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Article ; Online: Revised Taxonomy of Rhabdoviruses Infecting Fish and Marine Mammals

Peter J. Walker / Laurent Bigarré / Gael Kurath / Laurent Dacheux / Laurane Pallandre

Animals, Vol 12, Iss 1363, p

2022 Volume 1363

Abstract: The Rhabdoviridae is a large family of negative-sense (-) RNA viruses that includes important pathogens of ray-finned fish and marine mammals. As for all viruses, the taxonomic assignment of rhabdoviruses occurs through a process implemented by the ... ...

Abstract	The Rhabdoviridae is a large family of negative-sense (-) RNA viruses that includes important pathogens of ray-finned fish and marine mammals. As for all viruses, the taxonomic assignment of rhabdoviruses occurs through a process implemented by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). A recent revision of taxonomy conducted in conjunction with the ICTV Rhabdoviridae Study Group has resulted in the establishment of three new subfamilies ( Alpharhabdovirinae , Betarhabdovirinae , and Gammarhabdovirinae ) within the Rhabdoviridae , as well as three new genera ( Cetarhavirus , Siniperhavirus , and Scophrhavirus ) and seven new species for viruses infecting fish or marine mammals. All rhabdovirus species have also now been named or renamed to comply with the binomial format adopted by the ICTV in 2021, comprising the genus name followed by a species epithet. Phylogenetic analyses of L protein (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) sequences of (-) RNA viruses indicate that members of the genus Novirhabdovirus (subfamily Gammarhabdovirinae ) do not cluster within the Rhabdoviridae , suggesting the need for a review of their current classification.
Keywords	(-) RNA virus ; fish rhabdovirus ; taxonomy ; phylogeny ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A New Lineage of Perch Rhabdovirus Associated with Mortalities of Farmed Perch

Laurane Pallandre / Armand Lautraite / Claudette Feuvrier / Françoise Pozet / Laurent Dacheux / Laurent Bigarré

Pathogens, Vol 10, Iss 1256, p

2021 Volume 1256

Abstract: A perhabdovirus was isolated from a mortality episode affecting a fish farm in 2019 in Western Europe. This virus was produced in cell culture and was readily detected by a species-specific real-time PCR assay. The near-complete sequence of the virus ... ...

Abstract	A perhabdovirus was isolated from a mortality episode affecting a fish farm in 2019 in Western Europe. This virus was produced in cell culture and was readily detected by a species-specific real-time PCR assay. The near-complete sequence of the virus obtained showed some relatedness with viruses of the species Perhabdovirus perca . However, it was distinct enough from these viruses to form a separate genetic lineage. Multiple substitutions along the genome caused non-detection using a range of conventional PCRs previously shown to target four known genogroups of perhabdoviruses. However, various generic PCRs efficiently detected the isolated virus. The origin of this virus remains to be elucidated. It may have been introduced into the farm via wild genitors. This finding provides new evidence of the high genetic diversity of percid perhabdoviruses and the potential of new genotypes to emerge as threats for fish farming. Efforts to improve the existing diagnostic methods and control this large group of viruses are still needed.
Keywords	Rhabdoviridae ; Perhabdovirus ; fish ; percid ; outbreak ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Enabling animal rabies diagnostic in low-access areas

Felana Suzah Rasolonjatovo / Hélène Guis / Malavika Rajeev / Laurent Dacheux / Lalaina Arivony Nomenjanahary / Girard Razafitrimo / Jean Théophile Rafisandrantantsoa / Catherine Cêtre-Sossah / Jean-Michel Heraud / Soa Fy Andriamandimby

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 14, Iss 3, p e

Sensitivity and specificity of a molecular diagnostic test from cerebral tissue dried on filter paper.

2020 Volume 0008116

Abstract: Rabies is a lethal zoonotic encephalomyelitis that causes an estimated 59,000 human deaths yearly worldwide. Although developing countries of Asia and Africa bear the heaviest burden, surveillance and disease detection in these countries is often ... ...

