: 0.46, 4.18), MCiOP (β: 2.65; 95% CI: 0.41, 4.89) and ∑DiNP (β: 2.65; 95% CI: 0.52, 4.77). These findings suggest that DiNP exposure during preschool age may be associated with subsequent obesity, however these findings need to be corroborated by further research.
Keywords	body fat ; childhood ; equations ; liquid chromatography ; longitudinal studies ; metabolites ; obesity ; phthalates ; regression analysis ; research ; tandem mass spectrometry ; urine ; young adults
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-01
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2020.110249
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Exposure to environmental phthalates during preschool age and obesity from childhood to young adulthood.

Zettergren, Anna / Andersson, Niklas / Larsson, Kristin / Kull, Inger / Melén, Erik / Georgelis, Antonios / Berglund, Marika / Lindh, Christian / Bergström, Anna

Environmental research

2020 Volume 192, Page(s) 110249

Abstract	Obesity rates are increasing globally, and recent theories suggest that phthalates may contribute to obesity development. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate associations between environmental phthalate exposure during childhood and obesity, utilizing data from 100 participants from a Swedish birth cohort. The participants were followed repeatedly from birth and provided spot urine samples at 4 years. Weight and height were measured at ages 4, 8, 16 and 24 years, as well as additional anthropometric indices at 24 years. Urine samples were analysed for 10 phthalate metabolites using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Generalized estimating equation models were performed to assess overall and age-specific associations between urinary phthalate concentrations and BMI groups; thin/normal weight vs overweight/obese. After adjustment for potential confounders, overall associations were observed for diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) metabolites mono(oxo-isononyl) phthalate (MOiNP) (OR per increase ng/ml: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.33), mono(carboxy-isooctyl) phthalate (MCiOP) (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.11) and ∑DiNP (OR: 1.02; 95% CI:1.00, 1.04) and development of overweight/obesity up to age 24 years. Age-specific associations were observed for the same metabolites at 8, 16 and 24 years. Furthermore, linear regression analysis revealed associations between increased body fat % at age 24 years and MHiNP (β: 2.42; 95% CI: 0.44, 4.39), MOiNP (β: 2.32; 95% CI: 0.46, 4.18), MCiOP (β: 2.65; 95% CI: 0.41, 4.89) and ∑DiNP (β: 2.65; 95% CI: 0.52, 4.77). These findings suggest that DiNP exposure during preschool age may be associated with subsequent obesity, however these findings need to be corroborated by further research.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Body Weight ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Pollutants/analysis ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Obesity/chemically induced ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Phthalic Acids/toxicity ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Environmental Pollutants ; Phthalic Acids ; phthalic acid (6O7F7IX66E)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-24
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2020.110249
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Article ; Online: Brominated Flame Retardants and Organophosphate Esters in Preschool Dust and Children's Hand Wipes.

Larsson, Kristin / de Wit, Cynthia A / Sellström, Ulla / Sahlström, Leena / Lindh, Christian H / Berglund, Marika

Environmental science & technology

2018 Volume 52, Issue 8, Page(s) 4878–4888

Abstract: Children spend a considerable part of their day in preschool, where they may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in indoor dust. In this study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were analyzed in preschool dust ( n = 100) ... ...

Abstract	Children spend a considerable part of their day in preschool, where they may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in indoor dust. In this study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were analyzed in preschool dust ( n = 100) and children's hand wipe samples ( n = 100), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was analyzed in urine ( n = 113). Here we assessed children's exposure via dust, identified predictors for chemicals in dust, and studied correlations between different exposure measures. The most abundant BFRs in dust were decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) found at median levels of 270 and 110 ng/g dust, respectively. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was the most abundant OPE, found at a median level of 79 000 ng/g dust. For all OPEs and some BFRs, there were significant correlations between the levels in dust and hand wipes. In addition, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in preschool dust was significantly correlated with the corresponding metabolite DPHP in children's urine. The levels of pentaBDEs in dust were higher in older preschools compared with newer, whereas levels of DBDPE were higher in newer preschools. Children's estimated intakes of individual BFRs and OPEs via preschool dust were below available health-based reference values. However, there are uncertainties about the potential health effects of some emerging BFRs and OPEs.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dust ; Environmental Exposure ; Esters ; Flame Retardants ; Humans ; Organophosphates
Chemical Substances	Dust ; Esters ; Flame Retardants ; Organophosphates
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.8b00184
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Text mining for improved exposure assessment.

