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  1. Article ; Online: A repository of COVID-19 related molecular dynamics simulations and utilisation in the context of nsp10-nsp16 antivirals.

    Liang, Julia J / Pitsillou, Eleni / Hung, Andrew / Karagiannis, Tom C

    Journal of molecular graphics & modelling

    2023  Volume 126, Page(s) 108666

    Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the importance of establishing systems and infrastructure to develop vaccines, antiviral drugs, and therapeutic antibodies against emerging pathogens. Typical drug discovery processes involve ... ...

    Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the importance of establishing systems and infrastructure to develop vaccines, antiviral drugs, and therapeutic antibodies against emerging pathogens. Typical drug discovery processes involve targeting suitable proteins to effect pathogen replication or to attenuate host responses, by examining either large chemical databases or protein-protein interactions. Following initial screens, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are critical for gaining further insight into molecular interactions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many research groups made their simulations widely available, as highlighted by the comprehensive D.E. Shaw Research trajectory database. To investigate protein target sites and evaluate potential lead compounds, we performed over 300 MD simulations relating to COVID-19. We organised our simulations into a repository, which is publicly available at https://epimedlab.org/trajectories/. The trajectories cover a large part of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteome, and the majority of our MD simulations focused on the identification of potential antivirals. For example, we focused on the S-adenosyl-l-methionine binding site of the nsp10-nsp16 complex, a critical component of viral replication, revealing verbascoside as a potential lead. Moreover, we utilised MD trajectories to explore the interface between the spike protein receptor binding domain and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, with the ultimate aim being investigation of new variants in real-time. Overall, MD simulations are a critical component of the in silico drug discovery process and as highlighted throughout the pandemic, data sharing enables accelerated progress. We have organised our extensive collection of COVID-19 related MD trajectories into an easily accessible repository.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/chemistry
    Chemical Substances Antiviral Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1396450-1
    ISSN 1873-4243 ; 1093-3263
    ISSN (online) 1873-4243
    ISSN 1093-3263
    DOI 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108666
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Identification of dietary compounds that interact with the circadian clock machinery: Molecular docking and structural similarity analysis.

    Pitsillou, Eleni / Liang, Julia J / Beh, Raymond C / Hung, Andrew / Karagiannis, Tom C

    Journal of molecular graphics & modelling

    2023  Volume 123, Page(s) 108529

    Abstract: The molecular clock is vital for regulating circadian rhythms in various physiological processes, and its dysregulation is associated with multiple diseases. As such, the use of small molecule modulators to regulate the molecular clock presents a ... ...

    Abstract The molecular clock is vital for regulating circadian rhythms in various physiological processes, and its dysregulation is associated with multiple diseases. As such, the use of small molecule modulators to regulate the molecular clock presents a promising therapeutic approach. In this study, we generated a homology model of the human circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) protein to evaluate its ligand binding sites. Using molecular docking, we obtained further insights into the binding mode of the control compound CLK8 and explored a selection of dietary compounds. Our investigation of dietary compounds was guided by their potential interactions with the retinoic acid-related orphan receptors RORα/γ, which are involved in circadian regulation. Through the molecular similarity and docking analyses, we identified oleanolic acid demethyl, 3-epi-lupeol, and taraxasterol as potential ROR-interacting compounds. These compounds may exert therapeutic effects through their modulation of RORα/γ activity and subsequently influence the molecular clock. Overall, our study highlights the potential of small molecule modulators in regulating the molecular clock and the importance of exploring dietary compounds as a source of such modulators. Our findings also provide insights into the binding mechanisms of CLK8 and shed light on potential compounds that can interact with RORs to regulate the molecular clock. Future investigations could focus on validating the efficacy of these compounds in modulating the molecular clock and their potential use as therapeutic agents.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Circadian Clocks/physiology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Circadian Rhythm/physiology ; Binding Sites ; Ligands
    Chemical Substances Ligands
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1396450-1
    ISSN 1873-4243 ; 1093-3263
    ISSN (online) 1873-4243
    ISSN 1093-3263
    DOI 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108529
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Chronicling the 3-year evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of disease management, characteristics of major variants, and impacts on pathogenicity.

    Pitsillou, Eleni / Yu, Yiping / Beh, Raymond C / Liang, Julia J / Hung, Andrew / Karagiannis, Tom C

    Clinical and experimental medicine

    2023  Volume 23, Issue 7, Page(s) 3277–3298

    Abstract: Announced on December 31, 2019, the novel coronavirus arising in Wuhan City, Hubei Province resulted in millions of cases and lives lost. Following intense tracking, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health ... ...

