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  1. Article ; Online: The Influence of Memory on Visual Perception in Infants, Children, and Adults.

    Jaffe-Dax, Sagi / Potter, Christine E / Leung, Tiffany S / Emberson, Lauren L / Lew-Williams, Casey

    Cognitive science

    2023  Volume 47, Issue 11, Page(s) e13381

    Abstract: Perception is not an independent, in-the-moment event. Instead, perceiving involves integrating prior expectations with current observations. How does this ability develop from infancy through adulthood? We examined how prior visual experience shapes ... ...

    Abstract Perception is not an independent, in-the-moment event. Instead, perceiving involves integrating prior expectations with current observations. How does this ability develop from infancy through adulthood? We examined how prior visual experience shapes visual perception in infants, children, and adults. Using an identical task across age groups, we exposed participants to pairs of colorful stimuli and implicitly measured their ability to discriminate relative saturation levels. Results showed that adult participants were biased by previously experienced exemplars, and exhibited weakened in-the-moment discrimination between different levels of saturation. In contrast, infants and children showed less influence of memory in their perception, and they actually outperformed adults in discriminating between current levels of saturation. Our findings suggest that as humans develop, their perception relies more on prior experience and less on current observation.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Visual Perception ; Memory
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2002940-8
    ISSN 1551-6709 ; 0364-0213
    ISSN (online) 1551-6709
    ISSN 0364-0213
    DOI 10.1111/cogs.13381
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  2. Article ; Online: Infant temperamental fear, pupil dilation, and gaze aversion from smiling strangers.

    Zeng, Guangyu / Maylott, Sarah E / Leung, Tiffany S / Messinger, Daniel S / Wang, Jue / Simpson, Elizabeth A

    Developmental psychobiology

    2022  Volume 64, Issue 7, Page(s) e22324

    Abstract: In childhood, higher levels of temperamental fear-an early-emerging proclivity to distress in the face of novelty-are associated with lower social responsivity and greater social anxiety. While the early emergence of temperamental fear in infancy is ... ...

    Abstract In childhood, higher levels of temperamental fear-an early-emerging proclivity to distress in the face of novelty-are associated with lower social responsivity and greater social anxiety. While the early emergence of temperamental fear in infancy is poorly understood, it is theorized to be driven by individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation to novel stimuli. The current study used eye tracking to capture infants' (N = 124) reactions to a video of a smiling stranger-a common social encounter-including infant gaze aversions from the stranger's face (indexing arousal regulation) and pupil dilation (indexing physiological reactivity), longitudinally at 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of age. Multilevel mixed-effects models indicated that more fearful infants took more time to look away from a smiling stranger's face than less fearful infants, suggesting that high-fear infants may have slower arousal regulation. At 2 and 4 months, more fearful infants also exhibited greater and faster pupil dilation before gaze aversions, consistent with greater physiological reactivity. Together, these findings suggest that individual differences in infants' gaze aversions and pupil dilation can index the development of fearful temperament in early infancy, facilitating the identification of, and interventions for, risk factors to social disruptions.
    MeSH term(s) Infant ; Humans ; Smiling ; Pupil/physiology ; Fear ; Temperament/physiology ; Affect
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 4107-5
    ISSN 1098-2302 ; 0012-1630
    ISSN (online) 1098-2302
    ISSN 0012-1630
    DOI 10.1002/dev.22324
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.B 1102: Show issues Location:
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  3. Article ; Online: Social motivation predicts gaze following between 6 and 14 months.

    Zeng, Guangyu / Leung, Tiffany S / Maylott, Sarah E / Saunders, Thea A / Messinger, Daniel S / Llabre, Maria M / Simpson, Elizabeth A

    Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies

    2023  Volume 28, Issue 4, Page(s) 836–860

    Abstract: Infants vary in their ability to follow others' gazes, but it is unclear how these individual differences emerge. We tested whether social motivation levels in early infancy predict later gaze following skills. We longitudinally tracked infants' (N = 82) ...