Abstract	Rabies is a lethal zoonotic encephalomyelitis that causes an estimated 59,000 human deaths yearly worldwide. Although developing countries of Asia and Africa bear the heaviest burden, surveillance and disease detection in these countries is often hampered by the absence of local laboratories able to diagnose rabies and/or the difficulties of sample shipment from low-access areas to national reference laboratories. Filter papers offer a convenient cost-effective alternative for the sampling, shipment, and storage of biological materials for the diagnosis of many pathogens including rabies virus, yet the properties of diagnostic tests using this support have not been evaluated thoroughly. Sensitivity and specificity of molecular diagnosis of rabies infection using a reverse transcription followed by a hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-hn-PCR) either directly on brain tissue or using brain tissue dried on filter paper were assessed on 113 suspected field animal samples in comparison to the direct fluorescent antibody test (FAT) recommended by the World Health Organization as one of the reference tests for rabies diagnosis. Impact of the duration of the storage was also evaluated. The sensitivity and the specificity of RT-hn-PCR i) on brain tissue were 96.6% (95% CI: [88.1-99.6]) and 92.7% (95% CI: [82.4-98.0]) respectively and ii) on brain tissue dried on filter paper 100% (95% CI: [93.8-100.0]) and 90.9% (95% CI: [80.0-97.0]) respectively. No loss of sensitivity of RT-hn-PCR on samples of brain tissue dried on filter paper left 7 days at ambient temperature was detected indicating that this method would enable analyzing impregnated filter papers sent to the national reference laboratory at ambient temperature within a 1-week shipment time. It could therefore be an effective alternative to facilitate storage and shipment of samples from low-access areas to enhance and expand rabies surveillance.
Keywords	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Systematic Booster after Rabies Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis to Alleviate Rabies Antibody Monitoring in Individuals at Risk of Occupational Exposure

Perrine Parize / Jérémie Sommé / Laura Schaeffer / Florence Ribadeau-Dumas / Sheherazade Benabdelkader / Agnès Durand / Arnaud Tarantola / Johann Cailhol / Julia Goesch / Lauriane Kergoat / Anne-Sophie Le Guern / Marie-Laurence Mousel / Laurent Dacheux / Paul-Henri Consigny / Arnaud Fontanet / Beata Francuz / Hervé Bourhy

Vaccines, Vol 9, Iss 309, p

2021 Volume 309

Abstract: Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended for people at frequent or increased risk of professional exposure to lyssavirus (including rabies virus). PrEP provides protection against unrecognized exposure. After the primary vaccination, one’s ... ...

Abstract	Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended for people at frequent or increased risk of professional exposure to lyssavirus (including rabies virus). PrEP provides protection against unrecognized exposure. After the primary vaccination, one’s immune response against rabies may decline over time. We aimed to evaluate the immune response to rabies in individuals immunized for occupational reasons before and after a booster dose of the rabies vaccine. With this aim, we retrospectively documented factors associated with an inadequate response in individuals vaccinated for occupational purposes. Our findings analyzed data from 498 vaccinated individuals and found that 17.2% of participants had an inadequate antibody titration documented after their primary vaccination without the booster, while inadequate response after an additional booster of the vaccine was evidenced in 0.5% of tested participants. This study showed that a single booster dose of vaccine after PrEP conferred a high and long-term immune response in nearly all individuals except for rare, low responders. A systematic rabies booster after primary vaccination may result in alleviating the monitoring strategy of post-PrEP antibody titers among exposed professionals.
Keywords	rabies ; pre-exposure prophylaxis ; humoral immunity ; booster immunization ; occupational health ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Comparison of intra- and inter-host genetic diversity in rabies virus during experimental cross-species transmission.

Emilie M Bonnaud / Cécile Troupin / Laurent Dacheux / Edward C Holmes / Elodie Monchatre-Leroy / Marion Tanguy / Christiane Bouchier / Florence Cliquet / Jacques Barrat / Hervé Bourhy

PLoS Pathogens, Vol 15, Iss 6, p e

2019 Volume 1007799

Abstract: The development of high-throughput genome sequencing enables accurate measurements of levels of sub-consensus intra-host virus genetic diversity and analysis of the role played by natural selection during cross-species transmission. We analysed the ... ...

Abstract	The development of high-throughput genome sequencing enables accurate measurements of levels of sub-consensus intra-host virus genetic diversity and analysis of the role played by natural selection during cross-species transmission. We analysed the natural and experimental evolution of rabies virus (RABV), an important example of a virus that is able to make multiple host jumps. In particular, we (i) analyzed RABV evolution during experimental host switching with the goal of identifying possible genetic markers of host adaptation, (ii) compared the mutational changes observed during passage with those observed in natura, and (iii) determined whether the colonization of new hosts or tissues requires adaptive evolution in the virus. To address these aims, animal infection models (dog and fox) and primary cell culture models (embryo brain cells of dog and fox) were developed and viral variation was studied in detail through deep genome sequencing. Our analysis revealed a strong unidirectional host evolutionary effect, as dog-adapted rabies virus was able to replicate in fox and fox cells relatively easily, while dogs or neuronal dog cells were not easily susceptible to fox adapted-RABV. This suggests that dog RABV may be able to adapt to some hosts more easily than other host variants, or that when RABV switched from dogs to red foxes it lost its ability to adapt easily to other species. Although no difference in patterns of mutation variation between different host organs was observed, mutations were common following both in vitro and in vivo passage. However, only a small number of these mutations also appeared in natura, suggesting that adaptation during successful cross-species virus transmission is a complex, multifactorial evolutionary process.
Keywords	Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Dual Combined Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Diagnosis of Lyssavirus Infection.

