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  1. Article: Causes of adult mortality in two populations of New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)

    Lenting, B / Gartrell, B / Kokosinska, A / Duignan, P.J / Michael, S / Hunter, S / Roe, W.D

    Veterinary and Animal Science. 2019 June, v. 7

    2019  

    Abstract: The New Zealand sea lion is an endangered species endemic to New Zealand. While causes of death are well described for pups of this species, mortality in adults is poorly characterised. This study investigated causes of death in 136 New Zealand sea lions ...

    Abstract The New Zealand sea lion is an endangered species endemic to New Zealand. While causes of death are well described for pups of this species, mortality in adults is poorly characterised. This study investigated causes of death in 136 New Zealand sea lions in two different populations: a major breeding site on remote, uninhabited Enderby Island in the sub-Antarctic, and a slowly increasing recolonising population on the inhabited mainland. For animals with at least a partial diagnostic investigation (n = 112), the most frequently diagnosed causes of mortality were infectious disease (41/112; 37%), particularly tuberculosis due to M. pinnipedii (20/112; 18%), and conspecific trauma (27/112; 24%). Anthropogenic trauma was an important cause of death in mainland sea lions (9/33; 26%). Deliberate anthropogenic mortality has previously been identified as the greatest potential threat to population recovery for mainland sea lions, and as human and pinniped populations increase, managing interactions between these species will become increasingly important.
    Keywords Phocarctos hookeri ; adults ; breeding sites ; death ; endangered species ; humans ; mortality ; pups ; tuberculosis ; New Zealand
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2019-06
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ISSN 2451-943X
    DOI 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100057
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  2. Article ; Online: Toxoplasma gondii Exposure Prevalence in Little Spotted Kiwi (Apteryx owenii).

    Taylor, Harry S / Howe, Laryssa / Bolwell, Charlotte F / Morgan, Kerri J / Lenting, Baukje / McInnes, Kate

    Journal of wildlife diseases

    2022  Volume 59, Issue 1, Page(s) 172–175

    Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii has been reported as a cause of morbidity and mortality in New Zealand's native avifauna, including the ground-dwelling Kiwi (Apteryx spp.). To better understand the extent of T. gondii infection in Little Spotted Kiwi (Apteryx owenii), ...

    Abstract Toxoplasma gondii has been reported as a cause of morbidity and mortality in New Zealand's native avifauna, including the ground-dwelling Kiwi (Apteryx spp.). To better understand the extent of T. gondii infection in Little Spotted Kiwi (Apteryx owenii), a prevalence survey of kiwi living inside a 200-ha predator-proof mainland ecosanctuary (Zealandia Te Māra a Tāne, Wellington, New Zealand) was undertaken. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected by a latex agglutination test (LAT) with a cutoff positive titer of ≥1:64, and T. gondii DNA was detected by PCR. In total, 16/19 (84.2%) birds tested were positive for T. gondii by LAT (10/11), PCR (10/19), or both (4/11). Antibody titers ranged from 1:32 to ≥1:2,048. These results suggest widespread exposure of T. gondii in this population of Little Spotted Kiwi and, in conjunction with earlier reports of toxoplasmosis causing mortality in kiwi, raise important questions as to the effect this parasite may be having on this rare endemic species. Further information on the epidemiology of T. gondii infections within free-living and managed kiwi populations is urgently needed.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Toxoplasma ; Prevalence ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; New Zealand ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology ; Antibodies, Protozoan ; Seroepidemiologic Studies
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Protozoan
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 410709-3
    ISSN 1943-3700 ; 0090-3558
    ISSN (online) 1943-3700
    ISSN 0090-3558
    DOI 10.7589/JWD-D-22-00046
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Causes of adult mortality in two populations of New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri).

    Lenting, B / Gartrell, B / Kokosinska, A / Duignan, P J / Michael, S / Hunter, S / Roe, W D

    Veterinary and animal science

    2019  Volume 7, Page(s) 100057

    Abstract: The New Zealand sea lion is an endangered species endemic to New Zealand. While causes of death are well described for pups of this species, mortality in adults is poorly characterised. This study investigated causes of death in 136 New Zealand sea lions ...