Larsson, Kristin / Baker, Simon / Silins, Ilona / Guo, Yufan / Stenius, Ulla / Korhonen, Anna / Berglund, Marika

PloS one

2017 Volume 12, Issue 3, Page(s) e0173132

Abstract: Chemical exposure assessments are based on information collected via different methods, such as biomonitoring, personal monitoring, environmental monitoring and questionnaires. The vast amount of chemical-specific exposure information available from web- ... ...

Abstract	Chemical exposure assessments are based on information collected via different methods, such as biomonitoring, personal monitoring, environmental monitoring and questionnaires. The vast amount of chemical-specific exposure information available from web-based databases, such as PubMed, is undoubtedly a great asset to the scientific community. However, manual retrieval of relevant published information is an extremely time consuming task and overviewing the data is nearly impossible. Here, we present the development of an automatic classifier for chemical exposure information. First, nearly 3700 abstracts were manually annotated by an expert in exposure sciences according to a taxonomy exclusively created for exposure information. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques were used to extract semantic and syntactic features relevant to chemical exposure text. Using these features, we trained a supervised machine learning algorithm to automatically classify PubMed abstracts according to the exposure taxonomy. The resulting classifier demonstrates good performance in the intrinsic evaluation. We also show that the classifier improves information retrieval of chemical exposure data compared to keyword-based PubMed searches. Case studies demonstrate that the classifier can be used to assist researchers by facilitating information retrieval and classification, enabling data gap recognition and overviewing available scientific literature using chemical-specific publication profiles. Finally, we identify challenges to be addressed in future development of the system.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Computational Biology ; Data Mining/methods ; Databases, Factual ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Environmental Pollution ; Humans ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; Natural Language Processing ; PubMed ; Semantics
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-03-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0173132
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Brominated Flame Retardants and Organophosphate Esters in Preschool Dust and Children’s Hand Wipes

Larsson, Kristin / Christian H. Lindh / Cynthia A. de Wit / Leena Sahlström / Marika Berglund / Ulla Sellström

Environmental science & technology. 2018 Mar. 23, v. 52, no. 8

2018

Abstract	Children spend a considerable part of their day in preschool, where they may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in indoor dust. In this study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were analyzed in preschool dust (n = 100) and children’s hand wipe samples (n = 100), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was analyzed in urine (n = 113). Here we assessed children’s exposure via dust, identified predictors for chemicals in dust, and studied correlations between different exposure measures. The most abundant BFRs in dust were decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) found at median levels of 270 and 110 ng/g dust, respectively. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was the most abundant OPE, found at a median level of 79 000 ng/g dust. For all OPEs and some BFRs, there were significant correlations between the levels in dust and hand wipes. In addition, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in preschool dust was significantly correlated with the corresponding metabolite DPHP in children’s urine. The levels of pentaBDEs in dust were higher in older preschools compared with newer, whereas levels of DBDPE were higher in newer preschools. Children’s estimated intakes of individual BFRs and OPEs via preschool dust were below available health-based reference values. However, there are uncertainties about the potential health effects of some emerging BFRs and OPEs.
Keywords	biphenyl ; children ; dust ; environmental science ; esters ; ethane ; flame retardants ; metabolites ; normal values ; organophosphorus compounds ; phosphates ; preschools ; toxic substances ; uncertainty ; urine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0323
Size	p. 4878-4888.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.8b00184
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers and bisphenols in Swedish preschool dust in relation to children's exposure.

Larsson, Kristin / Lindh, Christian H / Jönsson, Bo Ag / Giovanoulis, Georgios / Bibi, Momina / Bottai, Matteo / Bergström, Anna / Berglund, Marika

Environment international

2017 Volume 102, Page(s) 114–124

Abstract: Children are exposed to a wide range of chemicals in their everyday environments, including the preschool. In this study, we evaluated the levels of phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers and bisphenols in dust from 100 Swedish preschools and identified ... ...

