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Article ; Online: Changes in the locus coeruleus during the course of Alzheimer's disease and their relationship to cortical pathology.

Beardmore, Rebecca / Durkin, Matthew / Zayee-Mellick, Faizan / Lau, Laurie C / Nicoll, James A R / Holmes, Clive / Boche, Delphine

Neuropathology and applied neurobiology

2024 Volume 50, Issue 1, Page(s) e12965

Abstract: Aims: In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the locus coeruleus (LC) undergoes early and extensive neuronal loss, preceded by abnormal intracellular tau aggregation, decades before the onset of clinical disease. Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI has been proposed as a ... ...

Abstract	Aims: In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the locus coeruleus (LC) undergoes early and extensive neuronal loss, preceded by abnormal intracellular tau aggregation, decades before the onset of clinical disease. Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI has been proposed as a method to image these changes during life. Surprisingly, human post-mortem studies have not examined how changes in LC during the course of the disease relate to cerebral pathology following the loss of the LC projection to the cortex. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to examine markers for 4G8 (pan-Aβ) and AT8 (ptau), LC integrity (neuromelanin, dopamine β-hydroxylase [DβH], tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]) and microglia (Iba1, CD68, HLA-DR) in the LC and related temporal lobe pathology of 59 post-mortem brains grouped by disease severity determined by Braak stage (0-II, III-IV and V-VI). The inflammatory environment was assessed using multiplex assays. Results: Changes in the LC with increasing Braak stage included increased neuronal loss (p < 0.001) and microglial Iba1 (p = 0.005) together with a reduction in neuromelanin (p < 0.001), DβH (p = 0.002) and TH (p = 0.041). Interestingly in LC, increased ptau and loss of neuromelanin were detected from Braak stage III-IV (p = 0.001). At Braak stage V/VI, the inflammatory environment was different in the LC vs TL, highlighting the anatomical heterogeneity of the inflammatory response. Conclusions: Here, we report the first quantification of neuromelanin during the course of AD and its relationship to AD pathology and neuroinflammation in the TL. Our findings of neuromelanin loss early in AD and before the neuroinflammatory reaction support the use of neuromelanin-MRI as a sensitive technique to identify early changes in AD.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Locus Coeruleus/metabolism ; tau Proteins/metabolism ; Brain/pathology ; Autopsy
Chemical Substances	tau Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80371-6
ISSN	1365-2990 ; 0305-1846
ISSN (online)	1365-2990
ISSN	0305-1846
DOI	10.1111/nan.12965
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Zs.A 1241: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The mitochondrial protein TSPO in Alzheimer's disease: relation to the severity of AD pathology and the neuroinflammatory environment.

Garland, Emma F / Dennett, Oliver / Lau, Laurie C / Chatelet, David S / Bottlaender, Michel / Nicoll, James A R / Boche, Delphine

Journal of neuroinflammation

2023 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 186

Abstract: The 18kD translocator protein (TSPO) is used as a positron emission tomography (PET) target to quantify neuroinflammation in patients. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the cerebellum is the pseudo-reference region for comparison with the cerebral cortex due ... ...

Abstract	The 18kD translocator protein (TSPO) is used as a positron emission tomography (PET) target to quantify neuroinflammation in patients. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the cerebellum is the pseudo-reference region for comparison with the cerebral cortex due to the absence of AD pathology and lower levels of TSPO. However, using the cerebellum as a pseudo-reference region is debated, with other brain regions suggested as more suitable. This paper aimed to establish the neuroinflammatory differences between the temporal cortex and cerebellar cortex, including TSPO expression. Using 60 human post-mortem samples encompassing the spectrum of Braak stages (I-VI), immunostaining for pan-Aβ, hyperphosphorylated (p)Tau, TSPO and microglial proteins Iba1, HLA-DR and MSR-A was performed in the temporal cortex and cerebellum. In the cerebellum, Aβ but not pTau, increased over the course of the disease, in contrast to the temporal cortex, where both proteins were significantly increased. TSPO increased in the temporal cortex, more than twofold in the later stages of AD compared to the early stages, but not in the cerebellum. Conversely, Iba1 increased in the cerebellum, but not in the temporal cortex. TSPO was associated with pTau in the temporal cortex, suggesting that TSPO positive microglia may be reacting to pTau itself and/or neurodegeneration at later stages of AD. Furthermore, the neuroinflammatory microenvironment was examined, using MesoScale Discovery assays, and IL15 only was significantly increased in the temporal cortex. Together this data suggests that the cerebellum maintains a more homeostatic environment compared to the temporal cortex, with a consistent TSPO expression, supporting its use as a pseudo-reference region for quantification in TSPO PET scans.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Brain/metabolism ; Microglia/metabolism ; Positron-Emission Tomography/methods ; Receptors, GABA/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Mitochondrial Proteins ; Receptors, GABA ; TSPO protein, human
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2156455-3
ISSN	1742-2094 ; 1742-2094
ISSN (online)	1742-2094
ISSN	1742-2094
DOI	10.1186/s12974-023-02869-9
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Article ; Online: Hair cortisol concentration in anxiety disorders: exploration of relationships with symptom severity and inflammatory markers.