    Abstract Announced on December 31, 2019, the novel coronavirus arising in Wuhan City, Hubei Province resulted in millions of cases and lives lost. Following intense tracking, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of COVID-19 and the continuous evolution of the virus has given rise to several variants. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of the response to the pandemic over the first three-year period is provided, focusing on disease management, development of vaccines and therapeutics, and identification of variants. The transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron are compared. The binding characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and reproduction numbers are evaluated. The effects of major variants on disease severity, hospitalisation, and case-fatality rates are outlined. In addition to the spike protein, open reading frames mutations are investigated. We also compare the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Overall, this study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the global response to the pandemic, as well as the importance of prevention and preparedness. Monitoring the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is critical in identifying and potentially predicting the health outcomes of concerning variants as they emerge. The ultimate goal would be a position in which existing vaccines and therapeutics could be adapted to suit new variants in as close to real-time as possible.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Pandemics ; Virulence ; Disease Management ; Vaccines
    Chemical Substances spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-24
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2053018-3
    ISSN 1591-9528 ; 1591-8890
    ISSN (online) 1591-9528
    ISSN 1591-8890
    DOI 10.1007/s10238-023-01168-0
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  4. Article ; Online: Molecular dynamics simulations highlight the altered binding landscape at the spike-ACE2 interface between the Delta and Omicron variants compared to the SARS-CoV-2 original strain.

    Pitsillou, Eleni / Liang, Julia J / Beh, Raymond C / Hung, Andrew / Karagiannis, Tom C

    Computers in biology and medicine

    2022  Volume 149, Page(s) 106035

    Abstract: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.529 variant (Omicron), represents a significant deviation in genetic makeup and function compared to previous variants. Following the BA.1 sublineage, the BA.2 and BA.3 Omicron ... ...

    Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.529 variant (Omicron), represents a significant deviation in genetic makeup and function compared to previous variants. Following the BA.1 sublineage, the BA.2 and BA.3 Omicron subvariants became dominant, and currently the BA.4 and BA.5, which are quite distinct variants, have emerged. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the binding characteristics of the Delta and Omicron (BA.1) variants in comparison to wild-type (WT) at the interface of the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) ectodomain. The primary aim was to compare our molecular modelling systems with previously published observations, to determine the robustness of our approach for rapid prediction of emerging future variants. Delta and Omicron were found to bind to ACE2 with similar affinities (-39.4 and -43.3 kcal/mol, respectively) and stronger than WT (-33.5 kcal/mol). In line with previously published observations, the energy contributions of the non-mutated residues at the interface were largely retained between WT and the variants, with F456, F486, and Y489 having the strongest energy contributions to ACE2 binding. Further, residues N440K, Q498R, and N501Y were predicted to be energetically favourable in Omicron. In contrast to Omicron, which had the E484A and K417N mutations, intermolecular bonds were detected for the residue pairs E484:K31 and K417:D30 in WT and Delta, in accordance with previously published findings. Overall, our simplified molecular modelling approach represents a step towards predictive model systems for rapidly analysing arising variants of concern.
    MeSH term(s) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; COVID-19/genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Mutation ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; SARS-CoV-2/chemistry ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1) ; ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 127557-4
    ISSN 1879-0534 ; 0010-4825
    ISSN (online) 1879-0534
    ISSN 0010-4825
    DOI 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106035
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Identification of Potential Modulators of a Pathogenic G Protein-Gated Inwardly Rectifying K

    Pitsillou, Eleni / Logothetis, Alexander N O / Liang, Julia J / El-Osta, Assam / Hung, Andrew / AbuMaziad, Asmaa S / Karagiannis, Tom C

    Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

    2023  Volume 28, Issue 24

    Abstract: Genetic abnormalities have been associated with primary aldosteronism, a major cause of secondary hypertension. This includes mutations in ... ...

    Abstract Genetic abnormalities have been associated with primary aldosteronism, a major cause of secondary hypertension. This includes mutations in the
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels/genetics ; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels/metabolism ; Ligands ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Hypertension ; Peptides/metabolism ; Drug Discovery
    Chemical Substances G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels ; Ligands ; GTP-Binding Proteins (EC 3.6.1.-) ; Peptides ; KCNJ5 protein, human
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-05
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1413402-0
    ISSN 1420-3049 ; 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
    ISSN (online) 1420-3049
    ISSN 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
    DOI 10.3390/molecules28247946
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  6. Article ; Online: EZH2 inhibitors promote β-like cell regeneration in young and adult type 1 diabetes donors.

