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Article ; Online: The Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Jing Guan Fang for Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Yueh-Hsin Ping / Hsin Yeh / Li-Wei Chu / Zhi-Hu Lin / Yin-Chieh Hsu / Lie-Chwen Lin / Chung-Hua Hsu / Shu-Ling Fu / Tung-Yi Lin

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol

From Clinical Observation to Basic Research

2022 Volume 13

Abstract: COVID-19 is a global epidemic. Developing adjuvant therapies which could prevent the virus from binding to cells may impair viral infection. This study produces a traditional Chinese medicine formula, Jing Guan Fang (JGF), based on ancient medical texts, ...

Abstract	COVID-19 is a global epidemic. Developing adjuvant therapies which could prevent the virus from binding to cells may impair viral infection. This study produces a traditional Chinese medicine formula, Jing Guan Fang (JGF), based on ancient medical texts, and examines the efficacy and the mechanism by which JGF prevents viral infections. JGF reduces COVID-19 like symptoms. Functional studies show that JGF inhibits the formation of syncytium and reduces the formation of viral plaque. JGF is not toxic in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, JGF induces lysosomal-dependent ACE2 degradation and suppresses mRNA and the protein levels of TMPRSS2 in human lung WI-38 and MRC-5 cells. Mice that inhale JGF exhibit reduced ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein levels in lung tissues. Together, these findings suggest that JGF may improve the COVID-19 like symptoms and inhibit viral infection. Moreover, JGF may be applicable as an adjuvant preventive strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection in addition to the use of vaccines.
Keywords	Chinese medicine decoction ; Jing Guan Fang ; ACE2 ; TMPRSS2 ; COVID-19 ; prevention ; Therapeutics. Pharmacology ; RM1-950
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: TIM-1 As a Signal Receptor Triggers Dengue Virus-Induced Autophagy

Li-Wei Chu / Chia-Jui Yang / Kuan-Jen Peng / Pei-Ling Chen / Shuu-Jiun Wang / Yueh-Hsin Ping

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 20, Iss 19, p

2019 Volume 4893

Abstract: Dengue virus (DENV) infection triggers the activation of autophagy to facilitate the viral replication cycle from various aspects. Although a number of stimulators are proposed to activate autophagy, none of them appears prior to the uncoating process. ... ...

Abstract	Dengue virus (DENV) infection triggers the activation of autophagy to facilitate the viral replication cycle from various aspects. Although a number of stimulators are proposed to activate autophagy, none of them appears prior to the uncoating process. Given that T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) receptor is a putative DENV receptor and promotes apoptotic body clearance by autophagy induction, it raises the possibility that TIM-1 may participate in the activation of DENV-induced autophagy. In this study, confocal images first revealed the co-localization of TIM-1 with autophagosomes in DENV-induced autophagy rather than rapamycin-induced autophagy, suggesting the co-transportation of TIM-1 with DENV during infection. The treatment of siRNA to knockdown TIM-1 expression in DENV-infected GFP-microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-Huh7.5 cells revealed that TIM-1 is required not only for DENV cellular internalization but also for autophagy activation. Furthermore, knockdown p85, a subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), which is co-localized with TIM-1 at rab5-positive endosomes caused the reduction of autophagy, indicating that TIM-1-mediated DENV-induced autophagy requires p85. Taken together, the current study uncovered TIM-1 as a novel factor for triggering autophagy in DENV infection through TIM-1-p85 axis, in addition to serving as a DENV receptor.
Keywords	dengue virus ; autophagy ; tim-1 ; p85 ; rab5 ; early endosome ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Indole alkaloids indigodoles A-C from aerial parts of Strobilanthes cusia in the traditional Chinese medicine Qing Dai have anti-IL-17 properties.

Lee, Chia-Lin / Wang, Chien-Ming / Hu, Hao-Chun / Yen, Hung-Rong / Song, Ying-Chyi / Yu, Sheng-Jie / Chen, Chao-Jung / Li, Wei-Chu / Wu, Yang-Chang

Phytochemistry

2019 Volume 162, Page(s) 39–46

Abstract: Qing Dai (Naturalis Indigo) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used as a topical agent in moderate psoriasis, targeting interleukin-17 (IL-17). In this study, it was prepared from the aerial parts of Strobilanthes cusia. Three undescribed indole ... ...

