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  1. Article ; Online: Magnesium in chronic haemodialysis (MAGIC-HD): a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial to determine feasibility and safety of using increased dialysate magnesium concentrations to increase plasma magnesium concentrations in people treated with haemodialysis.

    Leenders, Nicoline H J / Douma, Caroline E / Hoenderop, Joost G J / Vervloet, Marc G

    BMJ open

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 11, Page(s) e063524

    Abstract: Introduction: People treated with haemodialysis are at increased risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Plasma magnesium concentration has been inversely associated with these risks. Therefore, plasma magnesium may be a new modifiable risk ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: People treated with haemodialysis are at increased risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Plasma magnesium concentration has been inversely associated with these risks. Therefore, plasma magnesium may be a new modifiable risk factor and an increase of dialysate magnesium concentration may be an easy, safe and effective way to increase plasma magnesium concentrations. Detailed information on modulating dialysate magnesium concentrations is limited in literature. Primary objective of this study is to determine the safety and feasibility to increase plasma magnesium concentrations in people treated with haemodialysis by means of sequentially increasing concentration of magnesium in the dialysate.
    Methods and analysis: In this randomised double-blinded standard of care controlled trial, 53 persons treated with haemodialysis will be randomly allocated 2:1 to either a stepwise individually titrated increase of dialysate magnesium concentration from 0.50 to 0.75 to 1.00 mmol/L during 8 weeks, or a standard dialysate magnesium concentration of 0.50 mmol/L. Other study measurements include dietary records, questionnaires, ECG, Holter registration and pulse wave velocity. The primary endpoint is predialysis plasma magnesium after the long interdialytic interval at the end of week 8. In addition, the predictive effect of dialysate magnesium concentration and other baseline parameters and dialysis characteristics on plasma magnesium concentration will be explored using linear mixed models. Safety endpoint is defined by the occurrence of hypermagnesemia above 1.25 mmol/L, or bradycardia or prolonged QTc interval detected on the ECG.
    Ethics and dissemination: The study is conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2013 and was approved by the Ethical Committee of the VU University Medical Centre. The results of the study will be disseminated by publication in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presentation at national or international conferences in the field of interest.
    Trial registration number: NTR6568/NL6393.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Dialysis Solutions ; Renal Dialysis/methods ; Magnesium ; Feasibility Studies ; Pulse Wave Analysis ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
    Chemical Substances Dialysis Solutions ; Magnesium (I38ZP9992A)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Clinical Trial Protocol ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2599832-8
    ISSN 2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
    ISSN (online) 2044-6055
    ISSN 2044-6055
    DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063524
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Magnesium: A Magic Bullet for Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease?

    Leenders, Nicoline H J / Vervloet, Marc G

    Nutrients

    2019  Volume 11, Issue 2

    Abstract: Magnesium is essential for many physiological functions in the human body. Its homeostasis involves dietary intake, absorption, uptake and release from bone, swifts between the intra- and extracellular compartment, and renal excretion. Renal excretion is ...

    Abstract Magnesium is essential for many physiological functions in the human body. Its homeostasis involves dietary intake, absorption, uptake and release from bone, swifts between the intra- and extracellular compartment, and renal excretion. Renal excretion is mainly responsible for regulation of magnesium balance. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), for a long time the general policy has been limiting magnesium intake. However, this may not be appropriate for many patients. The reference ranges for magnesium are not necessarily optimal concentrations, and risks for insufficient magnesium intake exist in patients with CKD. In recent years, many observational studies have shown that higher (in the high range of "normal" or slightly above) magnesium concentrations are associated with better survival in CKD cohorts. This review gives an overview of epidemiological associations between magnesium and overall and cardiovascular survival in patients with CKD. In addition, potential mechanisms explaining the protective role of magnesium in clinical cardiovascular outcomes are described by reviewing evidence from in vitro studies, animal studies, and human intervention studies with non-clinical endpoints. This includes the role of magnesium in cardiac arrhythmia, heart failure, arterial calcification, and endothelial dysfunction. Possible future implications will be addressed, which will need prospective clinical trials with relevant clinical endpoints before these can be adopted in clinical practice.
    MeSH term(s) Cardiovascular Diseases/complications ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control ; Humans ; Magnesium/administration & dosage ; Reference Values ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
    Chemical Substances Magnesium (I38ZP9992A)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-22
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2518386-2
    ISSN 2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
    ISSN (online) 2072-6643
    ISSN 2072-6643
    DOI 10.3390/nu11020455
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Magnesium: A Magic Bullet for Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease?

