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  1. Article ; Online: A systematic review of pharmaceutical price mark-up practice and its implementation.

    Lee, Kah Seng / Kassab, Yaman Walid / Taha, Nur Akmar / Zainal, Zainol Akbar

    Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy

    2021  Volume 2, Page(s) 100020

    Abstract: Pharmaceutical products, apart from being essential for medical treatment, are of high value and heavily regulated to ensure the prices are controlled. This systematic review was conducted to identify pharmaceutical pricing mark-up control measures, ... ...

    Abstract Pharmaceutical products, apart from being essential for medical treatment, are of high value and heavily regulated to ensure the prices are controlled. This systematic review was conducted to identify pharmaceutical pricing mark-up control measures, specifically in the wholesale and retail sectors. The search method comprised the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost and Google Scholar. The results were filtered systematically from the inception of the aforementioned databases until 23 April 2021. Eligible studies were those focusing on the implementation of pharmaceutical pricing strategies that involve a) mark-ups of medicine, and b) pharmaceutical cost control measures. A total of 13 studies were included in this review: seven covered European countries, four covered Asian countries, one covered the USA and one covered Canada. The main points of discussion in the qualitative synthesis were the implementation of medicine mark-ups, price mark-up regulatory strategies and the outcomes of these regulatory strategies. Our findings suggest that Western countries have a lower mark-up margin, around 4% to 25% of the original purchased price, compared to Asian countries, up to 50%.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2667-2766
    ISSN (online) 2667-2766
    DOI 10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100020
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Evaluating healthcare professionals' perceptions of dispensing separation and sale of pharmacy medicine in Brunei Darussalam.

    Juperi, Rabi'atul Nur Amalia Abdullah / Goh, Hui Poh / Rehman, Inayat Ur / Lee, Kah Seng / Ming, Long Chiau / Hermansyah, Andi

    Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice

    2023  Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 101

    Abstract: Background: Pharmacy medicine (P) is obtained exclusively from a pharmacy under the supervision of a pharmacist. This study aims to understand the perception of healthcare professionals towards the dispensing separation, as well as the dispensing of ... ...

    Abstract Background: Pharmacy medicine (P) is obtained exclusively from a pharmacy under the supervision of a pharmacist. This study aims to understand the perception of healthcare professionals towards the dispensing separation, as well as the dispensing of pharmacy medicine by community pharmacies to enhance patient health outcomes in Brunei Darussalam.
    Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between 1st March 2023 and 20th April 2023 among healthcare professionals. A newly designed and validated questionnaire was used. Its face and content validity, along with internal consistency, was adequately established. Convenient sampling was employed to recruit participants for the study. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA was performed, considering a p-value < 0.05 as statistically significant.
    Results: The study compiled data from 108 participants, comprising doctors (38.9%) and pharmacy technicians (45.4%). Approximately 28.7% of respondents had 11-20 years of healthcare experience, while 25.9% had less than 5 years. Nearly all respondents (98.1%) agreed on the vital role pharmacists and pharmacy technicians play in prescription checks. A significant number of participants (93.5%) agreed that Brunei's current medicine dispensing system needs improvement. The mean total score for the perception of medicine dispensing in Brunei was 3.79 ± 1.103. A statistically significant difference was found between the perception score and the respondents' profession (p = 0.018), but not with their age, experience, or place of work. Respondents' awareness score showed no statistically significant correlation with their profession, age, experience, or place of work.
    Conclusion: The study underscores the necessity for more patient-centered care in community pharmacies in Brunei Darussalam. The country's healthcare professionals should recognize the potential advantages of expanding pharmacy services. However, to implement these services successfully, regulatory restrictions and infrastructure limitations must be addressed.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2734772-2
    ISSN 2052-3211
    ISSN 2052-3211
    DOI 10.1186/s40545-023-00594-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Factors Impacting Pharmaceutical Prices and Affordability: Narrative Review.

    Lee, Kah Seng / Kassab, Yaman Walid / Taha, Nur Akmar / Zainal, Zainol Akbar

    Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)

    2020  Volume 9, Issue 1

    Abstract: Increasing prescription drug pricing often reflects additional work stress on medical professionals because they function as financial advisors for patients and help them manage out-of-pocket expenses. Providers or prescribers wish to help patients with ... ...