Abstract	Qing Dai (Naturalis Indigo) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used as a topical agent in moderate psoriasis, targeting interleukin-17 (IL-17). In this study, it was prepared from the aerial parts of Strobilanthes cusia. Three undescribed indole alkaloid derivatives, indigodoles A-C, along with seven known compounds were isolated from this preparation of Qing Dai and their structures were elucidated from spectroscopic data, including NMR, MS, UV, IR, optical rotation, and CD. As well, most compounds were tested against IL-17. Indigodole C and tryptanthrin could significantly inhibit IL-17 production of Th17 cells. In addition, indigodole A and indirubin showed notably anti-IL-17 gene expression in dose-dependent effects without cytotoxicities toward Th17 and Jurkat cells, respectively. Overall, our studies indicate that the aforementioned indole alkaloids could contribute to anti-IL 17 properties of Qing Dai.
MeSH term(s)	Acanthaceae/chemistry ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry ; Indole Alkaloids/chemistry ; Indole Alkaloids/pharmacology ; Interleukin-17/antagonists & inhibitors ; Interleukin-17/biosynthesis ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry ; Th17 Cells/drug effects ; Th17 Cells/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Indole Alkaloids ; Interleukin-17 ; Qingdai compound (R1R8QUL21Z)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208884-8
ISSN	1873-3700 ; 0031-9422
ISSN (online)	1873-3700
ISSN	0031-9422
DOI	10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.016
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Article ; Online: The production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in peritoneal macrophages is inhibited by Andrographis paniculata, Angelica sinensis and Morus alba ethyl acetate fractions.

Chao, Wen-Wan / Kuo, Yueh-Hsiung / Li, Wei-Chu / Lin, Bi-Fong

Journal of ethnopharmacology

2009 Volume 122, Issue 1, Page(s) 68–75

Abstract: Aim of the study: Traditional Chinese medicine herbs (TCMHs) are used in medicines as well as in daily dietary supplements in Asia. In this study, we employed pNF-kappaB-Luc or pIFN-gamma-Luc and BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages or splenocytes to ... ...

Abstract	Aim of the study: Traditional Chinese medicine herbs (TCMHs) are used in medicines as well as in daily dietary supplements in Asia. In this study, we employed pNF-kappaB-Luc or pIFN-gamma-Luc and BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages or splenocytes to investigate both the immune and inflammatory effects of six selected plant species. Materials and methods: Specifically, we used ethyl acetate fractions of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge var. mongholicus (Bunge) Hsiao (Fabaceae) (AM), Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (Acanthaceae) (AP), Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Apiaceae) (AS), Eucommia ulmodes Oliv. (Eucommiaceae) leaves (EU leaves), Isatis indigotica Fort. (Brassicaceae) (II) and Morus alba L. (Moraceae) (MA). Results: We found that ethyl acetate fractions of AP, AS and MA significantly decreased NF-kappaB luciferase activity and also the secretion of NO and PGE(2) in LPS/IFN-gamma stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages (p<0.05). In contrast, they did not affect IFN-gamma luciferase activity or IFN-gamma production in concanavalin A (Con A)-activated mouse splenocytes. Our results indicated that the anti-inflammatory properties of these plant extracts might be resulted from the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., NO and PGE(2)), at least in part via suppression of a signaling pathway such as NF-kappaB. Conclusions: Collectively, we have found that three potent bioactive TCMH species exerted significant NF-kappaB inhibitory activity and acted in a cell type dependent fashion.
MeSH term(s)	Andrographis ; Angelica sinensis ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology ; Dinoprostone/biosynthesis ; Female ; Immunologic Factors/pharmacology ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Interleukin-6/metabolism ; Luciferases/metabolism ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism ; Magnoliopsida ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mitogens ; Morus ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis ; Plant Extracts/adverse effects ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Spleen/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Immunologic Factors ; Interleukin-6 ; Mitogens ; NF-kappa B ; Plant Extracts ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Nitric Oxide (31C4KY9ESH) ; Interferon-gamma (82115-62-6) ; Luciferases (EC 1.13.12.-) ; Dinoprostone (K7Q1JQR04M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-02-25
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2008.11.029
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Article: Clinical evaluation of the traditional chinese prescription Chi-Ju-Di-Huang-Wan for dry eye.