    Leenders, Nicoline H. J / Vervloet, Marc G

    Nutrients. 2019 Feb. 22, v. 11, no. 2

    2019  

    Abstract: Magnesium is essential for many physiological functions in the human body. Its homeostasis involves dietary intake, absorption, uptake and release from bone, swifts between the intra- and extracellular compartment, and renal excretion. Renal excretion is ...

    Abstract Magnesium is essential for many physiological functions in the human body. Its homeostasis involves dietary intake, absorption, uptake and release from bone, swifts between the intra- and extracellular compartment, and renal excretion. Renal excretion is mainly responsible for regulation of magnesium balance. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), for a long time the general policy has been limiting magnesium intake. However, this may not be appropriate for many patients. The reference ranges for magnesium are not necessarily optimal concentrations, and risks for insufficient magnesium intake exist in patients with CKD. In recent years, many observational studies have shown that higher (in the high range of “normal” or slightly above) magnesium concentrations are associated with better survival in CKD cohorts. This review gives an overview of epidemiological associations between magnesium and overall and cardiovascular survival in patients with CKD. In addition, potential mechanisms explaining the protective role of magnesium in clinical cardiovascular outcomes are described by reviewing evidence from in vitro studies, animal studies, and human intervention studies with non-clinical endpoints. This includes the role of magnesium in cardiac arrhythmia, heart failure, arterial calcification, and endothelial dysfunction. Possible future implications will be addressed, which will need prospective clinical trials with relevant clinical endpoints before these can be adopted in clinical practice.
    Keywords Apodidae ; absorption ; arrhythmia ; calcification ; excretion ; food intake ; heart failure ; homeostasis ; in vitro studies ; issues and policy ; kidney diseases ; magnesium ; observational studies ; patients ; prospective studies ; protective effect
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0222
    Publishing place Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2518386-2
    ISSN 2072-6643
    ISSN 2072-6643
    DOI 10.3390/nu11020455
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  4. Article: Magnesium: A Magic Bullet for Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease?

    Leenders, Nicoline H. J / Vervloet, Marc G

    Nutrients. 2019 Feb. 22, v. 11, no. 2

    2019  

    Abstract: Magnesium is essential for many physiological functions in the human body. Its homeostasis involves dietary intake, absorption, uptake and release from bone, swifts between the intra- and extracellular compartment, and renal excretion. Renal excretion is ...

    Abstract Magnesium is essential for many physiological functions in the human body. Its homeostasis involves dietary intake, absorption, uptake and release from bone, swifts between the intra- and extracellular compartment, and renal excretion. Renal excretion is mainly responsible for regulation of magnesium balance. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), for a long time the general policy has been limiting magnesium intake. However, this may not be appropriate for many patients. The reference ranges for magnesium are not necessarily optimal concentrations, and risks for insufficient magnesium intake exist in patients with CKD. In recent years, many observational studies have shown that higher (in the high range of “normal” or slightly above) magnesium concentrations are associated with better survival in CKD cohorts. This review gives an overview of epidemiological associations between magnesium and overall and cardiovascular survival in patients with CKD. In addition, potential mechanisms explaining the protective role of magnesium in clinical cardiovascular outcomes are described by reviewing evidence from in vitro studies, animal studies, and human intervention studies with non-clinical endpoints. This includes the role of magnesium in cardiac arrhythmia, heart failure, arterial calcification, and endothelial dysfunction. Possible future implications will be addressed, which will need prospective clinical trials with relevant clinical endpoints before these can be adopted in clinical practice.
    Keywords Apodidae ; absorption ; arrhythmia ; calcification ; excretion ; food intake ; heart failure ; homeostasis ; humans ; in vitro studies ; issues and policy ; kidney diseases ; magnesium ; nutrition risk assessment ; observational studies ; patients ; prospective studies ; protective effect
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-0222
    Publishing place Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2518386-2
    ISSN 2072-6643
    ISSN 2072-6643
    DOI 10.3390/nu11020455
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  5. Article ; Online: Dietary magnesium supplementation inhibits abdominal vascular calcification in an experimental animal model of chronic kidney disease.

