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Book ; Online: Dynamic–gravimetric preparation of metrologically traceable primary calibration standards for halogenated greenhouse gases

Guillevic, Myriam / Vollmer, Martin K. / Wyss, Simon A. / Leuenberger, Daiana / Ackermann, Andreas / Pascale, Céline / Niederhauser, Bernhard / Reimann, Stefan

eISSN: 1867-8548

2019

Abstract: For many years, the comparability of measurements obtained with various instruments within a global-scale air quality monitoring network has been ensured by anchoring all results to a unique suite of reference gas mixtures, also called a “primary ... ...

Abstract	For many years, the comparability of measurements obtained with various instruments within a global-scale air quality monitoring network has been ensured by anchoring all results to a unique suite of reference gas mixtures, also called a “primary calibration scale”. Such suites of reference gas mixtures are usually prepared and then stored over decades in pressurised cylinders by a designated laboratory. For the halogenated gases which have been measured over the last 40 years, this anchoring method is highly relevant as measurement reproducibility is currently much better ( < 1 %, k = 2 or 95 % confidence interval) than the expanded uncertainty of a reference gas mixture (usually > 2 %). Meanwhile, newly emitted halogenated gases are already measured in the atmosphere at pmol mol −1 levels, while still lacking an established reference standard. For compounds prone to adsorption on material surfaces, it is difficult to evaluate mixture stability and thus variations in the molar fractions over time in cylinders at pmol mol −1 levels. To support atmospheric monitoring of halogenated gases, we create new primary calibration scales for SF 6 (sulfur hexafluoride), HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane), HFO-1234yf (or HFC-1234yf, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene), HCFC-132b (1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane) and CFC-13 (chlorotrifluoromethane). The preparation method, newly applied to halocarbons, is dynamic and gravimetric: it is based on the permeation principle followed by dynamic dilution and cryo-filling of the mixture in cylinders. The obtained METAS-2017 primary calibration scales are made of 11 cylinders containing these five substances at near-ambient and slightly varying molar fractions. Each prepared molar fraction is traceable to the realisation of SI units (International System of Units) and is assigned an uncertainty estimate following international guidelines (JCGM, 2008), ranging from 0.6 % for SF 6 to 1.3 % ( k = 2) for all other substances. The smallest uncertainty obtained for SF 6 is mostly explained by the high substance purity level in the permeator and the low SF 6 contamination of the matrix gas. The measured internal consistency of the suite ranges from 0.23 % for SF 6 to 1.1 % for HFO-1234yf ( k =1 ). The expanded uncertainty after verification (i.e. measurement of the cylinders vs. each others) ranges from 1 to 2 % ( k = 2). This work combines the advantages of SI-traceable reference gas mixture preparation with a calibration scale system for its use as anchor by a monitoring network. Such a combined system supports maximising compatibility within the network while linking all reference values to the SI and assigning carefully estimated uncertainties. For SF 6 , comparison of the METAS-2017 calibration scale with the scale prepared by SIO (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, SIO-05) shows excellent concordance, the ratio METAS-2017 / SIO-05 being 1.002. For HFC-125, the METAS-2017 calibration scale is measured as 7 % lower than SIO-14; for HFO-1234yf, it is 9 % lower than Empa-2013. No other scale for HCFC-132b was available for comparison. Finally, for CFC-13 the METAS-2017 primary calibration scale is 5 % higher than the interim calibration scale (Interim-98) that was in use within the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network before adopting the scale established in the present work.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-18
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Continuous Flow Analysis of Labile Iron in Ice-Cores

Hiscock, William T / Bigler Matthias / Fischer Hubertus / Gfeller Gideon / Leuenberger Daiana / Mini Olivia

Environmental Science & Technology. 2013 May 07, v. 47, no. 9

2013

Abstract: The important active and passive role of mineral dust aerosol in the climate and the global carbon cycle over the last glacial/interglacial cycles has been recognized. However, little data on the most important aeolian dust-derived biological ... ...