    Al-Hasani, Keith / Marikar, Safiya Naina / Kaipananickal, Harikrishnan / Maxwell, Scott / Okabe, Jun / Khurana, Ishant / Karagiannis, Thomas / Liang, Julia J / Mariana, Lina / Loudovaris, Thomas / Kay, Thomas / El-Osta, Assam

    Signal transduction and targeted therapy

    2024  Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 2

    Abstract: β-cells are a type of endocrine cell found in pancreatic islets that synthesize, store and release insulin. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), T-cells of the immune system selectively destroy the insulin-producing β-cells. Destruction of these cells leads to a ... ...

    Abstract β-cells are a type of endocrine cell found in pancreatic islets that synthesize, store and release insulin. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), T-cells of the immune system selectively destroy the insulin-producing β-cells. Destruction of these cells leads to a lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin administration for survival. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify novel therapies that stimulate β-cell growth and induce β-cell function. We and others have shown that pancreatic ductal progenitor cells are a promising source for regenerating β-cells for T1D owing to their inherent differentiation capacity. Default transcriptional suppression is refractory to exocrine reaction and tightly controls the regenerative potential by the EZH2 methyltransferase. In the present study, we show that transient stimulation of exocrine cells, derived from juvenile and adult T1D donors to the FDA-approved EZH2 inhibitors GSK126 and Tazemetostat (Taz) influence a phenotypic shift towards a β-like cell identity. The transition from repressed to permissive chromatin states are dependent on bivalent H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 chromatin modification. Targeting EZH2 is fundamental to β-cell regenerative potential. Reprogrammed pancreatic ductal cells exhibit insulin production and secretion in response to a physiological glucose challenge ex vivo. These pre-clinical studies underscore the potential of small molecule inhibitors as novel modulators of ductal progenitor differentiation and a promising new approach for the restoration of β-like cell function.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism ; Islets of Langerhans/metabolism ; Insulin/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/genetics ; Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Insulin ; Chromatin ; EZH2 protein, human (EC 2.1.1.43) ; Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein (EC 2.1.1.43)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2886872-9
    ISSN 2059-3635 ; 2095-9907
    ISSN (online) 2059-3635
    ISSN 2095-9907
    DOI 10.1038/s41392-023-01707-x
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  7. Article ; Online: In silico

    Beh, Raymond C / Pitsillou, Eleni / Liang, Julia J / Hung, Andrew / Karagiannis, Tom C

    Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP

    2021  Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 112–121

    Abstract: The versatility of DNA minor groove binding bibenzimidazoles extends to applications in cancer therapy, beyond their typical use as DNA stains. In the context of ... ...

    Abstract The versatility of DNA minor groove binding bibenzimidazoles extends to applications in cancer therapy, beyond their typical use as DNA stains. In the context of UV
    MeSH term(s) Binding Sites ; Bisbenzimidazole/chemistry ; DNA/chemistry ; Molecular Docking Simulation
    Chemical Substances DNA (9007-49-2) ; Bisbenzimidazole (LHQ7J5KV9B)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1476244-4
    ISSN 1463-9084 ; 1463-9076
    ISSN (online) 1463-9084
    ISSN 1463-9076
    DOI 10.1039/d1cp04841d
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  8. Article: Investigation of small molecule inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease by all-atom microsecond modelling, PELE Monte Carlo simulations, and

    Liang, Julia J / Pitsillou, Eleni / Ververis, Katherine / Guallar, Victor / Hung, Andrew / Karagiannis, Tom C

    Chemical physics letters

    2021  , Page(s) 139294

    Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 papain-like ( ... ...

    Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 papain-like (PL
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-18
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1466293-0
    ISSN 0009-2614
    ISSN 0009-2614
    DOI 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139294
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  9. Article ; Online: Identification of novel bioactive compounds from Olea europaea by evaluation of chemical compounds in the OliveNet™ library: in silico bioactivity and molecular modelling, and in vitro validation of hERG activity.