Elnazer, Hesham Y / Lau, Laurie C K / Amaro, Hugo / Baldwin, David S

Acta neuropsychiatrica

2020 Volume 33, Issue 2, Page(s) 104–110

Abstract: Background: Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) can be used to periodically assess hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, and appears correlated with prolonged exposure to stress.: Methods: Serial assessment (at Baseline, Week 6 and Week ... ...

Abstract	Background: Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) can be used to periodically assess hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, and appears correlated with prolonged exposure to stress. Methods: Serial assessment (at Baseline, Week 6 and Week 12) of participants (n = 35) with anxiety disorders by psychopathological rating scales, with assays of HCC and levels of peripheral anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Patients underwent antidepressant treatment for an initial 6 weeks, followed by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (celecoxib) augmentation or 'treatment as usual' for a further 6 weeks. Results: At Baseline (n = 35), HCC was elevated in patients with single-episode but not recurrent-episode anxiety disorders, mean IL-12p70 levels were low, and mean TNF-α levels were elevated. Following 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment (n = 33), mean HCC was within the normal range but mean IL-2 level was low. Celecoxib augmentation (n = 18) was associated with a reduction in anxiety symptoms and normalisation of mean IL-2 levels. Limitations: Small sample size. Not all participants were assessed at all time points. Conclusion: Serial assessment of HCC is practicable in patients with anxiety disorders. These preliminary findings warrant further investigation in larger samples.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Antidepressive Agents/adverse effects ; Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use ; Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy ; Anxiety Disorders/metabolism ; Anxiety Disorders/psychology ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/adverse effects ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Cytokines/blood ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Hair/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/analysis ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiology ; Inflammation/metabolism ; Interleukin-12/analysis ; Interleukin-2/analysis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects ; Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiology ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Severity of Illness Index ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Antidepressive Agents ; Biomarkers ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; Cytokines ; Interleukin-2 ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Interleukin-12 (187348-17-0) ; Hydrocortisone (WI4X0X7BPJ)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1154361-9
ISSN	1601-5215 ; 0924-2708
ISSN (online)	1601-5215
ISSN	0924-2708
DOI	10.1017/neu.2020.35
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Zs.A 3708: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Glial reactivity and T cell infiltration in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathology.

Hartnell, Iain J / Woodhouse, Declan / Jasper, William / Mason, Luke / Marwaha, Pavan / Graffeuil, Manon / Lau, Laurie C / Norman, Jeanette L / Chatelet, David S / Buee, Luc / Nicoll, James A R / Blum, David / Dorothee, Guillaume / Boche, Delphine

Brain : a journal of neurology

2023 Volume 147, Issue 2, Page(s) 590–606

Abstract: Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau (FTLD-tau) is a group of tauopathies that underlie ∼50% of FTLD cases. Identification of genetic risk variants related to innate/adaptive immunity have highlighted a role for neuroinflammation and neuroimmune ... ...