    Abstract Infants vary in their ability to follow others' gazes, but it is unclear how these individual differences emerge. We tested whether social motivation levels in early infancy predict later gaze following skills. We longitudinally tracked infants' (N = 82) gazes and pupil dilation while they observed videos of a woman looking into the camera simulating eye contact (i.e., mutual gaze) and then gazing toward one of two objects, at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 14 months of age. To improve measurement validity, we used confirmatory factor analysis to combine multiple observed measures to index the underlying constructs of social motivation and gaze following. Infants' social motivation-indexed by their speed of social orienting, duration of mutual gaze, and degree of pupil dilation during mutual gaze-was developmentally stable and positively predicted the development of gaze following-indexed by their proportion of time looking to the target object, first object look difference scores, and first face-to-object saccade difference scores-from 6 to 14 months of age. These findings suggest that infants' social motivation likely plays a role in the development of gaze following and highlight the use of a multi-measure approach to improve measurement sensitivity and validity in infancy research.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Motivation ; Fixation, Ocular
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2020049-3
    ISSN 1532-7078 ; 1525-0008
    ISSN (online) 1532-7078
    ISSN 1525-0008
    DOI 10.1111/infa.12544
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  4. Article ; Online: Infection detection in faces: Children's development of pathogen avoidance.

    Leung, Tiffany S / Zeng, Guangyu / Maylott, Sarah E / Martinez, Shantalle N / Jakobsen, Krisztina V / Simpson, Elizabeth A

    Child development

    2023  Volume 95, Issue 1, Page(s) e35–e46

    Abstract: This study examined the development of children's avoidance and recognition of sickness using face photos from people with natural, acute, contagious illness. In a U.S. sample of fifty-seven 4- to 5-year-olds (46% male, 70% White), fifty-two 8- to 9-year- ...

    Abstract This study examined the development of children's avoidance and recognition of sickness using face photos from people with natural, acute, contagious illness. In a U.S. sample of fifty-seven 4- to 5-year-olds (46% male, 70% White), fifty-two 8- to 9-year-olds (26% male, 62% White), and 51 adults (59% male, 61% White), children and adults avoided and recognized sick faces (ds ranged from 0.38 to 2.26). Both avoidance and recognition improved with age. Interestingly, 4- to 5-year-olds' avoidance of sick faces positively correlated with their recognition, suggesting stable individual differences in these emerging skills. Together, these findings are consistent with a hypothesized immature but functioning and flexible behavioral immune system emerging early in development. Characterizing children's sickness perception may help design interventions to improve health.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Child Development ; Age Factors ; Face ; Recognition, Psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 215602-7
    ISSN 1467-8624 ; 0009-3920
    ISSN (online) 1467-8624
    ISSN 0009-3920
    DOI 10.1111/cdev.13983
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Um IV Zs.158: Show issues Location:
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  5. Article ; Online: Behavioral and physiological sensitivity to natural sick faces.

    Leung, Tiffany S / Maylott, Sarah E / Zeng, Guangyu / Nascimben, Diana N / Jakobsen, Krisztina V / Simpson, Elizabeth A

    Brain, behavior, and immunity

    2023  Volume 110, Page(s) 195–211

    Abstract: The capacity to rapidly detect and avoid sick people may be adaptive. Given that faces are reliably available, as well as rapidly detected and processed, they may provide health information that influences social interaction. Prior studies used faces ... ...

    Abstract The capacity to rapidly detect and avoid sick people may be adaptive. Given that faces are reliably available, as well as rapidly detected and processed, they may provide health information that influences social interaction. Prior studies used faces that were manipulated to appear sick (e.g., editing photos, inducing inflammatory response); however, responses to naturally sick faces remain largely unexplored. We tested whether adults detected subtle cues of genuine, acute, potentially contagious illness in face photos compared to the same individuals when healthy. We tracked illness symptoms and severity with the Sickness Questionnaire and Common Cold Questionnaire. We also checked that sick and healthy photos were matched on low-level features. We found that participants (N = 109) rated sick faces, compared to healthy faces, as sicker, more dangerous, and eliciting more unpleasant feelings. Participants (N = 90) rated sick faces as more likely to be avoided, more tired, and more negative in expression than healthy faces. In a passive-viewing eye-tracking task, participants (N = 50) looked longer at healthy than sick faces, especially the eye region, suggesting people may be more drawn to healthy conspecifics. When making approach-avoidance decisions, participants (N = 112) had greater pupil dilation to sick than healthy faces, and more pupil dilation was associated with greater avoidance, suggesting elevated arousal to threat. Across all experiments, participants' behaviors correlated with the degree of sickness, as reported by the face donors, suggesting a nuanced, fine-tuned sensitivity. Together, these findings suggest that humans may detect subtle threats of contagion from sick faces, which may facilitate illness avoidance. By better understanding how humans naturally avoid illness in conspecifics, we may identify what information is used and ultimately improve public health.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Emotions ; Arousal ; Illness Behavior/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-07
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 639219-2
    ISSN 1090-2139 ; 0889-1591
    ISSN (online) 1090-2139
    ISSN 0889-1591
    DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.007
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 2276: Show issues Location:
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    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
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    Zs.MO 327: Show issues

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