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Article ; Online: Differences of Social Space of Rural Migrant Labor Force

Shanshan Wu / Libang Ma / Lucang Wang / Xianfei Chen / Zhihao Shi

Land, Vol 12, Iss 644, p

The Influence of Local Quality

2023 Volume 644

Abstract: Exploring the spatial differentiation and driving mechanism of labor flow can effectively promote the flow of urban and rural factors and provide a basis for rural revitalization. This paper used the theory of push and pull for reference to explain the ... ...

Abstract	Exploring the spatial differentiation and driving mechanism of labor flow can effectively promote the flow of urban and rural factors and provide a basis for rural revitalization. This paper used the theory of push and pull for reference to explain the role of push and pull in the process of labor migration. On this basis, the paper analyzed the social space characteristics of labor in Longxi County and explored the impact mechanism of local quality on labor migration. It was found that the characteristics of labor migration in Longxi County had a distance attenuation effect and gravitational effect, and the spatial agglomeration of labor attributes was obvious. This was closely related to local quality differences. The labor migration was conducted under the comprehensive effect of the local quality of the source and destination. The local quality of the source was the basic power of the labor migration. The difference in the local quality between destinations was the main reason for the spatial difference in the number and attributes of the labor force. Specifically, the degree of interconnection and cooperation affected the labor migration distance, and the relatively poor employment income-generating capacity and regional livability in the western underdeveloped regions affected the labor quantity. The young and middle-aged labor force was greatly affected by the regional environment.
Keywords	migrant labor forces ; social space heterogeneity ; local quality ; influence mechanism ; Longxi county in the loess hilly area of China ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Rural Livability Evaluation and Its Governance Path Based on the Left-Behind Perspective

Libang Ma / Yuqing Zhang / Zhihao Shi / Haojian Dou

Sustainability, Vol 14, Iss 6714, p

Evidence from the Oasis Area of the Hexi Corridor in China

2022 Volume 6714

Abstract: The evaluation of rural livability for different groups of left-behind people and proposing classified governance paths are of great practical significance to solve the problem of sustainable development of left-behind villages. Taking Jinchang, China as ...

Abstract	The evaluation of rural livability for different groups of left-behind people and proposing classified governance paths are of great practical significance to solve the problem of sustainable development of left-behind villages. Taking Jinchang, China as an example, this paper aims to construct a rural livability evaluation index system based on identifying the types of left-behind villages, which combines the “individuality + commonality” of different left-behind subjects, analyzes the livability level of left-behind villages and proposes a classified governance path to help solve the problem of sustainable development of left-behind villages. The results show the following: (1) The types of left-behind villages are mainly left-behind children and left-behind elderly types, accounting for 68.75% of the total number of left-behind villages. (2) There are large differences in the livability of individual characteristics of the villages. The average livability for children is the largest, reaching 0.6608. The average livability for women is the smallest, being only 0.1418. The livability values for the elderly and children are mainly in the medium-value areas, while the livability for women is mainly in the low-value areas. (3) The overall livability level of the villages is low, mainly falling in the low-value areas. The evaluation units with values higher than the average accounted for 40.625% of the total. The level of meeting the demands of the left-behind population in villages is low. The overall levels of economic development, public services, infrastructure, and configuration need to be optimized and improved, and the living and production conditions need to be further improved. (4) According to “left-behind + livable”, we classified the villages into five types: optimizing and upgrading villages, improving short-board villages, balanced developing villages, upgrading potential villages, and comprehensive upgrading villages. In the future, it is necessary to carry out classified governance from various ...
Keywords	left-behind perspective ; “three-stay” population ; rural livability ; governance path ; Jinchang city ; China ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	710
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Research on the Impact of Rural Population Structure Changes on the Net Carbon Sink of Agricultural Production-Take Huan County in the Loess Hilly Region of China as an Example

Libang Ma / Wenbo Zhang / Shanshan Wu / Zhihao Shi

Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol

2022 Volume 10

Abstract: People are the fundamental purpose and driving force of agricultural development. The changes in population structure can directly affect social and economic development of rural areas and the entire process of agricultural production. This paper takes ... ...