    Abstract The New Zealand sea lion is an endangered species endemic to New Zealand. While causes of death are well described for pups of this species, mortality in adults is poorly characterised. This study investigated causes of death in 136 New Zealand sea lions in two different populations: a major breeding site on remote, uninhabited Enderby Island in the sub-Antarctic, and a slowly increasing recolonising population on the inhabited mainland. For animals with at least a partial diagnostic investigation (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-04-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2451-943X
    ISSN 2451-943X
    DOI 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100057
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Surgical repair of a meningoencephalocoele in a kākāpō (

    Gartrell, B D / Argilla, L S / Chatterton, J / Dennison-Gibby, S / Digby, A / Fulton, J / Hunter, S / Johnson, K L / Jolly, M / Lenting, B

    New Zealand veterinary journal

    2021  Volume 69, Issue 4, Page(s) 247–254

    Abstract: Case history: A kākāpō (: Clinical findings and treatment: A computed tomography (CT) examination revealed a full-thickness circular defect in the central cranium with suspected herniation of brain and dura. Surgery was performed at 37 days of age, ... ...

    Abstract Case history: A kākāpō (
    Clinical findings and treatment: A computed tomography (CT) examination revealed a full-thickness circular defect in the central cranium with suspected herniation of brain and dura. Surgery was performed at 37 days of age, and the herniated dura was dissected from the open fontanelle. Attempts to reduce the herniated tissue were unsuccessful, so the herniated dura and cortex were clamped and resected. The dura was closed and the periosteum of the skull was scarified and monofilament polypropylene mesh was secured tautly over the fontanelle. The mesh graft was infused with autologous bone marrow harvested from the ulna in an attempt to stimulate osteogenesis in the mesh repair. The skin flap was then closed. Post-operative recovery and healing were without complication. A CT examination 4 weeks after surgery showed no recurrence of the hernia, and a composite of mesh and scar over the open fontanelle which had reduced in diameter. The chick was released back onto an off-shore island with a radio transmitter and it continues to be monitored regularly.
    Pathological findings: The tissue resected at surgery consisted of a cylindrical core of cerebral parenchyma overlain by a mildly hyperplastic epidermis, and large amounts of oedematous fibrovascular tissue arising from the leptomeninges.
    Diagnosis: Rostral parietal meningoencephalocoele.
    Clinical relevance: This is the first report of successful surgical resolution of a meningoencephalocoele in any bird. Techniques from human neurosurgery were adapted for the unique anatomical features of the avian skull. The risks of the procedure included increased intra-cranial pressure resulting in anaesthetic complications or death, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, meningitis or recurrence of the meningoencephalocoele. In the longer term, there was a risk of developmental deficits in cognition or behaviour. None of these complications eventuated in the short to medium term, probably due to the small size of the meningoencephalocoele.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain ; New Zealand ; Parrots ; Surgical Flaps
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 415642-0
    ISSN 1176-0710 ; 0048-0169
    ISSN (online) 1176-0710
    ISSN 0048-0169
    DOI 10.1080/00480169.2021.1909509
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Cases of mortality in little penguins (Eudyptula minor) in New Zealand associated with avian malaria.

    Sijbranda, D C / Hunter, S / Howe, L / Lenting, B / Argilla, L / Gartrell, B D

    New Zealand veterinary journal

    2017  Volume 65, Issue 6, Page(s) 332–337

    Abstract: CASE HISTORY A little penguin (Eudyptula minor) of wild origin, in captivity at Wellington Zoo, became inappetent and lethargic in March 2013. Despite supportive care in the zoo's wildlife hospital, the bird died within 24 hours. CLINICAL FINDINGS Weight ...