Chang, Yung-Hsien / Lin, Hui-Ju / Li, Wei-Chu

Phytotherapy research : PTR

2005 Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) 349–354

Abstract: Background: Dry eye is a very common ocular disease characterized by eye dryness and photophobia. It often influences the patient's normal life. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of the Chinese herb, Chi-Ju-Di-Huang-Wan, for treatment of dry ... ...

Abstract	Background: Dry eye is a very common ocular disease characterized by eye dryness and photophobia. It often influences the patient's normal life. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of the Chinese herb, Chi-Ju-Di-Huang-Wan, for treatment of dry eye patients. It is one of the most commonly prescribed Chinese herbs used for eyes, however, there are no scientific reports about its effect. Methods: This study included 80 dry eye patients. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was treated with topical eye drops and Chi-Ju-Di-Huan-Wan. The control group was given topical eye drops and placebo. All patients received tear film examinations including Schirmer's test, Rose Bengal test, fluorescein stain test, break up time test and questionnaires. Results: The results of the tear film tests were analysed by two independent t-tests between the two groups. No significant differences between the two groups according to the Schirmer's test were found. There was a significant difference in the Rose Bengal test at week 2 and tear break up time at week 4 (p = 0.04, 0.04, individually). Conclusion: Chi-Ju-Di-Huang-Wan is an effective stabilizer of tear film and decreases the abnormality of corneal epithelium. It provides an alternative choice for dry eye treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use ; Dry Eye Syndromes/drug therapy ; Dry Eye Syndromes/pathology ; Female ; Fluorescein ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ophthalmic Solutions/administration & dosage ; Ophthalmic Solutions/therapeutic use ; Phytotherapy ; Plants, Medicinal ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Treatment Outcome
Chemical Substances	Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Fluorescein (TPY09G7XIR)
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	639136-9
ISSN	1099-1573 ; 0951-418X
ISSN (online)	1099-1573
ISSN	0951-418X
DOI	10.1002/ptr.1687
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Article: Constructing liposomal nanovesicles of ginseng extract against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage to L929 cells

Tsai, Wen-Che / Li, Wei-Chu / Yin, Hsin-Yi / Yu, Ming-Chiang / Wen, Hsiao-Wei

Food chemistry. 2012 May 15, v. 132, no. 2

2012

Abstract: In this study, a liposomal nanovesicle was applied as a nanocarrier of ginseng extract (GE) to enhance the intracellular antioxidant activity of GE. The optimal condition of preparing GE liposomal nanovesicle (GELN) was prepared by tagging with 3.0mol% ... ...

Abstract	In this study, a liposomal nanovesicle was applied as a nanocarrier of ginseng extract (GE) to enhance the intracellular antioxidant activity of GE. The optimal condition of preparing GE liposomal nanovesicle (GELN) was prepared by tagging with 3.0mol% of polyethenyl glycol (PEG3.0) followed by homogenisation at 15,000psi for 5min to reduce its diameter to ∼150nm. PEG3.0-GELN encapsulated the most ginsenosides (234.1±13.9mg/g) with a higher reducing power than GELNs tagged with lower amounts of PEG (0–1.5mol%). After treatment with PEG3.0-GELN (20μg ginsenoside/ml), the % increase in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) of H2O2-damaged cells rose 20.9% and the % decrease in apoptosis increased 12.4%, compared with those treated with GE. Therefore, this investigation proved that utilising liposomal nanovesicles to encapsulate GE can effectively suppress the depolarisation of ΔΨ and thus enhance the survival rate of H2O2-damaged cells.
Keywords	Panax ; antioxidant activity ; glycols ; hydrogen ; membrane potential ; survival rate
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-0515
Size	p. 744-751.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	243123-3
ISSN	1873-7072 ; 0308-8146
ISSN (online)	1873-7072
ISSN	0308-8146
DOI	10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.026
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Article: The production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂ in peritoneal macrophages is inhibited by Andrographis paniculata, Angelica sinensis and Morus alba ethyl acetate fractions

Chao, Wen-Wan / Kuo, Yueh-Hsiung / Li, Wei-Chu / Lin, Bi-Fong

Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2009 Feb. 25, v. 122, no. 1

2009

Abstract: Aim of the study: Traditional Chinese medicine herbs (TCMHs) are used in medicines as well as in daily dietary supplements in Asia. In this study, we employed pNF-κB-Luc or pIFN-γ-Luc and BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages or splenocytes to investigate ... ...