Abstract	Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau (FTLD-tau) is a group of tauopathies that underlie ∼50% of FTLD cases. Identification of genetic risk variants related to innate/adaptive immunity have highlighted a role for neuroinflammation and neuroimmune interactions in FTLD. Studies have shown microglial and astrocyte activation together with T cell infiltration in the brain of THY-Tau22 tauopathy mice. However, this remains to be confirmed in FTLD-tau patients. We conducted a detailed post-mortem study of FTLD-tau cases including 45 progressive supranuclear palsy with clinical frontotemporal dementia, 33 Pick's disease, 12 FTLD-MAPT and 52 control brains to characterize the link between phosphorylated tau (pTau) epitopes and the innate and adaptive immunity. Tau pathology was assessed in the cerebral cortex using antibodies directed against: Tau-2 (phosphorylated and unphosphorylated tau), AT8 (pSer202/pThr205), AT100 (pThr212/pSer214), CP13 (pSer202), PHF1 (pSer396/pSer404), pThr181 and pSer356. The immunophenotypes of microglia and astrocytes were assessed with phenotypic markers (Iba1, CD68, HLA-DR, CD64, CD32a, CD16 for microglia and GFAP, EAAT2, glutamine synthetase and ALDH1L1 for astrocytes). The adaptive immune response was explored via CD4+ and CD8+ T cell quantification and the neuroinflammatory environment was investigated via the expression of 30 inflammatory-related proteins using V-Plex Meso Scale Discovery. As expected, all pTau markers were increased in FTLD-tau cases compared to controls. pSer356 expression was greatest in FTLD-MAPT cases versus controls (P < 0.0001), whereas the expression of other markers was highest in Pick's disease. Progressive supranuclear palsy with frontotemporal dementia consistently had a lower pTau protein load compared to Pick's disease across tau epitopes. The only microglial marker increased in FTLD-tau was CD16 (P = 0.0292) and specifically in FTLD-MAPT cases (P = 0.0150). However, several associations were detected between pTau epitopes and microglia, supporting an interplay between them. GFAP expression was increased in FTLD-tau (P = 0.0345) with the highest expression in Pick's disease (P = 0.0019), while ALDH1L1 was unchanged. Markers of astrocyte glutamate cycling function were reduced in FTLD-tau (P = 0.0075; Pick's disease: P < 0.0400) implying astrocyte reactivity associated with a decreased glutamate cycling activity, which was further associated with pTau expression. Of the inflammatory proteins assessed in the brain, five chemokines were upregulated in Pick's disease cases (P < 0.0400), consistent with the recruitment of CD4+ (P = 0.0109) and CD8+ (P = 0.0014) T cells. Of note, the CD8+ T cell infiltration was associated with pTau epitopes and microglial and astrocytic markers. Our results highlight that FTLD-tau is associated with astrocyte reactivity, remarkably little activation of microglia, but involvement of adaptive immunity in the form of chemokine-driven recruitment of T lymphocytes.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Epitopes ; Frontotemporal Dementia/pathology ; Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration/pathology ; Glutamates ; Pick Disease of the Brain/pathology ; Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive/pathology ; tau Proteins/metabolism ; Tauopathies/pathology
Chemical Substances	Epitopes ; Glutamates ; tau Proteins ; MAPT protein, human
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	80072-7
ISSN	1460-2156 ; 0006-8950
ISSN (online)	1460-2156
ISSN	0006-8950
DOI	10.1093/brain/awad309
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Article ; Online: Microglial motility in Alzheimer's disease and after Aβ42 immunotherapy: a human post-mortem study.

Franco-Bocanegra, Diana K / George, Bethany / Lau, Laurie C / Holmes, Clive / Nicoll, James A R / Boche, Delphine

Acta neuropathologica communications

2019 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 174

Abstract: Microglial function is highly dependent on cell motility, with baseline motility required for homeostatic surveillance activity and directed motility to migrate towards a source of injury. Experimental evidence suggests impaired microglial motility in ... ...