    Abstract CASE HISTORY A little penguin (Eudyptula minor) of wild origin, in captivity at Wellington Zoo, became inappetent and lethargic in March 2013. Despite supportive care in the zoo's wildlife hospital, the bird died within 24 hours. CLINICAL FINDINGS Weight loss, dehydration, pale mucous membranes, weakness, increased respiratory effort and biliverdinuria were apparent on physical examination. Microscopic evaluation of blood smears revealed intra-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium spp. and a regenerative reticulocytosis in the absence of anaemia. PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS Post-mortem findings included reduced body condition, dehydration, pulmonary congestion and oedema, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, hydropericardium and subcutaneous oedema. Histopathological findings included protozoal organisms in sections of lung, liver and spleen. A marked, diffuse, sub-acute interstitial histiocytic pneumonia was present. Accumulation of haemosiderin was noted in the Kupffer cells of the liver and in histiocytic-type cells in the spleen. MOLECULAR TESTING DNA was extracted from frozen portions of the liver. Nested PCR results and DNA sequencing confirmed infection of the deceased little penguin with Plasmodium (Huffia) elongatum lineage GRW06. DIAGNOSIS Avian malaria due to Plasmodium (Huffia) elongatum GRW06 RETROSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION A retrospective analysis of 294 little penguin cases in the Massey University post-mortem database revealed three other potential avian malaria cases. Analysis of archived tissues using a nested PCR for Plasmodium spp. followed by DNA sequencing revealed that a little penguin which died at Auckland Zoo was infected with P. elongatum GRW06 and two wild little penguins found dead on New Zealand beaches were infected with P. relictum SGS1 and Plasmodium. sp. lineage LINN1. Therefore, the overall frequency of deaths in little penguins associated with avian malaria was 4/295 (1.36%). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results suggest that avian malaria is associated with sporadic mortality in New Zealand's little penguins both in the wild and in captivity, but there is no evidence of mass mortality events due to Plasmodium spp. infection.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 415642-0
    ISSN 1176-0710 ; 0048-0169
    ISSN (online) 1176-0710
    ISSN 0048-0169
    DOI 10.1080/00480169.2017.1359124
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Surgical repair of a meningoencephalocoele in a kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus)

    Gartrell, BD / Argilla, LS / Chatterton, J / Dennison-Gibby, S / Digby, A / Fulton, J / Hunter, S / Johnson, KL / Jolly, M / Lenting, B

    New Zealand veterinary journal. 2021 May 26, v. 69, no. 4

    2021  

    Abstract: A kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) chick hatched on an off-shore island of New Zealand with a small white mass protruding through the cranial skin of the head. The chick’s growth followed a normal pattern for kākāpō but at 3 weeks of age the cranium mass ... ...

    Abstract A kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) chick hatched on an off-shore island of New Zealand with a small white mass protruding through the cranial skin of the head. The chick’s growth followed a normal pattern for kākāpō but at 3 weeks of age the cranium mass was non-reducible and fixed in place and the chick was removed from the island for diagnostic imaging and hand-rearing. A computed tomography (CT) examination revealed a full-thickness circular defect in the central cranium with suspected herniation of brain and dura. Surgery was performed at 37 days of age, and the herniated dura was dissected from the open fontanelle. Attempts to reduce the herniated tissue were unsuccessful, so the herniated dura and cortex were clamped and resected. The dura was closed and the periosteum of the skull was scarified and monofilament polypropylene mesh was secured tautly over the fontanelle. The mesh graft was infused with autologous bone marrow harvested from the ulna in an attempt to stimulate osteogenesis in the mesh repair. The skin flap was then closed. Post-operative recovery and healing were without complication. A CT examination 4 weeks after surgery showed no recurrence of the hernia, and a composite of mesh and scar over the open fontanelle which had reduced in diameter. The chick was released back onto an off-shore island with a radio transmitter and it continues to be monitored regularly. The tissue resected at surgery consisted of a cylindrical core of cerebral parenchyma overlain by a mildly hyperplastic epidermis, and large amounts of oedematous fibrovascular tissue arising from the leptomeninges. Rostral parietal meningoencephalocoele. This is the first report of successful surgical resolution of a meningoencephalocoele in any bird. Techniques from human neurosurgery were adapted for the unique anatomical features of the avian skull. The risks of the procedure included increased intra-cranial pressure resulting in anaesthetic complications or death, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, meningitis or recurrence of the meningoencephalocoele. In the longer term, there was a risk of developmental deficits in cognition or behaviour. None of these complications eventuated in the short to medium term, probably due to the small size of the meningoencephalocoele.
    Keywords Strigops habroptila ; bone formation ; bone marrow ; brain ; cerebrospinal fluid ; chicks ; cognition ; computed tomography ; cortex ; death ; head ; hernia ; humans ; meningitis ; periosteum ; polypropylenes ; radio transmitters ; risk ; skull ; surgery ; ulna ; New Zealand
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-0526
    Size p. 247-254.
    Publishing place Taylor & Francis
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 415642-0
    ISSN 1176-0710 ; 0048-0169
    ISSN (online) 1176-0710
    ISSN 0048-0169
    DOI 10.1080/00480169.2021.1909509
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  7. Article ; Online: Pathology and molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium pinnipedii tuberculosis in native New Zealand marine mammals.