    Leenders, Nicoline H J / Bos, Caro / Hoekstra, Tiny / Schurgers, Leon J / Vervloet, Marc G / Hoenderop, Joost G J

    Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association

    2022  Volume 37, Issue 6, Page(s) 1049–1058

    Abstract: Background: Vascular calcification is a key process involved in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Magnesium supplementation may counteract vascular calcification. In this study we aimed to determine ... ...

    Abstract Background: Vascular calcification is a key process involved in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Magnesium supplementation may counteract vascular calcification. In this study we aimed to determine whether increased dietary magnesium intake inhibits vascular calcification in CKD in vivo and explore the mechanisms underlying these effects.
    Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were partially nephrectomized and fed a diet with high phosphate and either high or normal magnesium content for 16 weeks. The primary outcome was the tissue calcium content of the aorta in the high versus normal dietary magnesium group. In addition, we analysed plasma mineral concentrations, aortic vascular calcification identified with von Kossa staining, calcium apposition time and aortic expression of genes related to vascular calcification.
    Results: The number of animals in the highest tissue calcium content tertile was significantly lower in the abdominal aorta [1 (10%) versus 6 (55%); P = .03] in the high versus normal dietary magnesium group, but did not differ in the aortic arch and thoracic aorta. Von Kossa staining and calcium apposition time corresponded to these results. The median tissue calcium content was not significantly different between the groups. Serum phosphate concentrations and expression of osteogenic markers in the aorta did not differ between the groups.
    Conclusions: This study demonstrates that increased dietary magnesium inhibits abdominal vascular calcification in an experimental animal model of CKD in vivo. These are promising results for CKD patients and further study is needed to identify the mechanisms involved and to determine the clinical relevance in patients.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Aorta, Abdominal ; Arteriosclerosis ; Calcium ; Dietary Supplements ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Magnesium/pharmacology ; Magnesium/therapeutic use ; Models, Animal ; Phosphates ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy ; Vascular Calcification/etiology ; Vascular Calcification/prevention & control
    Chemical Substances Phosphates ; Magnesium (I38ZP9992A) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 90594-x
    ISSN 1460-2385 ; 0931-0509
    ISSN (online) 1460-2385
    ISSN 0931-0509
    DOI 10.1093/ndt/gfac026
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: The association between circulating magnesium and clinically relevant outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Leenders, Nicoline H J / Vermeulen, Emma A / van Ballegooijen, Adriana J / Hoekstra, Tiny / de Vries, Ralph / Beulens, Joline W / Vervloet, Marc G

    Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)

    2020  Volume 40, Issue 5, Page(s) 3133–3147

    Abstract: Background & aims: Despite modern treatment, risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unacceptably high. Observational studies have shown associations of magnesium with risk for several clinical ... ...

    Abstract Background & aims: Despite modern treatment, risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unacceptably high. Observational studies have shown associations of magnesium with risk for several clinical outcomes in CKD of variable magnitude. The aim of this review is to provide a systematic overview and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies assessing the association of plasma magnesium concentration with clinically relevant outcomes in adult patients with chronic kidney disease, with a minimal follow-up of 6 months. Primary outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events, sudden death and hospitalisation.
    Methods: The electronic databases PubMed, Embase and The Cochrane Library were searched using terms relating to plasma magnesium and CKD patients, and two authors independently selected eligible studies. Study quality was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results of studies with a comparable magnesium exposure and outcome measure, were pooled using a random-effects meta-regression analysis.
    Results: The search yielded 6156 records of which 33 studies, involving 348,059 patients, met the eligibility criteria. Finally, 22 studies could be included in the meta-analysis. Higher magnesium was associated with a lower risk for all-cause mortality (HR 0.90 [0.87-0.94] per 0.1 mmol/L increase of magnesium) and cardiovascular mortality and events (HR 0.85 [0.77-0.94] per 0.1 mmol/L).
    Conclusions: Magnesium concentration is inversely associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality and events. Therefore, increasing magnesium may improve risk in patients with chronic kidney disease. This meta-analysis forms a firm base for future prospective trials to test whether increasing plasma magnesium, indeed has beneficial effects on clinical outcomes.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Magnesium/blood ; Patient Outcome Assessment ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/blood ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy ; Renal Replacement Therapy/methods
    Chemical Substances Magnesium (I38ZP9992A)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Systematic Review
    ZDB-ID 604812-2
    ISSN 1532-1983 ; 0261-5614
    ISSN (online) 1532-1983
    ISSN 0261-5614
    DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.015
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Routine hemodialysis induces a decline in plasma magnesium concentration in most patients: a prospective observational cohort study.