Abstract	The important active and passive role of mineral dust aerosol in the climate and the global carbon cycle over the last glacial/interglacial cycles has been recognized. However, little data on the most important aeolian dust-derived biological micronutrient, iron (Fe), has so far been available from ice-cores from Greenland or Antarctica. Furthermore, Fe deposition reconstructions derived from the palaeoproxies particulate dust and calcium differ significantly from the Fe flux data available. The ability to measure high temporal resolution Fe data in polar ice-cores is crucial for the study of the timing and magnitude of relationships between geochemical events and biological responses in the open ocean. This work adapts an existing flow injection analysis (FIA) methodology for low-level trace Fe determinations with an existing glaciochemical analysis system, continuous flow analysis (CFA) of ice-cores. Fe-induced oxidation of N,Nâ²-dimethyl-p-pheylenediamine (DPD) is used to quantify the biologically more important and easily leachable Fe fraction released in a controlled digestion step at pH â¼1.0. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of labile Fe in ice-core samples collected from the Antarctic Byrd ice-core and the Greenland Ice-Core Project (GRIP) ice-core.
Keywords	aerosols ; calcium ; carbon cycle ; climate ; dust ; flow injection analysis ; iron ; oxidation ; pH ; Antarctic region ; Antarctica ; Greenland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-0507
Size	p. 4416-4425.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021%2Fes3047087
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Continuous flow analysis of labile iron in ice-cores.

Hiscock, William T / Fischer, Hubertus / Bigler, Matthias / Gfeller, Gideon / Leuenberger, Daiana / Mini, Olivia

Environmental science & technology

2013 Volume 47, Issue 9, Page(s) 4416–4425

Abstract	The important active and passive role of mineral dust aerosol in the climate and the global carbon cycle over the last glacial/interglacial cycles has been recognized. However, little data on the most important aeolian dust-derived biological micronutrient, iron (Fe), has so far been available from ice-cores from Greenland or Antarctica. Furthermore, Fe deposition reconstructions derived from the palaeoproxies particulate dust and calcium differ significantly from the Fe flux data available. The ability to measure high temporal resolution Fe data in polar ice-cores is crucial for the study of the timing and magnitude of relationships between geochemical events and biological responses in the open ocean. This work adapts an existing flow injection analysis (FIA) methodology for low-level trace Fe determinations with an existing glaciochemical analysis system, continuous flow analysis (CFA) of ice-cores. Fe-induced oxidation of N,N'-dimethyl-p-pheylenediamine (DPD) is used to quantify the biologically more important and easily leachable Fe fraction released in a controlled digestion step at pH ~1.0. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of labile Fe in ice-core samples collected from the Antarctic Byrd ice-core and the Greenland Ice-Core Project (GRIP) ice-core.
MeSH term(s)	Antarctic Regions ; Greenland ; Ice ; Iron/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Ice ; Iron (E1UOL152H7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-05-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/es3047087
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: High-resolution aerosol concentration data from the Greenland NorthGRIP and NEEM deep ice cores

Erhardt, Tobias / Bigler, Matthias / Federer, Urs / Gfeller, Gideon / Leuenberger, Daiana / Stowasser, Olivia / Röthlisberger, Regine / Schüpbach, Simon / Ruth, Urs / Twarloh, Birthe / Wegner, Anna / Goto-Azuma, Kumiko / Kuramoto, Takayuki / Kjær, Helle A. / Vallelonga, Paul T. / Siggaard-Andersen, Marie-Louise / Hansson, Margareta E. / Benton, Ailsa K. / Fleet, Louise G. /

Mulvaney, Rob / Thomas, Elizabeth R. / Abram, Nerilie / Stocker, Thomas F. / Fischer, Hubertus

eISSN: 1866-3516

2022

Abstract: Records of chemical impurities from ice cores enable us to reconstruct the past deposition of aerosols onto polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Through this they allow us to gain insight into changes of the source, transport and deposition processes ... ...

Abstract	Records of chemical impurities from ice cores enable us to reconstruct the past deposition of aerosols onto polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Through this they allow us to gain insight into changes of the source, transport and deposition processes that ultimately determine the deposition flux at the coring location. However, the low concentrations of the aerosol species in the ice and the resulting high risk of contamination pose a formidable analytical challenge, especially if long, continuous and highly resolved records are needed. Continuous flow analysis, CFA, the continuous melting, decontamination and analysis of ice-core samples has mostly overcome this issue and has quickly become the de facto standard to obtain high-resolution aerosol records from ice cores after its inception at the University of Bern in the mid-1990s. Here, we present continuous records of calcium ( Ca 2+ ), sodium ( Na + ), ammonium ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">NH</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="f83a9f1907f38a5589c34b239e10518b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="essd-14-1215-2022-ie00001.svg" width="24pt" height="15pt" src="essd-14-1215-2022-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg> ), nitrate ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">NO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math> <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="e16cba38499a6a16cb1a10e488ec56da"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="essd-14-1215-2022-ie00002.svg" width="25pt" height="16pt" src="essd-14-1215-2022-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg> ) and electrolytic conductivity at 1 mm depth resolution from the NGRIP (North Greenland Ice Core Project) and NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) ice cores produced by the Bern Continuous Flow Analysis group in the years 2000 to 2011 ( Erhardt et al. , 2021 ) . Both of the records were previously used in a number of studies but were never published in full 1 mm resolution. Alongside the 1 mm datasets we provide decadal averages, a detailed description of the methods, relevant references, an assessment of the quality of the data and its usable resolution. Along the way we will also give some historical context on the development of the Bern CFA system. The data is available in full 1 mm and 10-year-averaged resolution on PANGAEA ( https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.935838 , Erhardt et al. , 2021 )
Subject code	333 ; 550
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-16
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: In-situ measurements of NH3