Abstract	Children are exposed to a wide range of chemicals in their everyday environments, including the preschool. In this study, we evaluated the levels of phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers and bisphenols in dust from 100 Swedish preschools and identified important exposure factors in the indoor environment. In addition, children's total exposure to these chemicals was determined by urine analysis to investigate their relation with dust exposure, and to explore the time trends by comparing with children who provided urine fifteen years earlier. The most abundant plasticizers in preschool dust were the phthalates di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) with geometric mean levels of 450 and 266μg/g dust, respectively, and the non-phthalate plasticizers bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) and diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DiNCH) found at 105 and 73μg/g dust, respectively. The levels of several substitute plasticizers were higher in newer preschools, whereas the levels of the strictly regulated phthalate di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were higher in older preschools. The presence of foam mattresses and PVC flooring in the sampling room were associated with higher levels of DiNP in dust. Children's exposure from preschool dust ingestion was below established health based reference values and the estimated exposure to different phthalates and BPA via preschool dust ingestion accounted for 2-27% of the total exposure. We found significantly lower urinary levels of BPA and metabolites of strictly regulated phthalates, but higher levels of DiNP metabolites, in urine from the children in this study compared to the children who provided urine samples fifteen years earlier.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollutants/urine ; Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis ; Benzhydryl Compounds/analysis ; Benzhydryl Compounds/urine ; Child, Preschool ; Dust/analysis ; Environmental Exposure ; Humans ; Phenols/analysis ; Phenols/urine ; Phthalic Acids/analysis ; Phthalic Acids/urine ; Plasticizers/analysis ; Plasticizers/metabolism ; Schools ; Sweden ; Time Factors
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Dust ; Phenols ; Phthalic Acids ; Plasticizers ; bisphenol A (MLT3645I99)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-03-06
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.006
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers and bisphenols in Swedish preschool dust in relation to children's exposure

Larsson, Kristin / Anna BergstrÃ¶m / Bo AG JÃ¶nsson / Christian H Lindh / Georgios Giovanoulis / Marika Berglund / Matteo Bottai / Momina Bibi

Environment international. 2017 May, v. 102

2017

Abstract	Children are exposed to a wide range of chemicals in their everyday environments, including the preschool. In this study, we evaluated the levels of phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers and bisphenols in dust from 100 Swedish preschools and identified important exposure factors in the indoor environment. In addition, children's total exposure to these chemicals was determined by urine analysis to investigate their relation with dust exposure, and to explore the time trends by comparing with children who provided urine fifteen years earlier. The most abundant plasticizers in preschool dust were the phthalates di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) with geometric mean levels of 450 and 266Î¼g/g dust, respectively, and the non-phthalate plasticizers bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) and diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DiNCH) found at 105 and 73Î¼g/g dust, respectively. The levels of several substitute plasticizers were higher in newer preschools, whereas the levels of the strictly regulated phthalate di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were higher in older preschools. The presence of foam mattresses and PVC flooring in the sampling room were associated with higher levels of DiNP in dust. Children's exposure from preschool dust ingestion was below established health based reference values and the estimated exposure to different phthalates and BPA via preschool dust ingestion accounted for 2â27% of the total exposure. We found significantly lower urinary levels of BPA and metabolites of strictly regulated phthalates, but higher levels of DiNP metabolites, in urine from the children in this study compared to the children who provided urine samples fifteen years earlier.
Keywords	children ; dibutyl phthalate ; dust ; foams ; geometry ; ingestion ; metabolites ; normal values ; plasticizers ; preschools ; urinalysis ; urine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-05
Size	p. 114-124.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.006
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Exposure determinants of phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A and triclosan in Swedish mothers and their children.

Larsson, Kristin / Ljung Björklund, Karin / Palm, Brita / Wennberg, Maria / Kaj, Lennart / Lindh, Christian H / Jönsson, Bo A G / Berglund, Marika

Environment international

2014 Volume 73, Page(s) 323–333

Abstract: Chemicals such as phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS), used in a wide variety of consumer products, are suspected endocrine disrupters although their level of toxicity is thought to be low. Combined exposure may occur through ... ...