    Roe, Wendi D / Lenting, Baukje / Kokosinska, Anna / Hunter, Stuart / Duignan, Padraig J / Gartrell, Brett / Rogers, Lynn / Collins, Desmond M / de Lisle, Geoffrey W / Gedye, Kristene / Price-Carter, Marian

    PloS one

    2019  Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) e0212363

    Abstract: Mycobacterium pinnipedii causes tuberculosis in a number of pinniped species, and transmission to cattle and humans has been reported. The aims of this study were to: characterize the pathology and prevalence of tuberculosis in New Zealand marine mammals; ...

    Abstract Mycobacterium pinnipedii causes tuberculosis in a number of pinniped species, and transmission to cattle and humans has been reported. The aims of this study were to: characterize the pathology and prevalence of tuberculosis in New Zealand marine mammals; use molecular diagnostic methods to confirm and type the causal agent; and to explore relationships between type and host characteristics. Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 30 pinnipeds and one cetacean. Most affected pinnipeds had involvement of the pulmonary system, supporting inhalation as the most common route of infection, although ingestion was a possible route in the cetacean. PCR for the RD2 gene confirmed M. pinnipedii as the causal agent in 23/31 (74%) cases (22 using DNA from cultured organisms, and one using DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue), including the first published report in a cetacean. RD2 PCR results were compared for 22 cases where both cultured organisms and FFPE tissues were available, with successful identification of M. pinnipedii in 7/22 (31.8%). In cases with moderate to large numbers of acid-fast bacilli, RD2 PCR on FFPE tissue provided a rapid, inexpensive method for confirming M. pinnipedii infection without the need for culture. VNTR typing distinguished New Zealand M. pinnipedii isolates from M. pinnipedii isolated from Australian pinnipeds and from common types of M. bovis in New Zealand. Most (16/18) M. pinnipedii isolates from New Zealand sea lions were one of two common VNTR types whereas the cetacean isolate was a type detected previously in New Zealand cattle.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cetacea/microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Female ; Male ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Mycobacterium/classification ; Mycobacterium/genetics ; Mycobacterium/isolation & purification ; Mycobacterium Infections/epidemiology ; Mycobacterium Infections/microbiology ; Mycobacterium Infections/pathology ; Mycobacterium Infections/veterinary ; New Zealand/epidemiology
    Chemical Substances DNA, Bacterial
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0212363
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Ventral dermatitis in rowi (Apteryx rowi) due to cutaneous larval migrans.

    Gartrell, B D / Argilla, L / Finlayson, S / Gedye, K / Gonzalez Argandona, A K / Graham, I / Howe, L / Hunter, S / Lenting, B / Makan, T / McInnes, K / Michael, S / Morgan, K J / Scott, I / Sijbranda, D / van Zyl, N / Ward, J M

    International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife

    2014  Volume 4, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–10

    Abstract: The rowi is a critically endangered species of kiwi. Young birds on a crèche island showed loss of feathers from the ventral abdomen and a scurfy dermatitis of the abdominal skin and vent margin. Histology of skin biopsies identified cutaneous larval ... ...