Abstract	Microglial function is highly dependent on cell motility, with baseline motility required for homeostatic surveillance activity and directed motility to migrate towards a source of injury. Experimental evidence suggests impaired microglial motility in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and therefore we have investigated whether the expression of proteins associated with motility is altered in AD and affected by the Aβ immunotherapy using post-mortem brain tissue of 32 controls, 44 AD cases, and 16 AD cases from our unique group of patients immunised against Aβ42 (iAD).Sections of brain were immunolabelled and quantified for (i) the motility-related microglial proteins Iba1, cofilin 1 (CFL1), coronin-1a (CORO1A) and P2RY12, and (ii) pan-Aβ, Aβ42 and phosphorylated tau (ptau). The neuroinflammatory environment was characterised using Meso Scale Discovery multiplex assays. The expression of all four motility-related proteins was unmodified in AD compared with controls, whereas Iba1 and P2RY12, the homeostatic markers, were increased in the iAD group compared with AD. Iba1 and P2RY12 showed significant positive correlations with Aβ in controls but not in the AD or iAD groups. Pro- and anti-inflammatory proteins were increased in AD, whereas immunotherapy appears to result in a slightly less pro-inflammatory environment.Our findings suggest that as Aβ appears during the ageing process, the homeostatic Iba1 and P2RY12 -positive microglia respond to Aβ, but this response is absent in AD. Aβ-immunisation promoted increased Iba1 and P2RY12 expression, likely reflecting increased baseline microglial motility but without restoring the profile observed in controls.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/immunology ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/analysis ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/immunology ; Autopsy/trends ; Brain/immunology ; Brain/metabolism ; Brain/pathology ; Cell Movement/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/trends ; Male ; Microglia/immunology ; Microglia/metabolism ; Microglia/pathology ; Peptide Fragments/analysis ; Peptide Fragments/immunology
Chemical Substances	Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Peptide Fragments ; amyloid beta-protein (1-42)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2715589-4
ISSN	2051-5960 ; 2051-5960
ISSN (online)	2051-5960
ISSN	2051-5960
DOI	10.1186/s40478-019-0828-x
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Article ; Online: Staphylococcus aureus internalisation enhances bacterial survival through modulation of host immune responses and mast cell activation.

Biggs, Timothy C / Abadalkareem, Rana S / Hayes, Stephen M / Holding, Rebecca E / Lau, Laurie C / Harries, Philip G / Allan, Raymond N / Pender, Sylvia L F / Walls, Andrew F / Salib, Rami J

Allergy

2020 Volume 76, Issue 6, Page(s) 1893–1896

MeSH term(s)	Antigen Presentation ; Humans ; Mast Cells ; Staphylococcal Infections ; Staphylococcus aureus
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-22
Publishing country	Denmark
Document type	Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	391933-x
ISSN	1398-9995 ; 0105-4538
ISSN (online)	1398-9995
ISSN	0105-4538
DOI	10.1111/all.14701
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Uh III Zs.150: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 2021: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MO 125: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Small RNA Species and microRNA Profiles are Altered in Severe Asthma Nanovesicles from Broncho Alveolar Lavage and Associate with Impaired Lung Function and Inflammation.

Francisco-Garcia, Ana S / Garrido-Martín, Eva M / Rupani, Hitasha / Lau, Laurie C K / Martinez-Nunez, Rocio T / Howarth, Peter H / Sanchez-Elsner, Tilman

Non-coding RNA

2019 Volume 5, Issue 4

Abstract: MicroRNAs are known to regulate important pathways in asthma pathology including the IL-6 and IFN pathways. MicroRNAs have been found not only within cells but also within extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. In this study, we particularly focused on ...

Abstract	MicroRNAs are known to regulate important pathways in asthma pathology including the IL-6 and IFN pathways. MicroRNAs have been found not only within cells but also within extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. In this study, we particularly focused on microRNA cargo of nanovesicles in bronchoalveolar lavage of severe asthmatic patients. We extracted nanovesicle RNA using a serial filtration method. RNA content was analyzed with small RNA sequencing and mapped to pathways affected using WebGestalt 2017 Software. We report that severe asthma patients have deficient loading of microRNAs into their airway luminal nanovesicles and an altered profile of small RNA nanovesicle content (i.e., ribosomal RNA and broken transcripts, etc.). This decrease in microRNA cargo is predicted to increase the expression of genes by promoting inflammation and remodeling. Consistently, a network of microRNAs was associated with decreased FEV
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2813993-8
ISSN	2311-553X ; 2311-553X
ISSN (online)	2311-553X
ISSN	2311-553X
DOI	10.3390/ncrna5040051
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Article ; Online: Reactive Species Interactome Alterations in Oocyte Donation Pregnancies in the Absence and Presence of Pre-Eclampsia.

Bos, Manon / Schoots, Mirthe H / Fernandez, Bernadette O / Mikus-Lelinska, Monika / Lau, Laurie C / Eikmans, Michael / van Goor, Harry / Gordijn, Sanne J / Pasch, Andreas / Feelisch, Martin / van der Hoorn, Marie-Louise P

International journal of molecular sciences

2019 Volume 20, Issue 5

Abstract: In pregnancy, maternal physiology is subject to considerable adaptations, including alterations in cardiovascular and metabolic function as well as development of immunological tolerance towards the fetus. In an oocyte donation pregnancy, the fetus is ... ...