Abstract	Chemicals such as phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS), used in a wide variety of consumer products, are suspected endocrine disrupters although their level of toxicity is thought to be low. Combined exposure may occur through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure, and their toxic as well as combined effects are poorly understood. The objective of the study was to estimate the exposure to these chemicals in Swedish mothers and their children (6-11 years old) and investigate potential predictors of the exposure. Urine samples from 98 mother-child couples living in either a rural or an urban area were analyzed for the concentrations of four metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), three metabolites of di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), methylparaben (MetP), ethylparaben (EthP), propylparaben (ProP), butylparaben, benzylparaben, BPA, and TCS. Information on sociodemographics, food consumption habits and use of personal care products, obtained via a questionnaire, was used to investigate the associations between the urinary levels of chemicals and potential exposure factors. There were fairly good correlations of biomarker levels between the mothers and their children. The children had generally higher levels of phthalates (geometric mean ΣDEHP 65.5 μg/L; ΣDiNP 37.8 μg/L; MBzP 19.9 μg/L; MnBP 76.9 μg/L) than the mothers (ΣDEHP 38.4 μg/L; ΣDiNP 33.8 μg/L; MBzP 12.8 μg/L; MnBP 63.0 μg/L). Conversely, the mother's levels of parabens (MetP 37.8 μg/L; ProP 13.9 μg/L) and MEP (43.4 μg/L) were higher than the children's levels of parabens (MetP 6.8 μg/L; ProP 2.1 μg/L) and MEP (28.8 μg/L). The urinary levels of low molecular weight phthalates were higher among mothers and children in the rural area (MBzP p=<0.001; MnBP p=0.001-0.002), which is probably due to higher presence of PVC in floorings and wall coverings in this area, whereas the levels of parabens were higher among the children in the urban area (MetP p=0.003; ProP p=0.004) than in the rural area. The levels of high molecular weight phthalates were associated with consumption of certain foods (i.e. chocolate and ice cream) whereas the levels of parabens were associated with use of cosmetics and personal care products.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Benzhydryl Compounds/urine ; Biomarkers ; Child ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mothers ; Parabens/analysis ; Phenols/urine ; Phthalic Acids/urine ; Triclosan/urine
Chemical Substances	Benzhydryl Compounds ; Biomarkers ; Parabens ; Phenols ; Phthalic Acids ; Triclosan (4NM5039Y5X) ; bisphenol A (MLT3645I99)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-09-16
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.014
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Exposure determinants of phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A and triclosan in Swedish mothers and their children

Larsson, Kristin / Bo A.G. JÃ¶nsson / Brita Palm / Christian H. Lindh / Karin Ljung BjÃ¶rklund / Lennart Kaj / Maria Wennberg / Marika Berglund

Environment international. 2014 Dec., v. 73

2014

Abstract	Chemicals such as phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS), used in a wide variety of consumer products, are suspected endocrine disrupters although their level of toxicity is thought to be low. Combined exposure may occur through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure, and their toxic as well as combined effects are poorly understood.The objective of the study was to estimate the exposure to these chemicals in Swedish mothers and their children (6â11years old) and investigate potential predictors of the exposure. Urine samples from 98 motherâchild couples living in either a rural or an urban area were analyzed for the concentrations of four metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), three metabolites of di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), methylparaben (MetP), ethylparaben (EthP), propylparaben (ProP), butylparaben, benzylparaben, BPA, and TCS. Information on sociodemographics, food consumption habits and use of personal care products, obtained via a questionnaire, was used to investigate the associations between the urinary levels of chemicals and potential exposure factors.There were fairly good correlations of biomarker levels between the mothers and their children. The children had generally higher levels of phthalates (geometric mean Î£DEHP 65.5Î¼g/L; Î£DiNP 37.8Î¼g/L; MBzP 19.9Î¼g/L; MnBP 76.9Î¼g/L) than the mothers (Î£DEHP 38.4Î¼g/L; Î£DiNP 33.8Î¼g/L; MBzP 12.8Î¼g/L; MnBP 63.0Î¼g/L). Conversely, the mother's levels of parabens (MetP 37.8Î¼g/L; ProP 13.9Î¼g/L) and MEP (43.4Î¼g/L) were higher than the children's levels of parabens (MetP 6.8Î¼g/L; ProP 2.1Î¼g/L) and MEP (28.8Î¼g/L). The urinary levels of low molecular weight phthalates were higher among mothers and children in the rural area (MBzP p=<0.001; MnBP p=0.001â0.002), which is probably due to higher presence of PVC in floorings and wall coverings in this area, whereas the levels of parabens were higher among the children in the urban area (MetP p=0.003; ProP p=0.004) than in the rural area. The levels of high molecular weight phthalates were associated with consumption of certain foods (i.e. chocolate and ice cream) whereas the levels of parabens were associated with use of cosmetics and personal care products.
Keywords	biomarkers ; bisphenol A ; breathing ; children ; chocolate ; cosmetics ; dermal exposure ; eating habits ; endocrine-disrupting chemicals ; geometry ; home furnishings ; ice cream ; ingestion ; metabolites ; methylparaben ; molecular weight ; mothers ; phthalates ; questionnaires ; rural areas ; sociodemographic characteristics ; toxicity ; urban areas ; urine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-12
Size	p. 323-333.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.014
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Urinary BPA measurements in children and mothers from six European member states: Overall results and determinants of exposure.