Twigg, Marsailidh M. / Berkhout, Augustinus J. C. / Cowan, Nicholas / Crunaire, Sabine / Dammers, Enrico / Ebert, Volker / Gaudion, Vincent / Haaima, Marty / Häni, Christoph / John, Lewis / Jones, Matthew R. / Kamps, Bjorn / Kentisbeer, John / Kupper, Thomas / Leeson, Sarah R. / Leuenberger, Daiana / Lüttschwager, Nils O. B. / Makkonen, Ulla / Martin, Nicholas A. /

Missler, David / Mounsor, Duncan / Neftel, Albrecht / Nelson, Chad / Nemitz, Eiko / Oudwater, Rutger / Pascale, Celine / Petit, Jean-Eudes / Pogany, Andrea / Redon, Nathalie / Sintermann, Jörg / Stephens, Amy / Sutton, Mark A. / Tang, Yuk S. / Zijlmans, Rens / Braban, Christine F. / Niederhauser, Bernhard

eISSN: 1867-8548

instrument performance and applicability

2022

Abstract: Ammonia (NH 3 ) in the atmosphere affects both the environment and human health. It is therefore increasingly recognised by policy makers as an important air pollutant that needs to be mitigated. In order to understand the effectiveness of abatement ... ...

Abstract	Ammonia (NH 3 ) in the atmosphere affects both the environment and human health. It is therefore increasingly recognised by policy makers as an important air pollutant that needs to be mitigated. In order to understand the effectiveness of abatement strategies, routine NH 3 monitoring is required. Current reference protocols, developed in the 1990s, use daily samplers with offline analysis but there have been a number of technologies developed since, which may be applicable for high time resolution routine monitoring of NH 3 at ambient concentrations. The following study is a comprehensive field intercomparison held over an intensively managed grassland in South East Scotland using currently available methods that are reported to be suitable for routine monitoring of ambient NH 3 . In total 13 instruments took part in the field study. The instruments include: an online ion chromatography system (MARGA, Metrohm-Applikon,NL), two wet chemistry continuous flow analysis systems (AiRRmonia, Mechatronics, NL), a photoacoustic spectrometer (NH 3 monitor, LSE, NL), two mini Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometers (miniDOAS; NTB Interstate University of Applied Sciences Buchs, now part of "Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, CH and RIVM, NL), as well as seven spectrometers using cavity enhanced techniques: a Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectrometer (QCLAS, Aerodyne, Inc. US), Picarro G2103 Analyzer (Picarro US), Economical NH 3 Analyser (Los Gatos Research, US), Tiger-i 2000 (Tiger Optics, US) and LaserCEM® gas analyser (AP2E, FR). Assessments of the instruments’ precision at low concentrations (< 10 ppb) and at elevated concentrations (maximum reported concentration of 282 ppb) were undertaken. At elevated concentrations all instruments performed well on precision (r 2 > 0.75). At concentrations below 10 ppb however, instruments fell into two distinct groups and the duplicate instruments, miniDOAS, AiRRmonia, LGR and Picarro were split across the two groups. It was found that identical instruments performed differently at low concentrations, highlighting the impact of the setup, inlet design and operation of the instrument used. Accuracy in determining absolute concentrations in the field was assessed using a calibration-free CRDS Optical Gas Standard (OGS, PTB, DE), serving as an instrumental reference standard. Accuracy was also assessed using well established metrological standards for calibration gases, i) a permeation system (ReGaS1, METAS, CH) and ii) Primary Standard gas Mixtures (PSMs) prepared by gravimetry (NPL, UK). This study showed that though the OGS good performance with respect to sensitivity and linearity with reference gas standards, this in itself is not enough for the OGS to be a field reference standard because a closed path spectrometer has limitations due to losses to surfaces in sampling NH 3 , which need to be taken into account. Overall, the instruments studied performed well against the standard gases but we note that not every instrument could be calibrated using gas standards due to incompatible inlet designs and limitations in the gas flow rates of the standards. This work provides evidence that though NH 3 instrumentation have greatly progressed in measurement precision, there is still further work required to quantify the accuracy of these systems under field conditions. It is the recommendation of this study that the use of instruments for routine monitoring of NH 3 needs to be set out in standard operating protocols for inlet set-up, calibration and routine maintenance, in order for datasets to be comparable.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-30
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Measurements of stable carbon isotope ratios of CO2 over the last 24000 years and CO2 concentration measurements on Antarctic ice cores using three different methods, supplementary data to: Schmitt, Jochen; Schneider, Robert; Elsig, Joachim; Leuenberger, Daiana; Lourantou, Anna; Chappellaz, Jérôme A; Köhler, Peter; Joos, Fortunat; Stocker, Thomas F; Leuenberger, Markus; Fischer, Hubertus (2012): Carbon isotope constraints on the deglacial CO2 rise from ice cores. Science, 336, 711-714