Laurent Dacheux / Florence Larrous / Rachel Lavenir / Anthony Lepelletier / Abdellah Faouzi / Cécile Troupin / Jalal Nourlil / Philippe Buchy / Herve Bourhy

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 10, Iss 7, p e

2016 Volume 0004812

Abstract: The definitive diagnosis of lyssavirus infection (including rabies) in animals and humans is based on laboratory confirmation. The reference techniques for post-mortem rabies diagnosis are still based on direct immunofluorescence and virus isolation, but ...

Abstract	The definitive diagnosis of lyssavirus infection (including rabies) in animals and humans is based on laboratory confirmation. The reference techniques for post-mortem rabies diagnosis are still based on direct immunofluorescence and virus isolation, but molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods, are increasingly being used and now constitute the principal tools for diagnosing rabies in humans and for epidemiological analyses. However, it remains a key challenge to obtain relevant specificity and sensitivity with these techniques while ensuring that the genetic diversity of lyssaviruses does not compromise detection. We developed a dual combined real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (combo RT-qPCR) method for pan-lyssavirus detection. This method is based on two complementary technologies: a probe-based (TaqMan) RT-qPCR for detecting the RABV species (pan-RABV RT-qPCR) and a second reaction using an intercalating dye (SYBR Green) to detect other lyssavirus species (pan-lyssa RT-qPCR). The performance parameters of this combined assay were evaluated with a large panel of primary animal samples covering almost all the genetic variability encountered at the viral species level, and they extended to almost all lyssavirus species characterized to date. This method was also evaluated for the diagnosis of human rabies on 211 biological samples (positive n = 76 and negative n = 135) including saliva, skin and brain biopsies. It detected all 41 human cases of rabies tested and confirmed the sensitivity and the interest of skin biopsy (91.5%) and saliva (54%) samples for intra-vitam diagnosis of human rabies. Finally, this method was successfully implemented in two rabies reference laboratories in enzootic countries (Cambodia and Morocco). This combined RT-qPCR method constitutes a relevant, useful, validated tool for the diagnosis of rabies in both humans and animals, and represents a promising tool for lyssavirus surveillance.
Keywords	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Validation of a Rapid Rabies Diagnostic Tool for Field Surveillance in Developing Countries.

Monique Léchenne / Kemdongarti Naïssengar / Anthony Lepelletier / Idriss Oumar Alfaroukh / Hervé Bourhy / Jakob Zinsstag / Laurent Dacheux

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 10, Iss 10, p e

2016 Volume 0005010

Abstract: BACKGROUND:One root cause of the neglect of rabies is the lack of adequate diagnostic tests in the context of low income countries. A rapid, performance friendly and low cost method to detect rabies virus (RABV) in brain samples will contribute ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND:One root cause of the neglect of rabies is the lack of adequate diagnostic tests in the context of low income countries. A rapid, performance friendly and low cost method to detect rabies virus (RABV) in brain samples will contribute positively to surveillance and consequently to accurate data reporting, which is presently missing in the majority of rabies endemic countries. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:We evaluated a rapid immunodiagnostic test (RIDT) in comparison with the standard fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and confirmed the detection of the viral RNA by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Our analysis is a multicentre approach to validate the performance of the RIDT in both a field laboratory (N'Djamena, Chad) and an international reference laboratory (Institut Pasteur, Paris, France). In the field laboratory, 48 samples from dogs were tested and in the reference laboratory setting, a total of 73 samples was tested, representing a wide diversity of RABV in terms of animal species tested (13 different species), geographical origin of isolates with special emphasis on Africa, and different phylogenetic clades. Under reference laboratory conditions, specificity was 93.3% and sensitivity was 95.3% compared to the gold standard FAT test. Under field laboratory conditions, the RIDT yielded a higher reliability than the FAT test particularly on fresh and decomposed samples. Viral RNA was later extracted directly from the test filter paper and further used successfully for sequencing and genotyping. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE:The RIDT shows excellent performance qualities both in regard to user friendliness and reliability of the result. In addition, the test cassettes can be used as a vehicle to ship viral RNA to reference laboratories for further laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis and for epidemiological investigations using nucleotide sequencing. The potential for satisfactory use in remote locations is therefore very high to improve the global knowledge of ...
Keywords	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Correction

Philippe Gautret / Jesse Blanton / Laurent Dacheux / Florence Ribadeau-Dumas / Philippe Brouqui / Philippe Parola / Douglas H Esposito / Hervé Bourhy

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 9, Iss 5, p e

Rabies in nonhuman primates and potential for transmission to humans: a literature review and examination of selected French national data.