Abstract	Aim of the study: Traditional Chinese medicine herbs (TCMHs) are used in medicines as well as in daily dietary supplements in Asia. In this study, we employed pNF-κB-Luc or pIFN-γ-Luc and BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages or splenocytes to investigate both the immune and inflammatory effects of six selected plant species. Materials and Methods: Specifically, we used ethyl acetate fractions of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge var. mongholicus (Bunge) Hsiao (Fabaceae) (AM), Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (Acanthaceae) (AP), Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Apiaceae) (AS), Eucommia ulmodes Oliv. (Eucommiaceae) leaves (EU leaves), Isatis indigotica Fort. (Brassicaceae) (II) and Morus alba L. (Moraceae) (MA). Results: We found that ethyl acetate fractions of AP, AS and MA significantly decreased NF-κB luciferase activity and also the secretion of NO and PGE₂ in LPS/IFN-γ stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages (p <0.05). In contrast, they did not affect IFN-γ luciferase activity or IFN-γ production in concanavalin A (Con A)-activated mouse splenocytes. Our results indicated that the anti-inflammatory properties of these plant extracts might be resulted from the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., NO and PGE₂), at least in part via suppression of a signaling pathway such as NF-κB. Conclusions: Collectively, we have found that three potent bioactive TCMH species exerted significant NF-κB inhibitory activity and acted in a cell type dependent fashion.
Keywords	dietary supplements ; nitric oxide ; prostaglandins ; macrophages ; medicinal plants ; medicinal properties ; Oriental traditional medicine ; Andrographis paniculata ; Angelica sinensis ; Morus alba ; plant extracts ; mice ; splenocytes ; luciferase ; enzyme activity ; lipopolysaccharides ; interferons ; anti-inflammatory activity ; signal transduction ; promoter regions ; reporter genes
Language	English
Dates of publication	2009-0225
Size	p. 68-75.
Publishing place	Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2008.11.029
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Article ; Online: Optimizing manufacture of liposomal berberine with evaluation of its antihepatoma effects in a murine xenograft model.

Lin, Yung-Chang / Kuo, Jhan-Yen / Hsu, Chih-Chieh / Tsai, Wen-Che / Li, Wei-Chu / Yu, Ming-Chiang / Wen, Hsiao-Wei

International journal of pharmaceutics

2013 Volume 441, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 381–388

Abstract: The aim of this work is to establish an optimal process for generating liposomal berberine and assessing its anticancer ability against human hepatic carcinoma in a murine xenograft model. Of various forms of liposomal berberine with different lipid ... ...

Abstract	The aim of this work is to establish an optimal process for generating liposomal berberine and assessing its anticancer ability against human hepatic carcinoma in a murine xenograft model. Of various forms of liposomal berberine with different lipid compositions, preparation by various methods, the one that contained 5 mol% polyethenyl glycol (PEG) that was produced by a thin-film hydration/extrusion method exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency (E.E.) of berberine (14%). Additionally, in vitro studies reveal that this batch of liposomal berberine inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells 2.5 times as effectively as berberine solution since the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of berberine solution was 4.23 μg berberine/mL while that of liposomal berberine was only 1.67 μg berberine/mL, and this inhibition effect was based on the induction of apoptosis through the caspase/mitochondria-dependent pathway. Additionally, the results of in vivo studies indicate that the liposome effectively reduced the rate of elimination of berberine in both plasma and tissues, and liposomal berberine effectively reduced the size and weight of tumors as compared with the untreated tumor control group. Therefore, this work demonstrates that liposome is a good carrier for berberine to inhibit the tumor growth in HepG2 tumor-bearing mice.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/administration & dosage ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Berberine/administration & dosage ; Berberine/pharmacology ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology ; Caspases/metabolism ; Excipients/chemistry ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Liposomes ; Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Liver Neoplasms/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Chemical Substances	Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; Excipients ; Liposomes ; Berberine (0I8Y3P32UF) ; Polyethylene Glycols (30IQX730WE) ; Caspases (EC 3.4.22.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01-30
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	428962-6
ISSN	1873-3476 ; 0378-5173
ISSN (online)	1873-3476
ISSN	0378-5173
DOI	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.11.017
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Article: Optimizing manufacture of liposomal berberine with evaluation of its antihepatoma effects in a murine xenograft model