Schmitt, Jochen / Chappellaz, Jérôme A / Elsig, Joachim / Joos, Fortunat / Köhler, Peter / Leuenberger, Daiana / Lourantou, Anna / Schneider, Robert / Stocker, Thomas F / al., et

2012

Abstract: The stable carbon isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 (d13Catm) is a key parameter in deciphering past carbon cycle changes. Here we present d13Catm data for the past 24,000 years derived from three independent records from two Antarctic ice cores. We ... ...

Abstract	The stable carbon isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 (d13Catm) is a key parameter in deciphering past carbon cycle changes. Here we present d13Catm data for the past 24,000 years derived from three independent records from two Antarctic ice cores. We conclude that a pronounced 0.3 per mil decrease in d13Catm during the early deglaciation can be best explained by upwelling of old, carbon-enriched waters in the Southern Ocean. Later in the deglaciation, regrowth of the terrestrial biosphere, changes in sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation governed the d13Catm evolution. During the Last Glacial Maximum, d13Catm and atmospheric CO2 concentration were essentially constant, which suggests that the carbon cycle was in dynamic equilibrium and that the net transfer of carbon to the deep ocean had occurred before then.
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-9999
Size	Online-Ressource
Publisher	PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science
Publishing place	Bremen/Bremerhaven
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	This dataset is supplement to doi:10.1126/science.1217161
DOI	10.1594/PANGAEA.772713
Database	Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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Article ; Online: Stable isotope constraints on Holocene carbon cycle changes from an Antarctic ice core.

Elsig, Joachim / Schmitt, Jochen / Leuenberger, Daiana / Schneider, Robert / Eyer, Marc / Leuenberger, Markus / Joos, Fortunat / Fischer, Hubertus / Stocker, Thomas F

Nature

2009 Volume 461, Issue 7263, Page(s) 507–510

Abstract: Reconstructions of atmospheric CO(2) concentrations based on Antarctic ice cores reveal significant changes during the Holocene epoch, but the processes responsible for these changes in CO(2) concentrations have not been unambiguously identified. ... ...

Abstract	Reconstructions of atmospheric CO(2) concentrations based on Antarctic ice cores reveal significant changes during the Holocene epoch, but the processes responsible for these changes in CO(2) concentrations have not been unambiguously identified. Distinct characteristics in the carbon isotope signatures of the major carbon reservoirs (ocean, biosphere, sediments and atmosphere) constrain variations in the CO(2) fluxes between those reservoirs. Here we present a highly resolved atmospheric delta(13)C record for the past 11,000 years from measurements on atmospheric CO(2) trapped in an Antarctic ice core. From mass-balance inverse model calculations performed with a simplified carbon cycle model, we show that the decrease in atmospheric CO(2) of about 5 parts per million by volume (p.p.m.v.). The increase in delta(13)C of about 0.25 per thousand during the early Holocene is most probably the result of a combination of carbon uptake of about 290 gigatonnes of carbon by the land biosphere and carbon release from the ocean in response to carbonate compensation of the terrestrial uptake during the termination of the last ice age. The 20 p.p.m.v. increase of atmospheric CO(2) and the small decrease in delta(13)C of about 0.05 per thousand during the later Holocene can mostly be explained by contributions from carbonate compensation of earlier land-biosphere uptake and coral reef formation, with only a minor contribution from a small decrease of the land-biosphere carbon inventory.
MeSH term(s)	Air/analysis ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Anthozoa/growth & development ; Anthozoa/metabolism ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon/analysis ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover/chemistry ; Time Factors
Chemical Substances	Carbon Isotopes ; Carbon Dioxide (142M471B3J) ; Carbon (7440-44-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-09-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120714-3
ISSN	1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
ISSN (online)	1476-4687
ISSN	0028-0836
DOI	10.1038/nature08393
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Book ; Online: Carbon isotopic record of CO2 from the Holocene of the Dome C ice core, supplementary data to: Elsig, Joachim; Schmitt, Jochen; Leuenberger, Daiana; Schneider, Robert; Eyer, Marc; Leuenberger, Markus; Joos, Fortunat; Fischer, Hubertus; Stocker, Thomas F (2009): Stable isotope constraints on Holocene carbon cycle changes from an Antarctic ice core. Nature, 461, 507-510