Covaci, Adrian / Den Hond, Elly / Geens, Tinne / Govarts, Eva / Koppen, Gudrun / Frederiksen, Hanne / Knudsen, Lisbeth E / Mørck, Thit A / Gutleb, Arno C / Guignard, Cedric / Cocco, Emanuelle / Horvat, Milena / Heath, Ester / Kosjek, Tina / Mazej, Darja / Tratnik, Janja Snoj / Castaño, Argelia / Esteban, Marta / Cutanda, Francisco /

Ramos, Juan José / Berglund, Marika / Larsson, Kristin / Jönsson, Bo A G / Biot, Pierre / Casteleyn, Ludwine / Joas, Reinhard / Joas, Anke / Bloemen, Louis / Sepai, Ovnair / Exley, Karen / Schoeters, Greet / Angerer, Jürgen / Kolossa-Gehring, Marike / Fiddicke, Ulrike / Aerts, Dominique / Koch, Holger M

Environmental research

2015 Volume 141, Page(s) 77–85

Abstract: For the first time in Europe, both European-wide and country-specific levels of urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) were obtained through a harmonized protocol for participant recruitment, sampling and quality controlled biomarker analysis in the frame of the twin ...

Abstract	For the first time in Europe, both European-wide and country-specific levels of urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) were obtained through a harmonized protocol for participant recruitment, sampling and quality controlled biomarker analysis in the frame of the twin projects COPHES and DEMOCOPHES. 674 child-mother pairs were recruited through schools or population registers from six European member states (Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden). Children (5-12 y) and mothers donated a urine sample. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, life style, dietary habits, and educational level of the parents was provided by mothers. After exclusion of urine samples with creatinine values below 300 mg/L or above 3000 mg/L, 653 children and 639 mothers remained for which BPA was measured. The geometric mean (with 95% confidence intervals) and 90th percentile were calculated for BPA separately in children and in mothers and were named "European reference values". After adjustment for confounders (age and creatinine), average exposure values in each country were compared with the mean of the "European reference values" by means of a weighted analysis of variance. Overall geometric means of all countries (95% CI) adjusted for urinary creatinine, age and gender were 2.04 (1.87-2.24) µg/L and 1.88 (1.71-2.07) µg/L for children (n=653) and mothers (n=639), respectively. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify significant environmental, geographical, personal or life style related determinants. Consumption of canned food and social class (represented by the highest educational level of the family) were the most important predictors for the urinary levels of BPA in mothers and children. The individual BPA levels in children were significantly correlated with the levels in their mothers (r=0.265, p<0.001), which may suggest a possible common environmental/dietary factor that influences the biomarker level in each pair. Exposure of the general European population was well below the current health-based guidance values and no participant had BPA values higher than the health-based guidance values.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Age Factors ; Benzhydryl Compounds/urine ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Environmental Exposure/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Environmental Pollutants/urine ; Europe ; Female ; Food Preferences ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phenols/urine ; Population Density ; Rural Population ; Sex Factors ; Smoking ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population
Chemical Substances	Benzhydryl Compounds ; Environmental Pollutants ; Phenols ; bisphenol A (MLT3645I99)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.008
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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