    Abstract The rowi is a critically endangered species of kiwi. Young birds on a crèche island showed loss of feathers from the ventral abdomen and a scurfy dermatitis of the abdominal skin and vent margin. Histology of skin biopsies identified cutaneous larval migrans, which was shown by molecular sequencing to be possibly from a species of Trichostrongylus as a cause of ventral dermatitis and occasional ulcerative vent dermatitis. The predisposing factors that led to this disease are suspected to be the novel exposure of the rowi to parasites from seabirds or marine mammals due to the island crèche and the limited management of roost boxes. This is the first instance of cutaneous larval migrans to be recorded in birds. Severe and fatal complications of the investigation resulted in the death of eight birds of aspergillosis and pulmonary complications associated with the use of bark as a substrate in hospital. Another bird died of renal failure during the period of hospitalisation despite oral and intravenous fluid therapy. The initiating cause of the renal failure was not determined. These complications have the potential to undermine the working relationship between wildlife veterinarians and conservation managers. This case highlights that intensive conservation management can result in increased opportunities for novel routes of cross-species pathogen transmission.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-11-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2715239-X
    ISSN 2213-2244
    ISSN 2213-2244
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.11.001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Saturation in a wide-field, directionally selective movement detection system in fly vision.

    Lenting, B P / Mastebroek, H A / Zaagman, W H

    Vision research

    1984  Volume 24, Issue 10, Page(s) 1341–1347

    Abstract: In the third optic lobe of the fly large-field spiking neurons are found which detect movement in a directionally selective way. For a wide variety of stimuli the responses of one of these, the H1 neuron, can very well be described and predicted by ... ...

    Abstract In the third optic lobe of the fly large-field spiking neurons are found which detect movement in a directionally selective way. For a wide variety of stimuli the responses of one of these, the H1 neuron, can very well be described and predicted by Reichardt's correlation model which is based on behavioural optomoter responses. However, when the spike rate is driven to large values with intense stimuli, the correlation model needs to be extended in order to account for the saturation phenomena that occur. Saturation can take place in all the elements of the large and extensive movement detecting system which contains interneurons in the optic lobes which process and guide the signals from the peripheral receptors to the central H1 neuron. To separate saturation at the peripheral site from that at the central level of the H1 neuron, a special stimulation technique was chosen. In measuring the saturation at the central level the stimulus parameter was the size of the stimulus field, while the modulation depth of the moving grating in this field stayed constant. Saturation at the peripheral site of the system was studied with a stimulus in which the modulation depth of the moving grating was the parameter and the size of the stimulus field was small and constant. When a simple feedback loop is incorporated in the final stage of the correlation model the saturation phenomena at the central level for steady-state stimulus conditions can very well be described. Saturation phenomena at the peripheral site of the system can also be explained by the same kind of feedback mechanisms in the input channels.
    MeSH term(s) Action Potentials ; Animals ; Diptera/physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Motion Perception/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Visual Perception/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 1984
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 200427-6
    ISSN 1878-5646 ; 0042-6989
    ISSN (online) 1878-5646
    ISSN 0042-6989
    DOI 10.1016/0042-6989(84)90189-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Movement detection: performance of a wide-field element in the visual system of the blowfly.

    Mastebroek, H A / Zaagman, W H / Lenting, B P

    Vision research

    1980  Volume 20, Issue 6, Page(s) 467–474

    MeSH term(s) Action Potentials ; Animals ; Diptera/anatomy & histology ; Diptera/physiology ; Eye/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Male ; Models, Neurological ; Motion Perception/physiology ; Neurons/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 1980
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 200427-6
    ISSN 1878-5646 ; 0042-6989
    ISSN (online) 1878-5646
    ISSN 0042-6989
    DOI 10.1016/0042-6989(80)90121-2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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