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Article: Antifungal Activity of Bee Venom and Sweet Bee Venom against Clinically Isolated Candida albicans.

Lee, Seung-Bae

2016 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 45–50

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the antifungal effect of bee venom (BV) and sweet bee venom (SBV) against Candida albicans (C. albicans) clinical isolates.: Methods: In this study, BV and SBV were examined for antifungal ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the antifungal effect of bee venom (BV) and sweet bee venom (SBV) against Candida albicans (C. albicans) clinical isolates. Methods: In this study, BV and SBV were examined for antifungal activities against the Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC) strain and 10 clinical isolates of C. albicans. The disk diffusion method was used to measure the antifungal activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays were performed by using a broth microdilution method. Also, a killing curve assay was conducted to investigate the kinetics of the anti- fungal action. Results: BV and SBV showed antifungal activity against 10 clinical isolates of C. albicans that were cultured from blood and the vagina by using disk diffusion method. The MIC values obtained for clinical isolates by using the broth microdilution method varied from 62.5 μg/ mL to 125 μg/mL for BV and from 15.63 μg/mL to 62.5 μg/mL for SBV. In the killing-curve assay, SBV behaved as amphotericin B, which was used as positive control, did. The antifungal efficacy of SBV was much higher than that of BV. Conclusion: BV and SBV showed antifungal activity against C. albicans clinical strains that were isolated from blood and the vagina. Especially, SBV might be a candidate for a new antifungal agent against C. albicans clinical isolates.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04-22
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2747301-6
ISSN	2234-6856 ; 2093-6966
ISSN (online)	2234-6856
ISSN	2093-6966
DOI	10.3831/KPI.2016.19.006
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Article ; Online: Effects of size and shape of the side holes of a double J stent on the ureter fluid flow after stenosis.

Lee, Seung Bae / Kim, Kyung-Wuk / Park, Se-Hyun / Baba, Yasutaka / Lee, Changje / Choi, Young Ho / Kim, Hyoung-Ho

Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering

2023 , Page(s) 1–14

Abstract: The effect of side holes morphology changes in double J stent (DJS) on encrustation was analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). We analyzed DJS side holes with inner diameter of 1 mm and outer diameters of 1 (type A), 1.2 (type B) and 1.4 ( ... ...

Abstract	The effect of side holes morphology changes in double J stent (DJS) on encrustation was analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). We analyzed DJS side holes with inner diameter of 1 mm and outer diameters of 1 (type A), 1.2 (type B) and 1.4 (type C) mm, respectively. Concentric stenosis with three intraureteral degree (0%, 12%, and 88%) was analyzed. The flow rate, shear stress and wall shear stress (WSS) distribution were investigated. Urine flow through SH1 before the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) differed based on the ureteral stenosis degree. The sum of flow rates through the SHs increased with diameter. In the stented ureter with 12% stenosis, the flow rate through SH1 approximately doubled than that without ureteral stenosis, and the flow rate through SH1 was maximal for the type 'C' stent in both 12% and 88% ureteral stenosis. The mean shear stress in the SHs increased with the degree of stenosis. The WSS around the SHs was higher for type 'C' than types A and B. From the flow rates and shear stresses in and around the SHs, the larger SH diameter of the DJS from the UPJ to mid-ureter is expected to induce encrustation reduction, especially in patients with urinary lithiasis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2071764-7
ISSN	1476-8259 ; 1025-5842
ISSN (online)	1476-8259
ISSN	1025-5842
DOI	10.1080/10255842.2023.2252550
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Zs.A 6374: Show issues

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Article: Evaluation of encrustation of double J stents with artificial urine.

Lee, Seung Bae / Park, Se-Hyun / Kim, Hyoung-Ho / Lee, Chang Je / Seon, Sang Won / Baba, Yasutaka / Kim, Kyung-Wuk / Choi, Young Ho