    Abstract Increasing prescription drug pricing often reflects additional work stress on medical professionals because they function as financial advisors for patients and help them manage out-of-pocket expenses. Providers or prescribers wish to help patients with prescription costs but often lack related information. Healthcare plan providers try to display prescription and drug cost information on their websites, but such data may not be linked to electronic prescription software. A mark-up is defined as the additional charges and costs that are applied to the price of a product for the purpose of covering overhead costs, distribution charges, and profit. Therefore, the policies implemented in the pharmaceutical distribution chain might include the regulation of wholesale and retails mark-ups and pharmaceutical remuneration. If mark-ups are regulated, countries are highly recommended to use regressive mark-ups rather than fixed percentage mark-ups. This narrative review provides insights into the framework of pharmaceutical mark-up systems by describing different factors impacting pharmaceutical prices and affordability. These include the interplay of medicine pricing and the supply chain, the impact of pertinent laws and regulation and out-of-pocket expenditure.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-23
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2737194-3
    ISSN 2226-4787 ; 2226-4787
    ISSN (online) 2226-4787
    ISSN 2226-4787
    DOI 10.3390/pharmacy9010001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: New drug law: The missing link in substance use and its control?

    Ming, Long Chiau / Lee, Kah Seng

    Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP

    2016  Volume 12, Issue 6, Page(s) 1035–1037

    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 2192059-X
    ISSN 1934-8150 ; 1551-7411
    ISSN (online) 1934-8150
    ISSN 1551-7411
    DOI 10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.05.047
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: SARS-COV-2 as an artificial creation: scientific arguments and counterarguments.

    Yee, Shermaine / Tan, Ching Siang / Khan, Abdullah / Lee, Kah Seng / Goh, Bey Hing / Ming, Long Chiau

    Journal of medicine and life

    2021  Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 118–120

    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-02
    Publishing country Romania
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2559353-5
    ISSN 1844-3117 ; 1844-3117 ; 1844-3109
    ISSN (online) 1844-3117
    ISSN 1844-3117 ; 1844-3109
    DOI 10.25122/jml-2020-0175
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: A Prospective Study of Medication Surveillance of a Pediatric Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan.

    Nawaz, Hafiz Awais / Khan, Tahir Mehmood / Adil, Qendeel / Goh, Khang Wen / Ming, Long Chiau / Blebil, Ali Qais / Lee, Kah Seng / Dhaliwal, Jagjit Singh

    Pediatric reports

    2022  Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) 312–319

    Abstract: Purpose: Several studies have shown that polypharmacy is the main cause of drug interactions, and the prevalence and the level of the severity varied with the duration of stay in the hospital, sex and race of the patients. The aims of this investigation ...

    Abstract Purpose: Several studies have shown that polypharmacy is the main cause of drug interactions, and the prevalence and the level of the severity varied with the duration of stay in the hospital, sex and race of the patients. The aims of this investigation were to identify the drug-drug interactions in hospitalized pediatric patients associated with polypharmacy, and to categorize the drug interactions in pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions according to their level of severity.
    Methods: A cross-sectional, prospective analytical study was performed at a pediatric tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan for the duration of 4 months, which included prescription orders for 300 patients. Data were collected from patient medical files about previous and current medication history. Drug interactions were analyzed using interaction checker on Medscape and categorized according to the severity levels.
    Results: Out of 300 patients, the occurrence of drug interactions was found in 157 (52.3%) patients, while in 143 (47.7%), no interaction was found. Among these interactions, 50.7% were pharmacodynamic interactions, and 49.30% were pharmacokinetic interactions. Eighty-one percent of prescription orders with drug interactions contained more than three drugs, and 11.9% of interactions were severe. The majority of interactions were of amikacin-vancomycin, piroxicam-captopril and captopril-ciprofloxacin.
    Conclusion: Most of the interactions were moderate among patients with multiple drug prescriptions. The drug interactions can be minimized by providing special patient monitoring and adequate management with prior knowledge of these drug interaction.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-15
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2036-749X
    ISSN 2036-749X
    DOI 10.3390/pediatric14020038
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus: a menace to the end game of polio eradication.