    Pitsillou, Eleni / Liang, Julia J / Beh, Raymond C / Prestedge, Jacqueline / Catak, Seda / Hung, Andrew / Karagiannis, Tom C

    Computers in biology and medicine

    2022  Volume 142, Page(s) 105247

    Abstract: Background: As highlighted in the OliveNet™ library, Olea europaea consists of a diverse collection of chemical compounds. We have classified over 600 compounds into 13 main classes and 47 subclasses. Various compounds, including oleuropein and ... ...

    Abstract Background: As highlighted in the OliveNet™ library, Olea europaea consists of a diverse collection of chemical compounds. We have classified over 600 compounds into 13 main classes and 47 subclasses. Various compounds, including oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, have been investigated for their potential beneficial effects in multiple human pathologies. However, the vast majority of compounds remain largely unexplored and approximately 50% are currently non-commercially available.
    Method: Here, we utilise conventional software to characterise the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity profile of OliveNet™ compounds. Molecular docking was performed for assessment of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition and interactions with the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel. Potential hERG ion channel inhibition was calibrated using in vitro patch clamp assays and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations were used to examine membrane permeability of a subset of compounds.
    Results: Our findings indicated that 313 out of 675 olive compounds were predicted to be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. Hydroxytyrosol required the least amount of force to pass through the lipid bilayer compared to elenolic acid diglucoside in SMD simulations. Based on the ADMET and molecular docking data, the hERG inhibitory activities of verbascoside, oleuropein, and hydroxytyrosol were investigated using patch clamp assays and they were identified as non-inhibitors.
    Conclusions: While the favourable properties of well-known compounds were confirmed, we identified oleuropein aglycone decarboxymethyl dialdehyde acetal form, decarboxymethyl elenolic acid dialdehyde, acetal of decarboxymethyl elenolic acid dialdehyde, methyl malate-β-hydroxytyrosol ester, hydroxytyrosil elenolate, D-(+)-erythro-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)-214-phenyl-1,2,3-propantriol, (+)-1-acetoxypinoresinol-4″-O-methyl ether, and 3-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-(E)-1-propenyl] glutaric acid as potential candidates for synthesis and further evaluation.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Olea/chemistry
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 127557-4
    ISSN 1879-0534 ; 0010-4825
    ISSN (online) 1879-0534
    ISSN 0010-4825
    DOI 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105247
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  10. Article ; Online: EpiMed Coronabank Chemical Collection: Compound selection, ADMET analysis, and utilisation in the context of potential SARS-CoV-2 antivirals.

    Pitsillou, Eleni / Beh, Raymond C / Liang, Julia J / Tang, Thinh Sieu / Zhou, Xun / Siow, Ya Yun / Ma, Yinghao / Hu, Zifang / Wu, Zifei / Hung, Andrew / Karagiannis, Tom C

    Journal of molecular graphics & modelling

    2023  Volume 125, Page(s) 108602

    Abstract: Antiviral drugs are important for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response, as vaccines and antibodies may have reduced efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Antiviral drugs that have been made ... ...

    Abstract Antiviral drugs are important for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response, as vaccines and antibodies may have reduced efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Antiviral drugs that have been made available for use, albeit with questionable efficacy, include remdesivir (Veklury®), nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid™), and molnupiravir (Lagevrio®). To expand the options available for COVID-19 and prepare for future pandemics, there is a need to investigate new uses for existing drugs and design novel compounds. To support these efforts, we have created a comprehensive library of 750 molecules that have been sourced from in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies. It is publicly available at our dedicated website (https://epimedlab.org/crl/). The EpiMed Coronabank Chemical Collection consists of compounds that have been divided into 10 main classes based on antiviral properties, as well as the potential to be used for the management, prevention, or treatment of COVID-19 related complications. A detailed description of each compound is provided, along with the molecular formula, canonical SMILES, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval status. The chemical structures have been obtained and are available for download. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic properties of the ligands have been characterised. To demonstrate an application of the EpiMed Coronabank Chemical Collection, molecular docking was used to evaluate the binding characteristics of ligands against SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural and accessory proteins. Overall, our database can be used to aid the drug repositioning process, and for gaining further insight into the molecular mechanisms of action of potential compounds of interest.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/chemistry ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Ligands
    Chemical Substances Antiviral Agents ; Ligands
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1396450-1
    ISSN 1873-4243 ; 1093-3263
    ISSN (online) 1873-4243
    ISSN 1093-3263
    DOI 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108602
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