Abstract	People are the fundamental purpose and driving force of agricultural development. The changes in population structure can directly affect social and economic development of rural areas and the entire process of agricultural production. This paper takes Huan County in the Loess Hilly Region of China as the evaluation object, the townships as the evaluation unit, the change of rural population structure as the key point, and the agricultural production as the mediating factor, to study the mechanism of agricultural net carbon sinks. The results show: 1) From 2009 to 2018, the number of rural labor force in Huan County was seriously lost, the quality of the labor force was steadily improved, and the age of the labor force was increased. The number of agricultural employees dropped from 72.6 to 49.4%. The number of people with high school education or above increased from 9.7 to 15.1%. Those over working age who participated in the labor force rose from 5.2 to 8.3%. 2) The Loess Hilly Region in the northwest of Huan County was “grain-trending,” and the River Valley and Plain Area in the southeast was “grain-removing.” The input structure index both increased first and then decreased. and the Loess Hilly Region was more dependent on the fertilizer. 3) The rural population structure affects the agricultural net carbon sink by affecting the planting structure index and the input structure index. The rural population quantity and quality structure have a significant positive effect on the agricultural net carbon sink, while the population age structure has a significant negative effect on the agricultural net carbon sink. 4) From the mediating effect, the loss of population can cause fluctuations in the agricultural net carbon sink. The improvement of population quality will promote the growth of the agricultural net carbon sink, and the aging of the population will cause the decline of the agricultural net carbon sink. 5) The return of the labor force, the improvement of labor force quality, the improvement of ...
Keywords	rural population structure ; agricultural production ; net carbon sink ; multiple mediating effects model ; Huan County of the Loess Hilly region in China ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Spatial Pattern of Rural Ecological Land and Its Multidimensional Gradient Differentiation in a Loess Hilly Region

Libang Ma / Yao Yao / Tianmin Tao / Yanling Zong

Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol

A Case Study of Longxi County, Gansu Province, China

2022 Volume 10

Abstract: Studying the gradient differentiation of rural ecological land (REL) from a microscopic perspective is conducive to the pattern optimization, scientific control, and protection of REL. This has far-reaching significance for the improvement of village ... ...

Abstract	Studying the gradient differentiation of rural ecological land (REL) from a microscopic perspective is conducive to the pattern optimization, scientific control, and protection of REL. This has far-reaching significance for the improvement of village appearance and the delineation of an ecological safety network. Taking Longxi County as an example, this research studied the spatial pattern of REL based on the landscape pattern index and analyzed the multi-dimensional gradient spatial differentiation characteristics of REL. Therefore, we can clarify the impact of natural and human factors on EL under different gradients. The results show 1) the rural ecological background conditions of Longxi County are good, and the area of ecological land (EL) accounts for 90.45% of the total area of the county; 2) there are significant differences between the spatial feature index and spatial pattern of REL in Longxi County. Its diversity, dominance, and shape index were mainly at low and medium levels. The degrees of fragmentation were mainly at low and high levels; and 3) the REL in Longxi County has different evolution laws in different gradients.
Keywords	rural ecological land ; spatial pattern ; gradient differentiation ; loess hilly area in China ; Longxi County ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Gradient Difference of Structure of Rural Construction Land in Loess Hilly Region

Libang Ma / Xijuan Cui / Yao Yao / Shichun Liu

Land, Vol 10, Iss 349, p

A Case Study of Yuzhong County, Gansu Province, China

2021 Volume 349

Abstract: Studying the differences in the township gradient of rural construction land structures at the microscale is beneficial for the adjustment of rural construction land structure based on local conditions and differentiation, for the classification and ... ...