2015 Volume 0003799

Keywords	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Development and validation of sensitive real-time RT-PCR assay for broad detection of rabies virus

Faye, Martin / Amadou Alpha Sall / Cheikh Loucoubar / HervÃ© Bourhy / Laurent Dacheux / Manfred Weidmann / Ousmane Faye / Sylvie Audrey Diop

Journal of virological methods. 2017 May, v. 243

2017

Abstract: Rabies virus (RABV) remains one of the most important global zoonotic pathogens. RABV causes rabies, an acute encephalomyelitis associated with a high rate of mortality in humans and animals and affecting different parts of the world, particularly in ... ...

Abstract	Rabies virus (RABV) remains one of the most important global zoonotic pathogens. RABV causes rabies, an acute encephalomyelitis associated with a high rate of mortality in humans and animals and affecting different parts of the world, particularly in Asia and Africa. Confirmation of rabies diagnosis relies on laboratory diagnosis, in which molecular techniques such as detection of viral RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are increasingly being used.In this study, two real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays were developed for large-spectrum detection of RABV, with a focus on African isolates. The primer and probe sets were targeted highly conserved regions of the nucleoprotein (N) and polymerase (L) genes.The results indicated the absence of non-specific amplification and cross-reaction with a range of other viruses belonging to the same taxonomic family, i.e. Rhabdoviridae, as well as negative brain tissues from various host species. Analytical sensitivity ranged between 100 to 10 standard RNA copies detected per reaction for N-gene and L-gene assays, respectively. Effective detection and high sensitivity of these assays on African isolates showed that they can be successfully applied in general research and used in diagnostic process and epizootic surveillance in Africa using a double-check strategy.
Keywords	brain ; cross reaction ; detection limit ; encephalitis ; epizootic diseases ; hosts ; monitoring ; nucleoproteins ; pathogens ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; rabies ; Rabies virus ; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ; RNA ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-05
Size	p. 120-130.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	8013-5
ISSN	1879-0984 ; 0166-0934
ISSN (online)	1879-0984
ISSN	0166-0934
DOI	10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.12.019
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Rabies in nonhuman primates and potential for transmission to humans

Philippe Gautret / Jesse Blanton / Laurent Dacheux / Florence Ribadeau-Dumas / Philippe Brouqui / Philippe Parola / Douglas H Esposito / Hervé Bourhy

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 8, Iss 5, p e

a literature review and examination of selected French national data.

2014 Volume 2863

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The nonhuman primate (NHP)-related injuries in rabies-enzootic countries is a public health problem of increasing importance. The aims of this work are to collect data concerning rabies transmission from NHPs to humans; to collate medical ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: The nonhuman primate (NHP)-related injuries in rabies-enzootic countries is a public health problem of increasing importance. The aims of this work are to collect data concerning rabies transmission from NHPs to humans; to collate medical practices regarding rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in different countries, and to provide an evidence base to support the decision to apply rabies PEP in this context. METHODOLOGY: To retrieve information, we conducted a literature search from 1960 to January 2013. All reports of rabies in NHPs and rabies transmission to humans by infected NHPs were included. Also included were studies of travelers seeking care for rabies PEP in various settings. Data collected by the French National Reference Centre for Rabies concerning NHPs submitted for rabies diagnosis in France and human rabies exposure to NHPs in travelers returning to France were analyzed for the periods 1999-2012 and 1994-2011, respectively. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 159 reports of rabies in NHPs have been retrieved from various sources in South America, Africa, and Asia, including 13 cases in animals imported to Europe and the US. 134 were laboratory confirmed cases. 25 cases of human rabies following NHP-related injuries were reported, including 20 from Brazil. Among more than 2000 international travelers from various settings, the proportion of injuries related to NHP exposures was about 31%. NHPs rank second, following dogs in most studies and first in studies conducted in travelers returning from Southeast Asia. In France, 15.6% of 1606 travelers seeking PEP for exposure to any animal were injured by monkeys. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Although less frequently reported in published literature than human rabies, confirmed rabies cases in NHPs occur. The occurrence of documented transmission of rabies from NHPs to human suggests that rabies PEP is indicated in patients injured by NHPs in rabies-enzootic countries.
Keywords	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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