Clinical nephrology

2023 Volume 99, Issue 6, Page(s) 290–298

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the formation of encrustation on double J stents (DJSs) using artificial urine.: Materials and methods: In this study, a static urinary system containing artificial urine was created, and a total of 45 DJSs were used to evaluate ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: To evaluate the formation of encrustation on double J stents (DJSs) using artificial urine. Materials and methods: In this study, a static urinary system containing artificial urine was created, and a total of 45 DJSs were used to evaluate the formation of encrustation. Three groups of 15 DJSs were tested for 4, 8, or 14 weeks. The formation of encrustation on the DJSs over the weeks was analyzed using methods including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometer (ICP), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis and the uncertainty test were used for data analysis using R language. Results: The ICP analyzed the weight of the calcium and magnesium, which are the major components of urinary stones and encrustation, and showed that it was the heaviest at 14 weeks. Measurement of the area of encrustation on the outer surface of the DJSs revealed that the encrustation area at the bottom of the stent was greater than that at the top of the stent, regardless of the experimental period (proximal part: ≤ 41,099 µm Conclusion: Encrustation spots included the bottom zone of the DJS and around the side holes. These results indicate that the performance of DJSs would be improved by modifying the shape of DJSs located near the bladder and side holes.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Ureter ; Stents ; Urolithiasis ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Urine
Chemical Substances	Calcium (SY7Q814VUP) ; Magnesium (I38ZP9992A)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-30
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	185101-9
ISSN	0301-0430
ISSN	0301-0430
DOI	10.5414/CN111038
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Zs.A 873: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Evaluation of renovated double J stents using ureter models with and without stenosis.

Choi, Young-Ho / Kang, Hyo Jeong / Kim, Kyung-Wuk / Jo, Mun Seong / Islam, Md Didarul / Kim, Jeong Sik / Jeon, Sang Jin / Lee, Changje / Lee, Seung Bae / Kim, Min Uk / Kim, Hyoung-Ho

World journal of urology

2024 Volume 42, Issue 1, Page(s) 228

Abstract: Purpose: Commercial double J stents (DJS) have a uniform shape regardless of the specific nature of various ureteral diseases. We tested renovated DJS and compared them with conventional DJS using ureter models.: Methods: One straight ureter model ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Commercial double J stents (DJS) have a uniform shape regardless of the specific nature of various ureteral diseases. We tested renovated DJS and compared them with conventional DJS using ureter models. Methods: One straight ureter model included stenosis at the distal ureter near the ureterovesical junction and the other did not. We used conventional DJS and renovated 5- and 6-Fr soft DJS for ureter stones and 6-, 7-, and 8.5-Fr hard DJS for tumors. The DJS comprised holes in the upper, middle, or lower one-third of the shaft (length, 24 cm; 2-cm-diameter coils at both ends). More holes were created along the shaft based on the ureteral disease location. Conventional DJS had holes spaced 1 cm apart along the shaft. Renovated DJS had holes spaced 1 cm apart along the shaft with 0.5-cm intervals on the upper, middle, or lower one-third of the shaft. Urine flow was evaluated. Results: As the DJS diameter increased, the flow rate decreased. The flow rates of DJS with holes in the lower shaft were relatively lower than those of conventional DJS and DJS with holes in the upper and middle shafts. In the ureter model without stenosis, 6-, 7-, and 8.5-Fr renovated stents exhibited significantly higher flow rates than conventional stents. In the ureter model with stenosis, 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8.5-Fr renovated stents did not exhibit significantly higher flow rates than conventional stents. Conclusion: Renovated stents and conventional stents did not exhibit significant differences in urine flow with stenosis.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Ureter/surgery ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Ureterolithiasis ; Stents
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-10
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	380333-8
ISSN	1433-8726 ; 0724-4983
ISSN (online)	1433-8726
ISSN	0724-4983
DOI	10.1007/s00345-024-04920-7
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Zs.A 1832: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Optimal thrombin injection method for the treatment of femoral artery pseudoaneurysm.

Kim, Kyung-Wuk / Lee, Changje / Im, Gyeongtae / Kang, Hyo-Jeong / Jo, Mun-Seong / Jeon, Sang-Jin / Kim, Jeong-Sik / Lee, Seung Bae / Kim, Min Uk / Choi, Young Ho / Kim, Hyoung-Ho

Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH

2024 Volume 22, Issue 5, Page(s) 1389–1398

Abstract: Background: Iatrogenic femoral artery pseudoaneurysm (IFP) incidence is increasing with increase in diagnostic and therapeutic angiography, and so, the less invasive percutaneous thrombin injection (PTI) is the most widely used treatment. Moreover, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Iatrogenic femoral artery pseudoaneurysm (IFP) incidence is increasing with increase in diagnostic and therapeutic angiography, and so, the less invasive percutaneous thrombin injection (PTI) is the most widely used treatment. Moreover, studies that minimize PTI complications and highlight therapeutic effects are lacking. Objectives: This study performed in vitro thrombosis modeling of pseudoaneurysms and analyzed thrombosis within and thromboembolism outside the sac during thrombin injection. Methods: We evaluated PTI in terms of thrombin injection location (at the junction of the IFP sac and neck, the center, and the dome, located farthest from the neck of the sac), thrombin injection time (5 and 8 seconds), and blood flow rate (ranging from 210 mL/min to 300 mL/min). Porcine blood was used as the working fluid in this study. Results: Thrombin injection at the junction of the IFP sac and the pseudoaneurysm neck led to less thrombosis within the sac but substantial thrombi consistently outside the sac, whereas thrombin injected at the sac center mostly led to complete thrombosis within the sac, preventing further blood flow into the sac and reducing likelihood of thrombi outside the sac. A longer thrombin injection time enhanced the therapeutic effect and decreased the possibility of thromboembolism. Thromboembolism occurred more frequently at flow rates of >240 mL/min. Conclusion: The thrombin injection site in a pseudoaneurysm significantly influences thrombogenesis within and thromboembolism outside the sac. Thus, slow and deliberate injection of thrombin into the center of the sac could potentially reduce complications and enhance treatment efficacy.
MeSH term(s)	Thrombin/administration & dosage ; Aneurysm, False/drug therapy ; Femoral Artery ; Animals ; Thrombosis/drug therapy ; Thrombosis/etiology ; Swine ; Injections, Intra-Arterial ; Time Factors ; Humans ; Thromboembolism/drug therapy ; Thromboembolism/prevention & control ; Thromboembolism/etiology ; Iatrogenic Disease
Chemical Substances	Thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2112661-6
ISSN	1538-7836 ; 1538-7933
ISSN (online)	1538-7836
ISSN	1538-7933
DOI	10.1016/j.jtha.2023.12.040
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Zs.A 5805: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MO 295: Show issues

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Article: Isolation from Gloydius blomhoffii siniticus Venom of a Fibrin(ogen)olytic Enzyme Consisting of Two Heterogenous Polypeptides.

Choi, Suk-Ho / Lee, Seung-Bae

Journal of pharmacopuncture

2015 Volume 16, Issue 2, Page(s) 46–54

Abstract: Objective: This study was undertaken to isolate a fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme from the snake venom of Gloydius blomhoffii siniticus and to investigate the enzymatic characteristics and hemorrhagic activity of the isolated enzyme as a potential ... ...

Abstract	Objective: This study was undertaken to isolate a fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme from the snake venom of Gloydius blomhoffii siniticus and to investigate the enzymatic characteristics and hemorrhagic activity of the isolated enzyme as a potential pharmacopuncture agent. Methods: The fibrinolytic enzyme was isolated by using chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and fibrin plate assay. The characteristics of the enzyme were determined by using fibrin plate assay, protein hydrolysis analysis, and hemorrhage assay. Its amino acid composition was determined. Results: The fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme with the molecular weight of 27 kDa (FE-27kDa) isolated from G. b. siniticus venom consisted of two heterogenous disulfide bond-linked polypeptides with the molecular weights of 15 kDa and 18 kDa. When more than 20 μg of FE-27kDa was applied on the fibrin plate, fibrinolysis zone was formed as indicating its fibrinolytic activity. The fibrinolytic activity was inhibited completely by phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride (PMSF) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and partially by thiothreitol and cysteine. Metal ions such as Hg(2+) and Fe(2+) inhibited the fibrinolytic activity completely, but Mn(2+) did not. FE-27kDa preferentially hydrolyzed α- chain of fibrinogen and slowly hydrolyzed β- chain, but did not hydrolyze γ- chain. High-molecular-weight polypeptides of gelatin were hydrolyzed partially into polypeptides with molecular weights of more than 45 kDa. A dosage of more than 10 μg of FE- 27kDa per mouse was required to induce hemorrhage beneath the skin. Conclusion: FE-27kDa was a serine proteinase consisting of two heterogeneous polypeptides, hydrolyzed fibrin, fibrinogen, and gelatin, and caused hemorrhage beneath the skin of mouse. This study suggests that the potential of FE-27kDa as pharmacopuncture agent should be limited due to low fibrinolytic activity and a possible side effect of hemorrhage.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-02-12
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2747301-6
ISSN	2234-6856 ; 2093-6966
ISSN (online)	2234-6856
ISSN	2093-6966
DOI	10.3831/KPI.2013.16.010
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Article ; Online: CFD study on vesicoureteral reflux in the urinary tract with double J stent.