Elsig, Joachim / Eyer, Marc / Fischer, Hubertus / Joos, Fortunat / Leuenberger, Daiana / Leuenberger, Markus / Schmitt, Jochen / Schneider, Robert / Stocker, Thomas F

2009

Abstract: Reconstructions of atmospheric CO2 concentrations based on Antarctic ice cores reveal significant changes during the Holocene epoch, but the processes responsible for these changes in CO2 concentrations have not been unambiguously identified. Distinct ... ...

Abstract	Reconstructions of atmospheric CO2 concentrations based on Antarctic ice cores reveal significant changes during the Holocene epoch, but the processes responsible for these changes in CO2 concentrations have not been unambiguously identified. Distinct characteristics in the carbon isotope signatures of the major carbon reservoirs (ocean, biosphere, sediments and atmosphere) constrain variations in the CO2 fluxes between those reservoirs. Here we present a highly resolved atmospheric d13C record for the past 11,000 years from measurements on atmospheric CO2 trapped in an Antarctic ice core. From mass-balance inverse model calculations performed with a simplified carbon cycle model, we show that the decrease in atmospheric CO2 of about 5 parts per million by volume (p.p.m.v.) and the increase in d13C of about 0.25% during the early Holocene is most probably the result of a combination of carbon uptake of about 290 gigatonnes of carbon by the land biosphere and carbon release from the ocean in response to carbonate compensation of the terrestrial uptake during the termination of the last ice age. The 20 p.p.m.v. increase of atmospheric CO2 and the small decrease in d13C of about 0.05% during the later Holocene can mostly be explained by contributions from carbonate compensation of earlier land-biosphere uptake and coral reef formation, with only a minor contribution from a small decrease of the land-biosphere carbon inventory.
Language	English
Dates of publication	2009-9999
Size	Online-Ressource
Publisher	PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science
Publishing place	Bremen/Bremerhaven
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	This dataset is supplement to doi:10.1038/nature08393
DOI	10.1594/PANGAEA.728699
Database	Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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Article ; Online: Carbon isotope constraints on the deglacial CO₂ rise from ice cores.

Schmitt, Jochen / Schneider, Robert / Elsig, Joachim / Leuenberger, Daiana / Lourantou, Anna / Chappellaz, Jérôme / Köhler, Peter / Joos, Fortunat / Stocker, Thomas F / Leuenberger, Markus / Fischer, Hubertus

Science (New York, N.Y.)

2012 Volume 336, Issue 6082, Page(s) 711–714

Abstract: The stable carbon isotope ratio of atmospheric CO(2) (δ(13)C(atm)) is a key parameter in deciphering past carbon cycle changes. Here we present δ(13)C(atm) data for the past 24,000 years derived from three independent records from two Antarctic ice cores. ...

Abstract	The stable carbon isotope ratio of atmospheric CO(2) (δ(13)C(atm)) is a key parameter in deciphering past carbon cycle changes. Here we present δ(13)C(atm) data for the past 24,000 years derived from three independent records from two Antarctic ice cores. We conclude that a pronounced 0.3 per mil decrease in δ(13)C(atm) during the early deglaciation can be best explained by upwelling of old, carbon-enriched waters in the Southern Ocean. Later in the deglaciation, regrowth of the terrestrial biosphere, changes in sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation governed the δ(13)C(atm) evolution. During the Last Glacial Maximum, δ(13)C(atm) and atmospheric CO(2) concentration were essentially constant, which suggests that the carbon cycle was in dynamic equilibrium and that the net transfer of carbon to the deep ocean had occurred before then.
MeSH term(s)	Antarctic Regions ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Cycle ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carbon Isotopes ; Climate Change ; Ice Cover ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Time ; Water Movements
Chemical Substances	Carbon Isotopes ; Carbon Dioxide (142M471B3J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-05-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	128410-1
ISSN	1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
ISSN (online)	1095-9203
ISSN	0036-8075
DOI	10.1126/science.1217161
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