    Leenders, Nicoline H J / van Ittersum, Frans J / Hoekstra, Tiny / Hoenderop, Joost G J / Vervloet, Marc G

    Scientific reports

    2018  Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 10256

    Abstract: In hemodialysis patients, lower plasma magnesium (Mg) concentrations are associated with a higher overall and cardiovascular mortality. The optimal concentration appears to be above the reference range for the healthy population. Plasma Mg is not ... ...

    Abstract In hemodialysis patients, lower plasma magnesium (Mg) concentrations are associated with a higher overall and cardiovascular mortality. The optimal concentration appears to be above the reference range for the healthy population. Plasma Mg is not routinely measured after hemodialysis. Aim of this study was to determine the effect of routine hemodialysis on plasma Mg. Plasma Mg was measured in duplicate before (Mg
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Hemodialysis Solutions/administration & dosage ; Humans ; Magnesium/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Renal Dialysis/adverse effects ; Renal Dialysis/methods
    Chemical Substances Hemodialysis Solutions ; Magnesium (I38ZP9992A)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-07-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-28629-x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: The association between circulating magnesium and clinically relevant outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

    Leenders, Nicoline H.J / Vermeulen, Emma A / van Ballegooijen, Adriana J / Hoekstra, Tiny / de Vries, Ralph / Beulens, Joline W / Vervloet, Marc G

    Clinical nutrition. 2020 Dec. 15,

    2020  

    Abstract: Despite modern treatment, risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unacceptably high. Observational studies have shown associations of magnesium with risk for several clinical outcomes in CKD of ... ...

    Abstract Despite modern treatment, risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unacceptably high. Observational studies have shown associations of magnesium with risk for several clinical outcomes in CKD of variable magnitude. The aim of this review is to provide a systematic overview and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies assessing the association of plasma magnesium concentration with clinically relevant outcomes in adult patients with chronic kidney disease, with a minimal follow-up of 6 months. Primary outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events, sudden death and hospitalisation.The electronic databases PubMed, Embase and The Cochrane Library were searched using terms relating to plasma magnesium and CKD patients, and two authors independently selected eligible studies. Study quality was assessed according to the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results of studies with a comparable magnesium exposure and outcome measure, were pooled using a random-effects meta-regression analysis.The search yielded 6156 records of which 33 studies, involving 348,059 patients, met the eligibility criteria. Finally, 22 studies could be included in the meta-analysis. Higher magnesium was associated with a lower risk for all-cause mortality (HR 0.90 [0.87–0.94] per 0.1 mmol/L increase of magnesium) and cardiovascular mortality and events (HR 0.85 [0.77–0.94] per 0.1 mmol/L).Magnesium concentration is inversely associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality and events. Therefore, increasing magnesium may improve risk in patients with chronic kidney disease. This meta-analysis forms a firm base for future prospective trials to test whether increasing plasma magnesium, indeed has beneficial effects on clinical outcomes.
    Keywords adults ; cardiovascular diseases ; clinical nutrition ; databases ; death ; kidney diseases ; longitudinal studies ; magnesium ; meta-analysis ; mortality ; observational studies ; patients ; risk ; systematic review
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-1215
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-light ; Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 604812-2
    ISSN 1532-1983 ; 0261-5614
    ISSN (online) 1532-1983
    ISSN 0261-5614
    DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.015
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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