Lin, Yung-Chang / Kuo, Jhan-Yen / Hsu, Chih-Chieh / Tsai, Wen-Che / Li, Wei-Chu / Yu, Ming-Chiang / Wen, Hsiao-Wei

International journal of pharmaceutics. 2013 Jan. 30, v. 441, no. 1-2

2013

Abstract	The aim of this work is to establish an optimal process for generating liposomal berberine and assessing its anticancer ability against human hepatic carcinoma in a murine xenograft model. Of various forms of liposomal berberine with different lipid compositions, preparation by various methods, the one that contained 5mol% polyethenyl glycol (PEG) that was produced by a thin-film hydration/extrusion method exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency (E.E.) of berberine (14%). Additionally, in vitro studies reveal that this batch of liposomal berberine inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells 2.5 times as effectively as berberine solution since the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of berberine solution was 4.23μg berberine/mL while that of liposomal berberine was only 1.67μg berberine/mL, and this inhibition effect was based on the induction of apoptosis through the caspase/mitochondria-dependent pathway. Additionally, the results of in vivo studies indicate that the liposome effectively reduced the rate of elimination of berberine in both plasma and tissues, and liposomal berberine effectively reduced the size and weight of tumors as compared with the untreated tumor control group. Therefore, this work demonstrates that liposome is a good carrier for berberine to inhibit the tumor growth in HepG2 tumor-bearing mice.
Keywords	apoptosis ; berberine ; carcinoma ; encapsulation ; extrusion ; growth retardation ; human cell lines ; humans ; in vitro studies ; in vivo studies ; inhibitory concentration 50 ; lipid composition ; manufacturing ; mice ; models
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-0130
Size	p. 381-388.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	428962-6
ISSN	1873-3476 ; 0378-5173
ISSN (online)	1873-3476
ISSN	0378-5173
DOI	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.11.017
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Article ; Online: Metabolomic Analysis of Complex Chinese Remedies

Dong-Ming Tsai / Jaw-Jou Kang / Shoei-Sheng Lee / San-Yuan Wang / I-Lin Tsai / Guan-Yuan Chen / Hsiao-Wei Liao / Li Wei-Chu / Ching-Hua Kuo / Y. Jane Tseng

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol

Examples of Induced Nephrotoxicity in the Mouse from a Series of Remedies Containing Aristolochic Acid

2013 Volume 2013

Abstract: Aristolochic acid nephropathy is caused by aristolochic acid (AA) and AA-containing herbs. In traditional Chinese medicine, a principle called “Jun-Chen-Zou-Shi” may be utilized to construct a remedial herbal formula that attempts to mitigate the ... ...

Abstract	Aristolochic acid nephropathy is caused by aristolochic acid (AA) and AA-containing herbs. In traditional Chinese medicine, a principle called “Jun-Chen-Zou-Shi” may be utilized to construct a remedial herbal formula that attempts to mitigate the toxicity of the main ingredient. This study used Bu-Fei-A-Jiao-Tang (BFAJT) to test if the compound remedy based on a principle of “Jun-Chen-Zou-Shi” can decrease the toxicity of AA-containing herbs. We compared the three toxicities of AA standard, Madouling (an Aristolochia herb), and a herbal formula BFAJT. AA standard was given for BALB/c mice at a dose of 5 mg/kg bw/day or 7.5 mg/kg bw/day for 10 days. Madouling and BFAJT were given at an equivalence of AA 0.5 mg/kg bw/day for 21 days. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated by metabolomics and histopathology. The urinary metabolomics profiles were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The spectral data was analyzed with partial least squares discriminant analysis, and the significant differential metabolites between groups were identified. The result showed different degrees of acute renal tubular injuries, and metabolomics analysis found that the kidney injuries were focused in proximal renal tubules. Both metabolomics and pathological studies revealed that AA standard, Madouling, and BFAJT were all nephrotoxicants. The compositions of the compound remedy did not diminish the nephrotoxicity caused by AA.
Keywords	Other systems of medicine ; RZ201-999
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Hindawi Limited
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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