Abstract	Studying the differences in the township gradient of rural construction land structures at the microscale is beneficial for the adjustment of rural construction land structure based on local conditions and differentiation, for the classification and guidance of the scientific planning and management of rural construction land, and for improving the level of intensive use of rural construction land. In this study, we took 268 administrative villages of Yuzhong County in the Loess Hilly Region as the research object and conducted research on the internal structure and gradient difference of rural construction land from two aspects: quantitative structure and spatial layout. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the distribution of rural construction land has significant connection with the river and road. The land structure of the county is simple, with large differences in area and uneven quantities between different types; (2) the shape of a rural construction land patch is complicated, with a high degree of fragmentation. The spatial agglomeration is not significant, and there is a significant difference between “east-west-north-south” in space; (3) the rural construction land has a significant gradient effect at the township level. In terms of quantitative structure, the closer the construction land is to key towns and central towns, the more complex the construction land, the higher the information entropy as well as the equilibrium degree, and the lower the dominant degree. Moreover, the spatial layout shows an upward trend in the fractal dimension, fragmentation degree and separation degree when the level of the township decreases.
Keywords	rural construction land ; quantitative structure ; spatial layout ; township gradient ; Yuzhong County ; Loess Hilly Region ; Agriculture ; S
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Identification of Transformation Stages and Evolution of Agricultural Development Types Based on Total Factor Productivity Analysis

Meimei Chen / Libang Ma / Xinglong Che / Haojian Dou

Agriculture, Vol 10, Iss 363, p

A Case Study of Gansu Province, China

2020 Volume 363

Abstract: Agricultural transformation is a transition process of agriculture from the low development stage to the high development stage. Identifying the agricultural transformation stage and analyzing the evolution of agricultural development types based on ... ...

Abstract	Agricultural transformation is a transition process of agriculture from the low development stage to the high development stage. Identifying the agricultural transformation stage and analyzing the evolution of agricultural development types based on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are of great significance for the rational formulation of agricultural development policies. Based on the total factor productivity analysis framework, the DEA-Malmquist index model was used to measure the agricultural TFP of the 87 counties in Gansu Province from 1988 to 2017. The cumulative anomaly method was used to help identify agricultural transformation stages. Agricultural development types of counties in different stages and their evolution process were analyzed. Results show that (1) the agricultural transformation of Gansu Province can be divided into three stages: Traditional agriculture in 1988–1998; low-capacity technology agriculture in 1999–2011; and high-capacity technology agriculture in 2012–2017. (2) From 1988 to 2017, the agricultural TFP showed periodic U-shaped fluctuations, and the areas with high TFP value expanded from the central region to the western region and then to the entire region of the province. (3) Gansu Province presented a significant spatiotemporal variation of agricultural development types. From 1988 to 1998, type-I (low technological efficiency and slow technological progress) and type-VI (high technological efficiency and fast technological progress) agricultural development was mainly observed, and these two kinds of counties accounted for 55.17% of all evaluation units. From 1999 to 2011, the number of counties with type-I agricultural development increased significantly, reaching 35, followed by the number of counties with type IV (low technological efficiency) agricultural development, reaching 18. They together accounted for 60.92% of all evaluation units. From 2012 to 2017, the number of counties with type-IV and type-VI agricultural development was the largest, reaching 29 and 25, ...
Keywords	total factor productivity ; agricultural transformation stage ; spatiotemporal variation ; type evolution ; Gansu Province ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: From Subjective and Objective Perspective to Reconstruct the High-Quality Tourism Spatial Structure―Taking Gannan Prefecture in China as an Example

Libang Ma / Xiaoyang Li / Jie Bo / Fang Fang

Sustainability, Vol 12, Iss 3, p

2020 Volume 1015

Abstract: Spatial relationship is the basic perspective of understanding regions. Tourism spatial structure is the spatial projection of tourism activities, reflecting the spatial attributes and interrelationships of tourism activities. In this paper, taking ... ...