    Ming, Long Chiau / Hussain, Zahid / Yeoh, Siang Fei / Koh, David / Lee, Kah Seng

    Globalization and health

    2020  Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 63

    Abstract: The World Health Organisation Western Pacific Region countries were declared free of polio in 2000 until a polio outbreak involving 305 cases occurred in Indonesia in 2006. It was not until 2014 that the World Health Organisation South East Asia region ... ...

    Abstract The World Health Organisation Western Pacific Region countries were declared free of polio in 2000 until a polio outbreak involving 305 cases occurred in Indonesia in 2006. It was not until 2014 that the World Health Organisation South East Asia region was officially declared polio-free again. However, in February 2019, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative announced a new circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreak in the Papua province of Indonesia. To make matter worse, the outbreak responses were tardy and led to transmission among migrating communities to other cities. The pressing regional issues of polio outbreak caused by circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus and use of oral polio vaccine have not been well presented. Our letter highlighted the suboptimal outbreak responses as well as the necessity of cross-border vaccination to curb continued poliovirus transmission.
    MeSH term(s) Disease Eradication ; Disease Outbreaks ; Global Health ; Humans ; Poliomyelitis ; Poliovirus ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; Poliovirus Vaccines ; Vaccination ; World Health Organization
    Chemical Substances Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; Poliovirus Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter
    ISSN 1744-8603
    ISSN (online) 1744-8603
    DOI 10.1186/s12992-020-00594-z
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: The fate of the new pharmacy bill: going backwards or forwards?

    Lee, Kah Seng / Lim, Yen Wei / Ming, Long Chiau

    Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice

    2016  Volume 9, Page(s) 25

    Abstract: Background: The proposed Pharmacy Bill of Malaysia which served to consolidate and harmonise the existing pharmacy legislation which has been used for more than 60 years. This new Pharmacy Bill contains 17 parts and a total of 170 legislative sections ... ...

    Abstract Background: The proposed Pharmacy Bill of Malaysia which served to consolidate and harmonise the existing pharmacy legislation which has been used for more than 60 years. This new Pharmacy Bill contains 17 parts and a total of 170 legislative sections covering laws governing pharmacy practice, medicinal products classification, registration, sale, supply, licensing etc. Our article could serve as a case study on pharmacy jurisprudence and drug regulation as well as the governance for medicines.
    Discussion: Changes to the colonial era legislation are long overdue as the present pharmaceutical and medical controls are not integrated and various overlaps exist in terms of roles of control. However, various organisations of private general practitioners strongly opposed this Pharmacy Bill and lobbied for a revised version that greatly favours themselves. Thus, the latest revision of this Pharmacy Bill renders the power to medical doctors to not only continue selling and supplying medications but also compound medication.
    Summary: A complete overhaul of pharmacy legislation in view of the current challenges faced in providing efficient and comprehensive health services in Malaysia is necessary. For the sake of patients' safety and good governance for medicines, the private general practitioners should empower the patients with their needs for prescription and itemised billing. The proposed Pharmacy Bill could make the whole mechanism of managing and controlling the use of medicines more transparent and synchronised.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-09-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2734772-2
    ISSN 2052-3211
    ISSN 2052-3211
    DOI 10.1186/s40545-016-0081-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Impact of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement on cost of medicine.

    Lee, Kah Seng / Khan, Tahir M / Ming, Long Chiau

    Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP

    2016  Volume 12, Issue 4, Page(s) 660–661

    MeSH term(s) Commerce ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; International Cooperation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-01-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2192059-X
    ISSN 1934-8150 ; 1551-7411
    ISSN (online) 1934-8150
    ISSN 1551-7411
    DOI 10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.12.014
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Review of data exclusivity provisions in the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement.

    Lee, Kah Seng / Khan, Tahir M / Ming, Long Chiau

    Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP

    2016  Volume 12, Issue 4, Page(s) 545–547

    MeSH term(s) Commerce ; International Cooperation ; Pharmacy
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-03-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2192059-X
    ISSN 1934-8150 ; 1551-7411
    ISSN (online) 1934-8150
    ISSN 1551-7411
    DOI 10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.03.002
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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