Kim, Kyung-Wuk / Park, Se-Hyun / Im, Gyeongtae / Lee, Seung Bae / Baba, Yasutaka / Lee, Changje / Choi, Young Ho / Kim, Hyoung-Ho

Computers in biology and medicine

2022 Volume 145, Page(s) 105456

Abstract: Objective: This study investigates the effects of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in the upper and lower urinary tracts with and without ureteral stenosis and with a double J stent (DJS).: Methods: The entire length of the urinary tract with an implanted ...

Abstract	Objective: This study investigates the effects of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in the upper and lower urinary tracts with and without ureteral stenosis and with a double J stent (DJS). Methods: The entire length of the urinary tract with an implanted DJS was modeled. To assess the possibility of VUR, the measured values were used as boundary conditions for the baseline, the maximum cystometric bladder capacity (MCBC) during the filling phase, and maximum vesical pressure during the voiding phase were computed. The flow rates, flow patterns, wall shear stress (WSS) distribution, impact force induced by reflux urination, and helicity of the bladder were investigated for the urinary system. Results: The flow from the bladder to the renal pelvis was detected at maximum vesical pressure (75 cmH2O) during the voiding phase, and a small amount (1.09 mL/s) of VUR was noted at the MCBC during the filling phase. The WSS increased when the reflux was large. Helicity within the bladder varied with the stenosis as well as opening and closing of the urethra. The reflux within the stent was reduced by 40% by inserting a ball into the stent. Conclusion: The main VUR factor was the opening and closing of the vesicoureteric junction by the detrusor muscle. The largest urine reflux (11.7 mL/s) to the kidney occurred when the detrusor muscle was relaxed. Significance: Ureteral stenosis affected the VUR and reduced urine reflux. Ball insertion in the stent reduced urine reflux through the stent lumen.
MeSH term(s)	Constriction, Pathologic ; Humans ; Stents ; Urinary Bladder ; Urination/physiology ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	127557-4
ISSN	1879-0534 ; 0010-4825
ISSN (online)	1879-0534
ISSN	0010-4825
DOI	10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105456
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Zs.A 653: Show issues

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ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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Article ; Online: Urine flow analysis using double J stents of various sizes in in vitro ureter models.

Kim, Kyung-Wuk / Kim, Hyoung-Ho / Choi, Young Ho / Lee, Seung Bae / Baba, Yasutaka

International journal for numerical methods in biomedical engineering

2020 Volume 36, Issue 2, Page(s) e3294

Abstract: A double J stent (DJS) is used to alleviate the congestion of urine in the upper urinary tract when there is ureteral stenosis, which causes the interruption of normal urine flow and results in renal failure. The purpose of placing DJSs is to ensure ... ...

Abstract	A double J stent (DJS) is used to alleviate the congestion of urine in the upper urinary tract when there is ureteral stenosis, which causes the interruption of normal urine flow and results in renal failure. The purpose of placing DJSs is to ensure sufficient urine flow in the ureter, but the DJS acts as a foreign body in the urinary system and sometimes acts as an obstacle in achieving sufficient urine flow. Here, to evaluate the performance of various sizes of DJSs, 5Fr (1.666 mm) to 8Fr (2.666 mm), in the ureter, silicon ureter models without stenosis, and a circulation setup were constructed. The total flow rates (TFRs) in the stented ureters were evaluated with an in vitro experiment. The TFRs in the 5Fr DJS were larger than those in the other sizes of DJS. As the size of DJS increased, the TFR decreased. Computational fluid dynamics was also applied to validate the experimental results. It was shown that the experimental results agreed well with the numerical results.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prosthesis Design ; Stents ; Ureter/surgery ; Ureteral Obstruction/surgery
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2540968-2
ISSN	2040-7947 ; 2040-7939
ISSN (online)	2040-7947
ISSN	2040-7939
DOI	10.1002/cnm.3294
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Article ; Online: Isolation from Gloydius blomhoffii siniticus Venom of a Fibrin(ogen)olytic Enzyme Consisting of Two Heterogenous Polypeptides