Abstract	Spatial relationship is the basic perspective of understanding regions. Tourism spatial structure is the spatial projection of tourism activities, reflecting the spatial attributes and interrelationships of tourism activities. In this paper, taking Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture as an example, we identified the objective and subjective tourism spatial structure of Gannan Prefecture based on the GIS spatial analysis function and using objective and subjective tourist attractions as the spatial object element. Then, the tourism spatial network was reconstructed. Results are as follows. (1) Both objective and subjective tourist attractions in Gannan Prefecture exhibit aggregated distribution. Among them, the spatial distribution of objective tourist attractions has a significant trend of contiguous aggregation, showing a relatively higher density in the northeastern and southeastern regions, and a lower density in the central and southwestern regions. This is opposite to that of the subjective tourist attractions. (2) The connectivity and accessibility between objective and subjective tourist attractions in Gannan Prefecture are poor, and only a few tourist attractions form a traffic connection with neighboring ones. (3) The objective tourism spatial network of Gannan Prefecture is layered with aggregation, and presents a significant cohesive development trend. This is opposite to the subjective one. (4) Based on the identification results of objective and subjective tourism spatial structures, the objective and subjective core tourism resources as well as tourist attractions should be integrated, and the road transportation system should be constructed and improved. Then, a high-quality tourism spatial network with ‘three poles, three axes and four groups’ was constructed. This study provides a scientific basis for the tourism spatial development, tourist route organization, the layout of tourism service facilities and product, and tourism spatial optimization in specific regions.
Keywords	tourism spatial structure ; spatial association ; identification ; reconstruction ; gannan tibetan autonomous prefecture ; china ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Research on Population-Land-Industry Relationship Pattern in Underdeveloped Regions

Libang Ma / Meimei Chen / Xinglong Che / Fang Fang

Sustainability, Vol 11, Iss 8, p

Gansu Province of Western China as an Example

2019 Volume 2434

Abstract: Urbanization is a three-dimensional process including population, spatial, and economic changes. The coordination among the three dimensions is the key to sustainable urban development. Here, a population-land-industry index system of urbanization is ... ...

Abstract	Urbanization is a three-dimensional process including population, spatial, and economic changes. The coordination among the three dimensions is the key to sustainable urban development. Here, a population-land-industry index system of urbanization is constructed, and the degree of coupling and mutual feedback among population urbanization, land urbanization, and industrial urbanization are analyzed. The urbanization patterns and their spatiotemporal variation are identified. The results show that: (1) Population and land urbanization proceeded slowly in Gansu Province and their trends were similar, whereas industry urbanization proceeded faster than the two. From a spatial perspective, population, land, and industrial urbanization levels ( PU i , LU i , and IU i ) decreased from southwest to northeast. The coupling degree of population, land, and industrial urbanization increased from 1998 to 2016 and showed significant spatial variation, decreasing from northwest to southeast. (2) Population, land, and industry all play a role in urbanization. PU i was significantly and positively correlated with LU i . However, there was no significant correlation between IU i and PU i and between IU i and LU i . The improvement of PU i , LU i , and IU i effectively promoted the coupling degree of population, land, and industrial urbanization. (3) Seven urbanization patterns were identified in Gansu Province and evaluation units with the same urbanization pattern tended to be spatially close to each other. IU i > PU i > LU i (IX), IU i > LU i > PU i (X) and IU i > PU i = LU i (XI) were the dominant urbanization patterns. There was crisscross distribution of various urbanization patterns and, thus, it was not easy to observe the agglomeration center of certain urbanization pattern. (4) The urbanization pattern of the same evaluation unit changed with time. This change was mainly reflected in the change of relationship between population and land urbanization. Urbanization pattern changed more significantly in 2008–2016 than in 1998–2008. The changes were dominant by IX→XI, X→XI, XI→IX, and XI→X.
Keywords	underdeveloped regions ; coupling degree ; mutual feedback ; urbanization pattern ; transition matrix ; Gansu Province of China ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Farmers’ Rural-To-Urban Migration, Influencing Factors and Development Framework

Libang Ma / Meimei Chen / Xinglong Che / Fang Fang

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 16, Iss 5, p

A Case Study of Sihe Village of Gansu, China

2019 Volume 877

Abstract: Farmers are the major participants in rural development process and their willingness to settle in urban areas directly affects the implementation of rural revitalization strategy. Based on Ostrom’s institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework, ...