Abstract	In pregnancy, maternal physiology is subject to considerable adaptations, including alterations in cardiovascular and metabolic function as well as development of immunological tolerance towards the fetus. In an oocyte donation pregnancy, the fetus is fully allogeneic towards the mother, since it carries both oocyte donor antigens and paternal antigens. Therefore, oocyte donation pregnancies result in an immunologically challenging pregnancy, which is reflected by a higher-than-normal risk to develop pre-eclampsia. Based on the allogeneic conditions in oocyte donation pregnancies, we hypothesized that this situation may translate into alterations in concentration of stable readouts of constituents of the reactive species interactome (RSI) compared to normal pregnancies, especially serum free thiols, nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) related metabolites. Indeed, total free thiol levels and nitrite (NO₂
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Humans ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; Maternal Age ; Middle Aged ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Oocyte Donation/adverse effects ; Pre-Eclampsia/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Retrospective Studies ; Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolism ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Sulfhydryl Compounds ; Nitric Oxide (31C4KY9ESH) ; Hydrogen Sulfide (YY9FVM7NSN)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-06
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study
ZDB-ID	2019364-6
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
ISSN (online)	1422-0067
ISSN	1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
DOI	10.3390/ijms20051150
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Article ; Online: Response.

Mackay, Rose-Marie A / Grainge, Christopher L / Lau, Laurie C / Barber, Clair / Clark, Howard W / Howarth, Peter H

Chest

2016 Volume 150, Issue 2, Page(s) 474

Language	English
Publishing date	2016-08-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1032552-9
ISSN	1931-3543 ; 0012-3692
ISSN (online)	1931-3543
ISSN	0012-3692
DOI	10.1016/j.chest.2016.05.033
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Zs.MO 349: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Airway Surfactant Protein D Deficiency in Adults With Severe Asthma.

Mackay, Rose-Marie A / Grainge, Christopher L / Lau, Laurie C / Barber, Clair / Clark, Howard W / Howarth, Peter H

Chest

2016 Volume 149, Issue 5, Page(s) 1165–1172

Abstract: Background: Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an essential component of the innate immune defense against pathogens within the airways. SP-D also regulates allergic inflammation and promotes the removal of apoptotic cells. SP-D dysregulation is evident in ... ...

Abstract	Background: Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an essential component of the innate immune defense against pathogens within the airways. SP-D also regulates allergic inflammation and promotes the removal of apoptotic cells. SP-D dysregulation is evident in several pulmonary diseases. Our aim was to investigate whether airway and serum levels of SP-D are altered in treatment-resistant severe asthma. Methods: SP-D concentrations were measured in matched serum and BAL samples collected from 10 healthy control subjects (HC) and 50 patients with asthma (22 with mild asthma [MA] and 28 with severe asthma [SA]). These samples were also evaluated by using Western blot analysis to investigate variations in SP-D size. Results: SP-D levels in BAL samples were significantly lower in SA compared with HC and MA (P < .001) and inversely correlated with BAL eosinophil cationic protein concentrations in SA (P < .01). Serum SP-D was significantly increased in SA compared with HC and MA (P < .001), and BAL/serum ratios were significantly lower in SA compared with HC and MA (P < .001). Reduced SP-D levels in BAL samples, with concomitant increases in serum in SA, were associated with degraded fragments of SP-D in the serum and increased BAL neutrophil counts and lipopolysaccharide levels. Conclusions: These findings suggest defective innate immunity within the airways in SA, as reflected by low BAL SP-D concentrations and altered bacterial presence with airway neutrophilia. Furthermore, BAL SP-D leakage into the serum in patients with SA may provide a peripheral blood biomarker, reflecting increased epithelial damage and/or epithelial permeability within the peripheral airways.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asthma/immunology ; Asthma/metabolism ; Blotting, Western ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry ; Case-Control Studies ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Eosinophil Cationic Protein/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocyte Elastase/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neutrophils ; Peroxidase/metabolism ; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D/immunology ; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D/metabolism ; Severity of Illness Index ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Lipopolysaccharides ; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D ; Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) ; Eosinophil Cationic Protein (EC 3.1.27.-) ; RNASE3 protein, human (EC 3.1.27.-) ; Leukocyte Elastase (EC 3.4.21.37)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1032552-9
ISSN	1931-3543 ; 0012-3692
ISSN (online)	1931-3543
ISSN	0012-3692
DOI	10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.012
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