Choi Suk-Ho / Lee Seung-Bae

Journal of Pharmacopuncture, Vol 16, Iss 2, Pp 46-

2013 Volume 54

Abstract	Objective: This study was undertaken to isolate a fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme from the snake venom of Gloydius blomhoffii siniticus and to investigate the enzymatic characteristics and hemorrhagic activity of the isolated enzyme as a potential pharmacopuncture agent. Methods: The fibrinolytic enzyme was isolated by using chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and fibrin plate assay. The characteristics of the enzyme were determined by using fibrin plate assay, protein hydrolysis analysis, and hemorrhage assay. Its amino acid composition was determined. Results: The fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme with the molecular weight of 27 kDa (FE-27kDa) isolated from G. b. siniticus venom consisted of two heterogenous disulfide bond-linked polypeptides with the molecular weights of 15 kDa and 18 kDa. When more than 20 μg of FE-27kDa was applied on the fibrin plate, fibrinolysis zone was formed as indicating its fibrinolytic activity. The fibrinolytic activity was inhibited completely by phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride (PMSF) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and partially by thiothreitol and cysteine. Metal ions such as Hg2+ and Fe2+ inhibited the fibrinolytic activity completely, but Mn2+ did not. FE-27kDa preferentially hydrolyzed α-chain of fibrinogen and slowly hydrolyzed β-chain, but did not hydrolyze γ-chain. High-molecular-weight polypeptides of gelatin were hydrolyzed partially into polypeptides with molecular weights of more than 45 kDa. A dosage of more than 10 μg of FE- 27kDa per mouse was required to induce hemorrhage beneath the skin. Conclusion: FE-27kDa was a serine proteinase consisting of two heterogeneous polypeptides, hydrolyzed fibrin, fibrinogen, and gelatin, and caused hemorrhage beneath the skin of mouse. This study suggests that the potential of FE-27kDa as pharmacopuncture agent should be limited due to low fibrinolytic activity and a possible side effect of hemorrhage.
Keywords	Fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme ; Gloydius blomhoffii siniticus ; serine proteinase ; snake venom ; Medicine ; R ; Miscellaneous systems and treatments ; RZ409.7-999 ; Therapeutics. Pharmacology ; RM1-950
Subject code	540
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Large-Scale Refolding and Enzyme Reaction of Human Preproinsulin for Production of Human Insulin.

Kim, Chang-Kyu / Lee, Seung-Bae / Son, Young-Jin

Journal of microbiology and biotechnology

2015 Volume 25, Issue 10, Page(s) 1742–1750

Abstract: Human insulin is composed of 21 amino acids of an A-chain and 30 amino acids of a B-chain. This is the protein hormone that has the role of blood sugar control. When the recombinant human proinsulin is expressed in Escherichia coli, a serious problem is ... ...

Abstract	Human insulin is composed of 21 amino acids of an A-chain and 30 amino acids of a B-chain. This is the protein hormone that has the role of blood sugar control. When the recombinant human proinsulin is expressed in Escherichia coli, a serious problem is the formation of an inclusion body. Therefore, the inclusion body must be denatured and refolded under chaotropic agents and suitable reductants. In this study, H27R-proinsulin was refolded from the denatured form with β-mercaptoethanol and urea. The refolding reaction was completed after 15 h at 15°C, whereas the reaction at 25°C was faster than that at 15°C. The refolding yield at 15°C was 17% higher than that at 25°C. The refolding reaction could be carried out at a high protein concentration (2 g/l) using direct refolding without sulfonation. The most economical and optimal refolding condition for human preproinsulin was 1.5 g/l protein, 10 mM glycine buffer containing 0.6 M urea, pH 10.6, and 0.3 mM β-mercaptoethanol at 15°C for 16 h. The maximum refolding yield was 74.8% at 15°C with 1.5 g/l protein. Moreover, the refolded preproinsulin could be converted into normal mature insulin with two enzymes. The average amount of human insulin was 138.2 g from 200 L of fermentation broth after enzyme reaction with H27R-proinsulin. The direct refolding process for H27R-proinsulin was successfully set up without sulfonation. The step yields for refolding and enzyme reaction were comparatively high. Therefore, our refolding process for production of recombinant insulin may be beneficial to the large-scale production of other biologically active proteins.
MeSH term(s)	Escherichia coli/genetics ; Escherichia coli/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Insulin/chemistry ; Insulin/genetics ; Insulin/metabolism ; Protein Denaturation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Precursors/chemistry ; Protein Precursors/genetics ; Protein Precursors/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods ; Temperature ; Time Factors
Chemical Substances	Insulin ; Protein Precursors ; Recombinant Proteins ; preproinsulin (61116-24-3)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-10
Publishing country	Korea (South)
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1738-8872
ISSN (online)	1738-8872
DOI	10.4014/jmb.1504.04062
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