Abstract	Farmers are the major participants in rural development process and their willingness to settle in urban areas directly affects the implementation of rural revitalization strategy. Based on Ostrom’s institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework, we analyzed farmers’ willingness to settle in urban areas and its influencing factors by binary Logistic regression and cluster analysis of survey data of 190 rural households in Sihe village of Gansu Province of China. The results show that: (1) In Sihe village, farmers’ willingness to settle in urban areas was low in general and influenced by their neighbors’ decisions or behaviors. Households willing and unwilling to migrate to urban areas both presented significant spatial agglomeration. (2) The factors influencing farmers’ willingness to settle in urban areas were analyzed from six aspects: individual characteristics, family characteristics, residence characteristics, cognitive characteristics, institutions, and constraints. The main influencing factors were found to be age, occupation, number of non-agricultural workers in the family, household cultivated land area, annual household income, house building materials, degree of satisfaction with social pension, homestead and contracted land subsidies, income constraints, and other constraints. (3) Individual heterogeneity and difference in economic basis determined the difference in farmers’ willingness to settle in urban areas. Institutions and constraints played different roles in the migration willingness of different groups of farmers (Note: More details on the sample as well as further interpretation and discussion of the surveys are available in the associated research article (“Village-Scale Livelihood Change and the Response of Rural Settlement Land Use: Sihe Village of Tongwei County in Mid-Gansu Loess Hilly Region as an Example” (Ma, L.B.; Liu, S.C.; Niu, Y.W.; Chen, M.M., 2018)).
Keywords	rural-to-urban migration ; influencing factors ; institutional analysis and development framework ; Sihe village of Gansu province ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Village-Scale Livelihood Change and the Response of Rural Settlement Land Use

Libang Ma / Shichun Liu / Yiwen Niu / Meimei Chen

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 15, Iss 9, p

Sihe Village of Tongwei County in Mid-Gansu Loess Hilly Region as an Example

2018 Volume 1801

Abstract: Rural livelihood change has great influence on the scale, structure, and morphology of rural settlement land use, thus bringing new challenges to rural revitalization and settlement reconstruction. Sihe village of Tongwei County in mid-Gansu loess hilly ... ...

Abstract	Rural livelihood change has great influence on the scale, structure, and morphology of rural settlement land use, thus bringing new challenges to rural revitalization and settlement reconstruction. Sihe village of Tongwei County in mid-Gansu loess hilly region (China) was taken as an example here. Based on participatory rural appraisal data, we analyzed the structure and allocation of rural households’ livelihood assets as well as their livelihood diversity by using ecological asset, livelihood diversification index, and landscape pattern index models. We aimed to find a response mechanism between rural livelihood change and rural settlement land use change. The results might provide useful information for the selection of new village sites, reconstruction of rural settlements, and creation of livable rural environment. Results indicate that: (1) The total value of the average livelihood assets per household in the Sihe village increased significantly from 0.48 in 1988 to 1.288 in 2016. The four types of livelihood assets including natural, material, manpower, and financial assets changed with time. In 1988, the manpower asset was the most important type of livelihood assets, with value accounting for 76.67% of the total value of livelihood assets. With the extension of time, the proportions of the four types of assets in total livelihood assets became closer to each other. The livelihood diversification index of the Sihe village increased from 2.01 in 1988 to 3 in 2016, indicating the rural livelihoods became diverse; (2) Because of the dual influence of external environmental factors and the rural development policies of the country and the region, the livelihoods changed towards agricultural sector from 1988 to 2008, and the agricultural livelihoods tended to be diverse. The following trend of livelihood strategy change was observed: from diverse non-agricultural production group (IV) to agricultural and non-agricultural production group (III), then to diverse agricultural production group (II) and finally to ...
Keywords	rural household livelihoods ; livelihood assets ; livelihood change ; rural settlement land use ; mid-Gansu loess hilly region ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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